Coffee pulp supplementation prior to breeding improves oxidative status without affecting fertility of primiparous ewes / La suplementación con pulpa de café antes de la monta mejora el estado oxidativo sin afectar la fertilidad de ovejas primiparas / A suplementação de polpa de café antes da reprodução melhora o estado oxidativo sem afetar a fertilidade de ovelhas primíparas

Abstract Background: Coffee pulp has a high content of antioxidants capable of modifying the oxidative status in small ruminants. However, high amounts for a prolonged time can reduce fertility. Objective: To determine the effect of two inclusion levels of coffee pulp during estrous synchronization on reproductive variables and oxidative status of primiparous ewes. Methods: Sixty Suffolk x Dorset primiparous ewes were distributed into three treatments in a completely randomized design; T0: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet, T1: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 5% coffee pulp, T2: (n=20) 1.5 kg balanced diet and 10% coffee pulp. Supplementation was given for 16 days before estrus synchronization and until the beginning of the breeding season. A progestogen (CIDR®) was inserted for 11 days and a dose of PGF2α was applied two days prior to its withdrawal. Estrus detection started 12 hours after CIDR withdrawal. Blood samples were obtained during the supplementation period to measure oxidative status, antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin, and up to 9 days after breeding to determine progesterone concentration. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 30 and 60 days post-breeding. An analysis of repeated measures of mixed effects and frequency analysis were carried out. Results: Inclusion of coffee pulp for a short period prior to breeding did not affect reproductive parameters, nor progesterone, glucose or insulin concentrations (p>0.05); however, antioxidant capacity increased, while lipid oxidation showed an opposite trend (p<0.05). Conclusion: Inclusion of up to 10% coffee pulp in the diet of ewe lambs for 16 days prior to breeding improves oxidative status without causing adverse effects on pregnancy, estrus or prolificacy.

Resumen Antecedentes: La pulpa de café tiene un alto contenido de antioxidantes capaces de modificar el estado oxidativo en pequeños rumiantes. Sin embargo, a dosis elevadas y por un tiempo prolongado puede reducir la fertilidad. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de dos niveles de inclusión de pulpa de café durante la sincronización del estro en variables reproductivas y el estado oxidativo de ovejas primerizas. Métodos: Se utilizaron 60 ovejas primalas Suffolk x Dorset fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos en un diseño completamente al azar; T0: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral, T1: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral y 5% de pulpa de café, T2: (n=20) con 1,5 kg de dieta integral y 10% de pulpa de café. La suplementación se realizó por 16 días, previo a la sincronización del estro y hasta el empadre. El progestágeno (CIDR®) se insertó en las ovejas por 11 días y se aplicó una dosis de PGF2α dos días antes de su retiro. La detección de estro comenzó a las 12 horas post-retiro del CIDR®. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas durante el periodo de suplementación para medir estado oxidativo, capacidad antioxidante, glucosa e insulina, y hasta 9 días posteriores al empadre para determinar las concentraciones de progesterona. El diagnóstico de gestación se realizó a los 30 y 60 días post-monta. Se realizaron análisis de medidas repetidas utilizando un modelo de efectos mixtos, además de análisis de frecuencias. Resultados: La inclusión de pulpa por un periodo corto previo al empadre no afectó los parámetros reproductivos ni las concentraciones de progesterona, glucosa o insulina (p>0,05); sin embargo, la capacidad antioxidante se incrementó, mientras que la oxidación lipídica siguió una tendencia inversa (p<0,05). Conclusión: La inclusión hasta de 10% de pulpa de café en la dieta de ovejas por 16 días previo al empadre mejora el estado oxidativo sin ocasionar efectos adversos en el porcentaje de preñez, estro o prolificidad.

Resumo Antecedentes: A polpa de café tem alto conteúdo de antioxidantes capazes de modificar o estado oxidativo em pequenos ruminantes; no entanto, em doses elevadas e por um tempo prolongado reduz a fertilidade. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão de polpa de café durante a sincronização do estro em diferentes variáveis reprodutivas e estado oxidativo das ovelhas primíparas. Métodos: Sessenta ovelhas primíparas dos cruzamentos Suffolk x Dorset foram distribuídas em três tratamentos em um design completamente aleatório; T0: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa, T1: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa contendo 5% de polpa de café, T2: (n=20) com 1,5 kg de dieta completa contendo 10% de polpa de café. A suplementação realizou-se por 16 dias, antes do início da sincronização de estros e até o momento do acasalamento. O progestogênio (CIDR) foi inserido nas ovelhas durante 11 dias e uma dose de PGF2α foi aplicada dois dias antes da sua retirada. Doze horas após a retirada do CIDR iniciou-se a detecção de estros. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue durante o período de suplementação, para medição do estado oxidativo, capacidade antioxidante, glicose e insulina e até 9 dias posteriores ao início da estação de monta para determinar as concentrações de progesterona. O diagnostico de gestação realizou-se aos 30 e 60 dias post-monta. Uma análise de medidas repetidas de efeitos mistos e análise de freqüência foi realizada. Resultados: A inclusão de polpa por um período curto antes da estação de monta não afetou os parâmetros reprodutivos nem as concentrações de progesterona, glicose e insulina (p>0,05); porém, a capacidade antioxidante nas ovelhas foi aumentada, enquanto a oxidação lipídica seguiu uma tendência inversa (p<0,05). Conclusão: Inclusão de polpa de café na dieta de ovelha até 10% durante 16 dias antes do acasalamento melhora o estado oxidativo, sem causar efeitos adversos na porcentagem de gravidez, estro e prolificidade.

Toxicity induced by dieldrin and chlorpyrifos in the freshwater crayfish Cambarellus montezumae (Cambaridae) / Toxicidad inducida por dieldrín y clorpirifós en Cambarellus montezumae (Cambaridae)

The toxicity induced by insecticides in aquatic organisms is of utmost relevance because it may give a clue about the degree of health or damage of the involved ecosystem. In the present report, we determined the effect of dieldrin (DD) and chlorpyrifos (CP) on the freshwater crayfish, Cambarellus montezumae. The organisms (4-6cm in diameter) were collected in the Ignacio Ramírez Reservoir, situated at 50km Northeast of Mexico City, in the Rio Lerma Basin. Initially, we determined the LC50 value with the Probit method, then the DNA damage with single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay applied at 24, 48, and 72h of exposure) to the brain and hepatopancreas of animals exposed (in reconstituted water) to 0.05 and 0.5µg/L of each insecticide. In the hepatopancreas of the same organisms, we determined the lipid peroxidation by applying the TBARS test. DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated with the same methods to organisms exposed in water from the reservoir. In regard to the LC50 at 72h of exposure, we found a value of 5.1µg/L and a value of 5.62µg/L for DD and CP, respectively. The comet assay applied at different exposure times showed significant DNA damage to both organs, with respect to the control level. In the case of DD, statistical significance was observed for the two doses in the whole evaluated schedule. CP was genotoxic in the brain with the high dose at 72h, and in the hepatopancreas with the two tested doses at all evaluated exposure times. Also, a significant lipid peroxidation increase was detected with the two doses of insecticides. In the study with water from the reservoir, a more pronounced DNA damage was detected. Our results showed strong DNA damage induced by both insecticides in the crayfish, as well as a correlation with the lipid peroxidation effect, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the genotoxic alteration. Our results also showed the usefulness of the studied organism as well as the applied tests for the evaluation of toxicological effects, and suggested the pertinence of applying the comet assay to other freshwater organisms to evaluate the bioaccumulation of insecticides. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (1): 83-96. Epub 2015 March 01.

La toxicidad inducida por insecticidas en organismos acuáticos es de gran relevancia porque puede orientar sobre el grado de salud o daño del ecosistema involucrado. En el presente estudio determinamos el efecto del dieldrín (DD) y del clorpirifós (CP) en el acocil de agua dulce Cambarellus montezumae. Los organismos (4-6cm de diámetro) se recolectaron en la Represa Ignacio Ramírez, situada a 50km al Noreste de la Ciudad de México, en la cuenca del Río Lerma. Inicialmente determinamos la LC50 con el método de Probit y después el daño al ADN mediante la electroforesis unicelular en gel (ensayo cometa, aplicado a las 24, 48 y 72 h de exposición) en el cerebro y el hepatopáncreas de animales expuestos (en agua reconstituida) a 0.05 y 0.5µg/L de cada insecticida. En el hepatopáncreas de los mismos organismos determinamos la peroxidación lipídica aplicando la prueba de TBARS. El daño al ADN y la peroxidación lipídica también se evaluaron con los mismos métodos en organismos expuestos a los insecticidas en agua de la represa. En relación a la LC50, a las 72h de exposición encontramos un valor de 5.1µg/L y un valor de 5.62µg/L para DD y CP, respectivamente. El ensayo cometa aplicado a diferentes tiempos de exposición mostró un significativo daño al ADN en ambos órganos con respecto al valor del testigo. En el caso del DD se observó significancia estadística para las dos dosis en todo el horario evaluado. CP fue genotóxico en el cerebro con la dosis más alta a las 72 h y en hepatopáncreas con las dos dosis, en todos los tiempos de exposición evaluados. También se detectó un significativo aumento de la peroxidación lipídica con las dos dosis de los insecticidas. En el estudio con el agua de la represa se detectó un daño más pronunciado en el ADN. Nuestros resultados mostraron un fuerte daño al ADN en Cambarellus montezumae por ambos insecticidas, así como una correlación con el efecto de la peroxidación lipídica, lo que sugiere que el estrés oxidativo está involucrado en la alteración genotóxica. Nuestros resultados también mostraron la utilidad del organismo estudiado y de las pruebas aplicadas para evaluar efectos tóxicos, y sugieren la pertinencia de aplicar el ensayo cometa en otros organismos de agua dulce para evaluar la bioacumulación de insecticidas.

Effects of sulfentanyl preconditioning on myocardial injury in scald in diabetic and non-diabetic rats / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To explore effects of sulfentanyl preconditioning on myocardial injury in scald in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.Methods Eighty SD rats (40 diabetic rats and 40 non-diabetic rats)were divided into eight groups (10 rats per each),including sham group(group NS,non-diabetic rats with sham burn),burned group(group NB,non-diabetic rats with third-degree burns over 30%total body surface area (TBSA)and lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation),sulfentanyl group (group NP,non-diabetic rats without given sulfentanyl before burning and lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation)and naloxone group(group NN,non-diabetic rats given naloxone before sulfentanyl group),Diabetes sham group(group DS,diabetic rats with sham burn),Diabetic rats burned group (group DB,diabetic rats given third-degree burns,over 30 percent of the total body surface area had been burned and given lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation),diabetic sulfentanyl group(group DP,diabetic rats given sulfentanyl before burning and given lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscita-tion)and diabetic naloxone group(group DN,diabetic rats given naloxone,after that treated as the sulfentanyl group).Results Compared to group NB,for the mice in group NP,the activity of plasma SOD increased significantly,TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium decreased signifi-cantly (P <0.05 );whereas TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium in group DB in-creased significantly (P <0.05);Compared to group DB,for the mice in group DP,the activity of plasma SOD increased significantly,MDA,TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium de-creased significantly (P <0.05).Conclusion Diabetes may deteriorate burn-induced myocardial injury in rats.Sulfentanyl pretreatment exhibits significant protective effects on burned-induced myocardial injury in severely burned diabetic rats via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and TNF-αexpression.

Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Khaya senegalensis Stem Bark Aqueous Extract in Wistar Rats.

Aim: To investigate anti-hyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark (KSE) in alloxan-diabetic Wistar rats. Methodology: Thirty rats were randomly divided into six groups of 5 animals each. Group I (non-diabetic control) was given distilled water orally. Animals in the remaining five groups were treated with a single dose of alloxan (120mg/kg body weight, i.p) to induce diabetes mellitus. This resulted in significant increase in the fasting blood glucose level of the rats. Group I (non-diabetic control) and group II (hyperglycemic control) then received distilled water orally for 14 days. Group III, IV and V were treated orally with daily doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight of KSE respectively for 14 days. Group VI was given glibenclamide (5mg/kg, p.o) for the same period. Fasting blood glucose was determined by oxidative method in all the groups on day 0 (before treatment), day 7 and day 14. Oral glucose tolerance test and erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were estimated after the two week treatment. Body weights of the animals were also measured on day 0, day 7 and day 14. Results: Treatment with KSE and glibenclamide caused significant (p<0.05) and dosedependent changes compared to the untreated animals with respect to body weight, blood glucose level and erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. The antihyperglycemic effect of KSE was comparable to that of the standard drug, glibenclamide. Conclusion: The study showed that aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark possesses anti-hyperglycemic activity.

Immunological and biochemical parameters of patients with metabolic syndrome and the participation of oxidative and nitroactive stress

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a multifactorial disease involving inflammatory activity and endothelial dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the changes in lipoperoxidation, in immunological and biochemical parameters and nitric oxide metabolite (NOx) levels in MS patients. Fifty patients with MS (4 males/46 females) and 50 controls (3 males/47 females) were studied. Compared to control (Mann-Whitney test), MS patients presented higher serum levels (P < 0.05) of fibrinogen: 314 (185-489) vs 262 (188-314) mg/dL, C-reactive protein (CRP): 7.80 (1.10-46.50) vs 0.70 (0.16-5.20) mg/dL, interleukin-6: 3.96 (3.04-28.18) vs 3.33 (2.55-9.63) pg/mL, uric acid: 5.45 (3.15-9.65) vs 3.81 (2.70-5.90) mg/dL, and hydroperoxides: 20,689 (19,076-67,182) vs 18,636 (15,926-19,731) cpm. In contrast, they presented lower (P < 0.05) adiponectin: 7.11 (3.19-18.22) vs 12.31 (9.11-27.27) µg/mL, and NOx levels: 5.69 (2.36-8.18) vs 6.72 (5.14-12.43) µM. NOx was inversely associated (Spearman’s rank correlation) with body mass index (r = -0.2858, P = 0.0191), insulin resistance determined by the homeostasis model assessment (r = -0.2530, P = 0.0315), CRP (r = -0.2843, P = 0.0171) and fibrinogen (r = -0.2464, P = 0.0413), and positively correlated with hydroperoxides (r = 0.2506, P = 0.0408). In conclusion, NOx levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. The high uric acid levels together with reactive oxygen species generation may be responsible for the reduced NO levels, which in turn lead to endothelial dysfunction. The elevated plasma chemiluminescence reflecting both increased plasma oxidation and reduced antioxidant capacity may play a role in the MS mechanism.

Estrés oxidativo en el trastorno afectivo bipolar / Oxidative stress in bipolar disorder

The pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders have not been fully unravelled. Several theories have been proposed, from those focused on psychosocial aspects to those with a biological basis. Mood disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders with a chronic and recurrent fashion. Therefore these disorders could have molecular etiological basis prompted to be described and typified and currently there is a growing interest to unravel the role of oxidative damage in bipolar disorder and how it could be compensated by the enzymatic antioxidant system. The assessment of both oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme system s allow us propose some theories that might explain a possible etiologic origin of this disease. Nevertheless, no consensus exists about this proposal. Published studies how an increased oxidative damage in cells from bipolar cases. It produces lipid and protein alterations that could potentially lead to DNA damage, and therefore their repair mechanisms.

La etiopatogenia de los diferentes trastornos psiquiátricos no está completamente dilucidada, se han propuesto diversas teorías que se basan en múltiples enfoques que van desde aquellos centrados en aspectos psicosociales hasta los netamente biologicistas. Los trastornos del ánimo no han estado ajenos a estos estudios, entre ellos el trastorno bipolar se muestra cómo uno de los cuadros que por su carácter crónico y recurrente podría tener su génesis a nivel de alteraciones moleculares posibles de ser definidas y tipificadas. En el último tiempo se ha prestado una importancia creciente a la determinación del rol del daño oxidativo en el trastorno bipolar y de cómo dichas alteraciones generan cambios compensatorios en los sistemas enzimáticos antioxidantes. Su cuantificación ha permitido formular algunas teorías para explicar un posible origen de éste cuadro, sin embargo, hasta la fecha aun no existe un consenso al respecto. Los estudios existentes demuestran categóricamente que existe en pacientes bipolares hay un claro aumento del daño oxidativo, provocando alteración en lípidos y proteínas, que pueden llevar potencialmente a una alteración sobre el ADN y sus mecanismos de reparación.

Lipoperoxidação, perda de viabilidade celular e diminuição da liberação de IL-8 de neutrófilos humanos na presença de corpos cetônicos / Lipoperoxidation, loss of cell viability and inhibition of release of IL-8 BY human neutrophils in the presence of ketone bodies

Portadores de diabetes tipo-1 são acometidos por episódios freqüentes de acidose causada pelo aumento no metabolismo de ácido graxos com conseqüente acúmulo de acetoacetato (AcAc) e beta-hidroxibutirato (beta -OB). Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito de concentrações patológicas destes metabólitos na lipoperoxidação, viabilidade e liberação da quimiocina CXCL8 (IL-8) por neutrófilos em cultura. Neutrófilos de indivíduos saudáveis foram isolados por gradiente de densidade (Histopaque 1077/1119) e incubados com os corpos cetônicos. A lipoperoxidação foi determinada pela presença de substâncias reagentes ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A viabilidade celular foi avaliada pela liberação da enzima lactato desidrogenase. A liberação de CXCL8 para o meio extracelular foi medida após cultura de 24 horas de neutrófilos estimulados por zymosan opsonizado por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). O AcAc causou um aumento na lipoperoxidação dos neutrófilos e este efeito foi dependente da sua concentração (p < 0.05; r = 0.99146); não se observou efeito do beta-HOB. No estudo do efeito citotóxico, houve aumento dose-dependente da liberação da LDH até 40 mM de AcAc (p < 0.05); não se observou efeito do beta-HOB. A liberação de CXCL8 foi suprimida de modo dose-dependente por AcAc e beta-HOB. Estes resultados sugerem que o acúmulo de corpos cetônicos pode contribuir para aumentar o tempo de remissão de doenças e mesmo estar relacionado com a gravidade destas em indivíduos diabéticos.

Type-1 diabetes patients suffer from frequent episodes of acidosis caused by an increased fatty acid metabolism and consequently increased plasma level of acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HOB). This article describes a study of the effects of pathological concentrations of AcAc and beta-HOB on lipoperoxidation, cell viability and the release of the CXCL8 (IL-8) cytokine by activated neutrophils. Neutrophils from healthy donors were isolated by density gradient (Histopaque® 1077/1119) and incubated with the ketone bodies. Lipoperoxidation was determined as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The cell viability was evaluated by the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase. The release of CXCL8 was measured by ELISA in a 24-h culture of opsonized zymosanstimulated neutrophils. AcAc, but not beta-HOB, provoked a dose-dependent increase in the neutrophil membrane lipoperoxidation (p<0.05; r =0.9915). In the cytotoxicity assay, a dose-dependent release of LDH was observed when the neutrophils were incubated with AcAc in concentrations up to 40 mM (p<0.05). beta-HOB was devoid of effect. The release of CXCL8 was inhibited by AcAc and beta-HOB in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, these results suggest that the accumulation of ketone bodies in diabetic patients could be involved in their usually increased susceptibility to infection.

Propriedades antioxidantes em subproduto do pedúnculo de caju (Anacardium occidentale L. ): efeito sobre a lipoperoxidação e o perfil de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em ratos / Antioxidant properties in cashew apple byproduct (Anacardium occidentale L. ): effect on lipoperoxidation and on the polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in rats

O caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) apresenta substâncias fenólicas, as quais são atribuídas propriedades antioxidantes. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar a capacidade antioxidante em subproduto, ou seja, no bagaço do pedúnculo do caju. O potencial antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHAlc) do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju foi avaliado em sistema de varredura do radical 2,2'-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPHò) e em ensaio in vivo. No sistema DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante de cerca de 95% em sua maior concentração (1000 µg/mL). Para o estudo in vivo, foram utilizados ratos Wistar administrando oralmente EHAlc (200 e 400 mg/kg de peso corpóreo) por 30 dias e analisados os tecidos plasmático, hepático e cerebral. Não houve alterações na peroxidação lipídica no plasma e no fígado dos animais tratados comparados ao grupo controle. Contudo, foi observada redução da lipoperoxidação no cérebro dos grupos tratados. Além do mais, neste tecido, os animais tratados apresentaram maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI), destacando-se o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Estes resultados indicam que o EHAlc contém antioxidantes naturais efetivos e que podem contribuir na redução da lipoperoxidação e preservação dos AGPICL no tecido cerebral de ratos, dando indícios da capacidade antioxidante do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju CCP-76.

The cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) contains phenolic compounds usually related with antioxidant properties. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate its antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the cashew apple pulp (EHAlc.) was assessed for the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) by in vitro method and by an in vivo essay. For this essay a 30-day oral (gavage, EHAlc. 200 and 400 mg/kg) study was conducted in Wistar male rats, evaluating hepatic, plasma and brain tissues. In DPPH model, the extract demonstrated antioxidant activity of 95% (largest concentration, 1000 µg/ mL). There were found no relevant peroxidation comparing the treated animals with the control group. However, the treated group presented a lower level of brain lipoperoxidation. Also in the treated animals brain tissue was found the largest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic (DHA). Therefore, the analyzed extract from cashew apple pulp clone CCP-76 contains effective natural antioxidants, responsible for free radical scavenging in vitro and also for decreasing the brain lipoperoxidation and keeping the PUFAS levels in Wistar rats.

Methylene blue improves hemodynamic shock but increases lipoperoxidation in severe acute pancreatitis pig model / Azul de metileno melhora as condições hemodinâmicas do choque circulatório, mas aumenta a peroxidação lipídica em um modelo suino de pancreatite aguda grave

PURPOSE: Study hemodynamic pattern and lipoperoxidation during methylene blue (MB) treatment on taurocholate - enterokinase induced acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: Thirty pigs were equally divided in control group; MB group; AP group; MB previous AP group; and MB after 90 min of induced AP group. MB was given iv in a bolus dose (2mg.kg-1) followed by maintenance dose (2 mg.kg-1.h-1). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded continuously during 180 min by Swan-Ganz catheter. Blood samples were taken every 60 min to determine arterial and venous nitrate, malondialdehyde (MDA) and amylase. Pancreatic tissue was removed for histopathologic study. RESULTS: In AP group MBP and CO decreased over time 33 percent (p<0.05) and 52 percent (p<0.05), respectively. In MB previous induced-AP group, there was 70 minutes delay (p<0.05) to decrease MBP and CO. In MB group arterial and venous nitrite decreased (p<0.05) over time. MB infusion increased (p>0.05) serum MDA when associated to AP. After induced AP, MB did not reverse MBP and CO decrease. There was no difference in serum amylase and necro-hemorrhagic findings with MB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this taurocholate-induced AP model MB treatment delayed hemodynamic shock and decreases serum nitrate levels but increases serum MDA levels. No volemic replacement was done and it may have been a mitigated factor to a poor tissue perfusion and impairment microcirculation. Further investigations are needed to elucidate MB treatment role during AP treatment.

OBJETIVO: estudar o perfil hemodinâmico e a lipoperoxidação durante o tratamento com azul de metileno (AM) de pancreatite aguda (PA) induzida por taurocolato-enteroquinase. MÉTODOS: Trinta porcos foram igualmente divididos em: grupo controle, grupo AM; grupo PA; grupo AM prévio à PA; grupo AM após 90 minutos após a indução da PA. O AM foi administrado sob a forma de bolus EV (2mg.kg-1) seguido por dose de manutenção (2 mg.kg-1.h-1). Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram registrados continuamente durante 180 min com auxílio de cateter de Swan-Ganz. Amostras sanguíneas foram colhidas a cada 60 min para a determinação arterial e venosa de nitrato, malondialdeido (MDA) and amilase. Removeu-se tecido pancreático para estudo histopatológico. RESULTADOS: No grupo PA a pressão arterial media (PAM) e o débito cardíaco (DC) diminuíram respectivamente 33 por cento (p<0.05) e 52 por cento (p<0.05) no decorrer do tempo. No grupo AM prévio à indução da PA ocorreu 70 minutes de demora (p<0.05) para as diminuições da PAM e DC. No grupo AM houve diminuição temporal do nitrato arterial e venoso (p<0.05). A infusão de AM aumentou os valores de MDA sérico quando associado a PA (p>0.05). Após a indução da PA a infusão de AM não reverteu as quedas da PA e DC. Não houve diferenças nos níveis de amilase sérica e achados histológicos com o tratamento com o azul de metileno. CONCLUSÕES: No presente modelo de PA induzida por taurocolato o AM retardou o desenvolvimento do choque circulatório, diminuiu os níveis de nitrato mas aumentou os níveis de MDA. Não se realizou nenhum tipo de reposição volêmica que poderia melhorar a perfusão tecidual e melhora da microcirculação. Investigações adicionais são necessárias para elucidar o papel terapêutico do AM no tratamento da PA aguda.

Cambios en el sistema de defensa antioxidante inducido por Ciclosporina A / Changes in the antioxidant defence system induced by Cyclosporin A

La Ciclosporina A (CyA) es un inmunosupresor que presenta efectos adversos como la hepatotoxicidad. Se estudió el efecto de CyA sobre el sistema de defensa antioxidante (SDA), su relación con la lipoperoxidación y la función hepática. Ratas machos wistar de 200-260 g de peso fueron tratadas durante 7 días (agudo) y 120 días (crónico) con dosis orales de CyA de 5 y 20 mg/kg/ día. Se estudió el SDA midiendo el contenido hepático total de glutatión (GSH), glutatión peroxidasa (GPx) y catalasa (CAT); el perfil de funcionamiento hepático (PFH) se realizó determinando aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanín aminotransferasa (ALT) y bilirrubina total (Bt) y para la lipoperoxidación se midieron las sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (SRAT). Los resultados fueron confirmados con estudios histológicos. El tratamiento agudo con 20 mg/kg/día de CyA mostró aumento significativo de SRAT (30,51±1,97 nmol/g), pérdida de GSH (2,47±0,06 µmol/g), incremento significativo de GPx (663,25±1,88 mU/mg) y CAT (290,65±3,31 mU/mg). El tratamiento crónico con 5 mg/kg/día de CyA mostró disminución tiempo-dependiente del SDA con disminución de GSH (3,19±0,05 µmol/g), GPx (569,6±2,67 mU/mg) y CAT (223,3±2,78 mU/mg), sin cambios en SRAT. Los resultados del tratamiento crónico y agudo con 20 mg/kg/día de CyA son coincidentes y sólo en esta dosis se observaron alteraciones de la histo-arquitectura del parénquima hepático. Se concluye que dosis de 20 mg/kg/día de CyA en tratamiento agudo y crónico provocan lipoperoxidación con compromiso del SDA y alteración del hepatocito; dosis de 5 mg/kg/día de CyA en tratamiento crónico producen deterioro reversible del SDA sin lipoperoxidación. La inmunosupresión aplicada en clínica con dosis de 3 a 8 mg/kg/día produciría disminución del SDA sin cambios en la histo-arquitectura del parénquima hepático.

Cyclosporin A (CyA), an immunosuppressive agent, exerts adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity. The effect of CyA on the Antioxidant Defence System(ADS), its relation to lipoperoxidation, and liver function were studied. Assays were performed on male wistar rats weighing 200-260 g during acute (7 days) and chronic (120 days) treatment with oral doses of CyA of 5 and 20 mg/kg/day. ADS was studied in rat liver homogenate by measuring the liver content of total glutathion (GSH), glutathion peroxidase(GPx) and catalase (CAT); the Liver Profile Test (LPT) was measured by determining aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanin amino transferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB), and lipoperoxidation by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TRAS). The results were confirmed by histological studies. In the acute treatment, 20 mg/kg/day with CyA, a significant increase in TRAS (30.51±1.97 nmol/g), a loss of GSH (2.47±0.06 µmol/g) and a significant increase in GPx (663.25±1.88 mU/mg) and CAT (290.65±3.31 mU/mg) were observed. In the chronic treatment, 5 mg/kg/day with CyA, a time-dependent decrease in the ADS with a diminution in GSH (3.19±0.05 µmol/g), GPx (569.6±2.67 mU/mg) and CAT (223.3±2.78 mU/mg) were observed, with no changes in TRAS. The results for the chronic and acute treatment with 20 mg/kg/day of CyA are coincident, only this dose causing alterations in liver parenchyma histoarchitecture. CyA doses of 20 mg/kg/day during acute and chronic treatment cause lipoperoxidation with ADS involvement and hepatocyte alteration. CyA doses of 5 mg/kg/day during chronic treatment cause deterioration in the ADS with no lipoperoxidation, hepatotoxicity being reversible. Immunosuppression in human patients with 3 to 8 mg/kg/day doses, would cause a decrease in the ADS with no structural or functional changes in the hepatocyte.

Marcadores plasmáticos de estrés oxidante en población mexicana sana de 31 a 60 años de edad / Plasma markers of oxidative stress in healthy 31-60 year old mexican population

Introducción: Patologías como asma, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, diabetes mellitus, neuropatías y el síndrome de Alzheimer, entre otros, están asociados al estrés oxidante, condición metabóllca por la cual las personas que sufren estos padecimientos presentan modificaciones y rompimiento de biomoléculas en plasma; es importante conocer sus valores básales en personas sanas para poder interpretarlos adecuadamente. Objetivo: Determinar las concentraciones básales de algunos marcadores de estrés oxidante en adultos sanos (31-60 años). Método: A 67 personas sanas, divididas en tres grupos. Grupo 1 (31-40 años); grupo 2 (41-50 años) y grupo 3 (51-60 años), se les evaluaron los siguientes marcadores de estrés oxidante: Compuestos reactivos al ácido tiobarbitúrico (CRAT), predisposición al daño oxidante, determinación de grupos carbonilo, capacidad antioxidante total de plasma (CATP), y actividad enzimática de paraoxonasa. Los resultados se sometieron a pruebas estadísticas de ANOVA de una vía y post-hoc de Bonferroni, considerando una significancia de 0.05. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento significativo en CRAT en el grupo 2 y en el grupo 3 (8.462 ± 0.571 vs 10.34 ± 1.23µM CRAT, respectivamente). En la predisposición a la lipoperoxidación, el grupo 3 fue el más susceptible al daño, debido a que hubo un incremento en los niveles de CRAT (477.0 ± 16.71 µM) en comparación al grupo 2 (432.3 ± 25.71 µM) y al grupo 1 (320.6 ± 28.95µM). En la determinación de grupos carbonilo no existieron diferencias entre los grupos. La CATP disminuyó en el grupo 2 con respecto al grupo 1 (0.950 ± 0.071 vs 0.69 ± 0.068 unidades, respectivamente). La actividad de paraoxonasa presentó un aumento en el grupo 3 con respecto al grupo 1 (0.119 ± 0.004 vs 0.072 ± 0.007 nmol p-nitrofenol/ mg proteína, respectivamente). Conclusión: Las concentraciones de los marcadores de daño por estrés oxidante se ven modificadas por la edad del individuo. En el proceso natural de envejecimiento, el principal daño es a Iípidos.

Introduction: Patients with asthma, COPD, diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases and Alzheimer syndrome, conditions associated to oxidative stress, have modifications and rupture of certain plasma biomolecules. In order to explain properly this findings, basal values in normal individuals of such biomolecules should be known. Objective: To determine the basal values of some markers of oxidative stress in healthy 31 to 60 year old individuals. Method: Seventy seven healthy volunteers were classified into group 1, 31 to 40 years, group 2, 41 to 50 years and group 3, 51 to 60 years; the following oxidative stress markers were measured: reactive compounds to tiobarbituric acid (TBARs), predisposition to oxidative stress, determination of carbonil groups, total antioxidative capacity of plasma (TACP) and enzymatic activity of paraoxonase. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used; a level of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Croup 2 and 3 showed significant increment in TBARs (8.462 ± 0.571 vs 10.34 ± 1.23µM TBARs, respectively). In the predisposition to lipoper oxidation, group 3 was more susceptible, due to an increase in RCTA levels (477.0 ± 16.71 µM) in comparison to group 2 (432.3 ± 25.71 µM) and 1 (320.6 ± 28.95 µM). There was no difference in the determination of carbonil groups between the groups. TACP is significantly diminished in group 2 in relation to group 1 (0.950 ± 0.071 vs 0.69 ± 0.068 units, respectively). Paraoxonase's activity showed a significant increase in group 3 in relation to group 1 (0.119 ± 0.004 vs 0.072 ± 0.007 nmol p-nitrophenol/mg protein, respectively). Conclusion: Advancing age modifies biomolecular markers of oxidative stress; during the natural aging process, the main damage is to lipids.

Effect of Anoectochilus roxburghii on the oxidation of low density lipoprotein in vitro / 医学研究生学报

Objective: To study the effect of Anoectochilus roxburghii on the oxidation of lipoprotein. Methods: The effects of Anoectochilus roxburghii on low density lipoprotein(LDL) oxidative modification were assessed by the formation of conjugated dienes,thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TBARS) and the relative electrophoretic migration. Results: The addition of Anoectochilus roxburghii(1 ?l/ml) to the reaction mixture prolonged the lag phase by 1.5 times [from(8.8?0.4)min to(13.0?0.8)min].Anoectochilus roxburghii reduced LDL oxidative susceptibility in a dose dependent manner.In addition,Anoectochilus roxburghii resulted in a significant,dose dependent,reduction of TBARS contents and the decrease in LDL electrophoretic migration as compared to the control. Conclusion: These results indicated that Anoectochilus roxburghii has effective antioxidative capacity by reducing oxidative susceptibility and peroxidation degree of LDL.

The preventive effects of safflor yellow on myocardium injury of mycardium ischemic reperfusion in rats / 中国药理学通报

AIM The preventive effects of safflor yefflor (SY) on myocardium injury of myocardium ischemic reperfusion (I/R) was studied. METHODS The contents of MDA activity of SOD,as well as the activity of creatine phospho kinase(CK) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were determined in rat models injured by I/R. RESULTS SY could reduce the activities of CK and LDH ,decrease the the content of MDA in plasmo, and increase the activities of SOD. CONCLUSION SY may obviously prevent the rat I/R model which may be related to its anti lipoperoxidation.

Anti-oxidation effects of pyrrolin nitroxides and derivatives in tissues and red blood cell from rats in vitro / 中国药理学通报

AIM To investigate the anti oxidation activities of new systhesized nitroxides in liver, liver mitochondria and RBC from rats and in egg phospholipid. METHODS The homogenates of liver, liver mitochondria from rats and the suspensions of egg phospholipid were used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) formation induced by Fe 2+ Vit C system using TBA colorimetric method. H 2O 2 caused hemolysis was measured spectrometrically. Superoxide anion was assayed spectrometrically. RESULTS Nitroxides A, B with one active group (NO?) could inhibit MDA generation caused by ?OH generation system significantly, antagonized hemolysis induced by H 2O 2, but did not affect O ? 2 formation; Nitroxide C with two active group (NO?) possessed similar potent anti lipoperoxidative activities,IC 50

The protection of the myocardium from injury of acute ischemia and reperfusion: the effects of salvia miltiorrniza (dan shen) / 中国病理生理杂志

The experimental materials were rabbit hearts. The adenylates were measured by HPLC, the levels of lipoperoxidation were determined by spectrophotometry, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for measurement of myocardial calcium. The study showed that in the reperfused group ATP, ADP, AMP, AN (total adenylates concentration), ATP/ADP, ATP/AMP and the energy charge were much lower in the ischemic area than those in the non-ischemic area and ischemic area of the ischemic group (Ⅰ) and Dan Shen group (D) (P

CHANGES OF LIVER MICROSOMAL DRUG-METABOLIZING SYSTEM AND LIPOPEROXIDATION ACTIVITY IN SCALDED RATS AND THE EFFECTS OF SILYBIN / 第二军医大学学报

The dynamic changes of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system ( MDMS) and lipoperoxidation were studied in scalded rats.The effects of treatment with vitamin E and silybin were also evaluated.The results showed that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, and p-nitroanisole demethylase (p-NOD) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activity decreased markedly postburn.On the contrary, liver lipoperoxide and microsomal lipoperoxidation increased significantly after scalding.Both the increase of liver lipoperoxide and microsomal lipoperoxidation and the decrease of MDMS activity were prevented by vitamin E and silybin treatments.