Effects of low-calorie diet intervention and aerobic exercise intervention on insulin levels and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of low-calorie diet intervention and aerobic exercise intervention on insulin levels and body composition in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:A total of 300 obese patients with early type 2 diabetes who were diagnosed and treated in the Department of Endocrinology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from July 2016 to July 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to the random sampling method, they were divided into a control group and an observation group with 150 cases each. Calorie diet intervention was given to control group, while the observation group was given low-calorie diet intervention and concentrated aerobic exercise intervention. Observation and evaluation of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, body weight, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were conducted.Results:After 4 weeks of intervention, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, BMI, body fat percentage, body mass, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C indicators of the observation group were (6.15±0.92) mmol/L and (14.12±1.11) mU/L, 2.67±0.32, (25.01±1.75) kg/m 2, (27.45±1.92)%, (70.01±3.56) kg, (3.01±0.30) mmol/L, (5.25±0.88) mmol/L, (2.25 ±0.42) mmol/L, (3.15±0.41) mmol/L. The control group were (8.18±1.28) mmol/L, (16.78±1.85) mU/L, 3.78±0.78, (27.36±2.45) kg/m 2, (29.78±2.39)%, (72.98±5.62) kg, (3.49±0.52) mmol/L, (6.23±1.08) mmol/L, (1.88±0.30) mmol/L, (3.98±0.89)mmol/L. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 5.47-16.13, all P<0.05). After 8 weeks of intervention, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, BMI, body fat percentage, body mass, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C indicators of the observation were (5.06±0.45) mmol/L, (12.78±0.69) mU/L, 2.01±0.12, (23.25±1.18) kg/m 2, (25.05±1.19)%, (66.02±2.45) kg, (2.21±0.12) mmol/L, (4.03±0.41) mmol/L, (3.08 ±0.72) mmol/L, (2.65±0.15) mmol/L,while in the control group were (6.07±0.88) mmol/L, (14.09±1.05) mU/L, 2.95±0.45, (26.98±2.08) kg/m2, (27.18±2.06)%, (70.98±4.02) kg, (2.98±0.28) mmol/L, (5.16±0.71) mmol/L, (2.41±0.51) mmol/L, (3.29±0.39) mmol/L. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( t values were 5.47-30.96, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Low-calorie diet intervention combined with concentrated aerobic exercise intervention is more conducive to improving patients′ blood sugar and blood lipid levels, as well as reducing body weight.

Effects of Low-Calorie Diet Including High Protein-Low Carbohydrate Protein Bar on Weight Loss and Serum Lipid Indicators in Overweight Women according to Dietary Compliance / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 6-week low-calorie diet (LCD) program including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar on weight loss, blood pressure, and blood lipid profile in 40 overweight women according to dietary compliance.METHODS: Subjects were 62 healthy overweight women (BMI ≥ 23.0 or body fat percentage ≥ 28%), aged 20~59 yrs who were provided a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar (each 35 g, 154 kcal, protein energy %: 28.6%, carbohydrate energy %: 38.7%) as part of dinner for 6 weeks. Forty subjects who completed the whole diet program were categorized into high compliance (HC) group (days of eating protein bar ≥ 5 weeks) or low compliance (LC) group (days < 5 weeks).RESULTS: Energy intake significantly decreased from 1,867.5 kcal at baseline to 1,137.4 kcal at 6 weeks for the HC group and from 1,971.7 kcal to 1,362.2 kcal for the LC group, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase in protein energy percentage was observed in each group (HC group: 3.5%, LC group: 2.2%). Both groups showed significant decreases in weight (HC group: 1.8 kg, LC group: 1.1 kg), BMI, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Reduction of body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure were only observed in the HC group.CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar as part of a low-calorie diet for a short period can be effective to achieve weight loss and concomitantly improve blood cholesterol level without serious physiological side effects. More evident results can be achieved by eating a diet with low calorie diet including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar for more than 5 weeks.

Comparison of the effects of meal replacements and a standard food-based low calorie diet on weight loss and glycolipid metabolism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of a standard food-based low calorie diet and meal replacements on compliance,weight loss,and glycolipid metabolism in obese patients,and to provide an optimal nutritional weight reduction method for obese individuals in China.Methods Height,weight,waist circumference,body mass index (BMI),body fat,visceral fat in low calorie diet group (n =23) and meal replacements group (n =17) were assessed at baseline,4 and 8 weeks after the intervention.Fasting plasma glucose (FPG),triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine transaminase (ALT),gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP),fasting insulin (FINS),and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at both baseline and 8 weeks after the intervention.Results Both low calorie diet and meal replacements led to significant decreases in body weight,waist circumference,BMI,body fat,and visceral fat(all P＜0.01) after 4 and 8 weeks.Body fat (P＜ 0.01) and total body water (P＜ 0.05) in low calorie diet group were decreased more obviously compared with those in meal replacements group at 4 weeks.However,there were no difference in all these parameters between two groups at 8 weeks (P＞0.05).Both groups experienced improvements in biochemical outcomes and metabolic indicators.TG,AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,FINS,and HOMA-IR levels were all decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) while HDL-C level was increased (P＜0.01) 8 weeks after standard food-based low calorie diet.FPG,TG,TC,LDL-C,AST,ALT,ALP,FINS,and HOMA-IR levels were declined 8 weeks after meal replacements(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).TC,LDL-C,and ALT levels were more evidently to reduce in meal replacements group compared with low calorie diet group.Conclusions Present data suggest that meal replacements and low calorie diet may have a similar effect on weight loss,while meal replacements seems to obtain a better metabolic results.

The effects of weight loss by a low-calorie diet and a low-calorie plus exercise in overweight undergraduate students

Korean undergraduate students attempt to lose weight but often fail due to utilizing ineffective weight loss strategies. Some diet programs have succeeded, yet, they have not provided adequate skills for long-term weight maintenance. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a low calorie diet and exercise with nutritional education on weight loss, serum lipid profiles, nutrient intakes, and dietary behavior modification in overweight and obese undergraduate students. The subjects in the low calorie diet group (LCD; n = 12) and the low calorie diet plus exercise group (LCDE; n = 13) had the same goal of losing 4 kg during a 12 week program. Nutrient intakes were assessed by the 24 hour recall method. Also, food habits and dietary behaviors were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. LCD and LCDE groups lowered body weight by 2 kg and 1 kg, respectively, although they decreased calorie intake by 355 and 287 kcal per day compared to intakes prior to the study. Body fat mass decreased in both the LCD and LCDE groups; however, the decrease was greater in the LCDE group. In addition, only the LCDE group increased muscle mass. The LCD group had a slightly better effect in reducing body weight, body fat, and waist circumference than the LCDE group. However, their decrease was reversed after the mid-study check in the LCD group; the reduction was better maintained and decreased more in the LCDE group. However, serum lipid profiles were already in borderline prior to the study; moreover, they were not modified after losing weight. The dietary behavior program helped students to develop better dietary habits. In conclusion, the combination of a low calorie diet and exercise is necessary in order to maintain longer weight loss by increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat.

Effects of caloric restriction with varying energy density and aerobic exercise on weight change and satiety in young female adults

This study examines the combined effects of caloric restriction on body composition, blood lipid, and satiety in slightly overweight women by varying food density and aerobic exercise. Twenty-three women were randomly assigned to one of two groups for a four-week weight management program: the high-energy density diet plus exercise (HDE: n = 12, 22 +/- 2 yrs, 65 +/- 7 kg, 164 +/- 5 cm, 35 +/- 4 % fat) and low-energy density diet plus exercise (LDE: n = 11, 22 +/- 1 yrs, 67 +/- 7 kg, 161 +/- 2 cm, 35 +/- 4 % fat) groups. Subjects maintained a low-calorie diet (1,500 kcal/day) during the program. Isocaloric (483 +/- 26 for HDE, 487 +/- 27 kcal for LDE) but different weight (365 +/- 68 for HDE, 814 +/- 202 g for LDE) of lunch was provided. After lunch, they biked at 60% of maximum capacity for 40 minutes, five times per week. The hunger level was scaled (1: extremely hungry; 9: extremely full) at 17:30 each day. Before and after the program, the subjects' physical characteristics were measured, and fasting blood samples were drawn. The daily energy intake was 1,551 +/- 259 for HDE and 1,404 +/- 150 kcal for LDE (P > 0.05). After four weeks, the subjects' weights and % fat decreased for both LDE (-1.9 kg and -1.5%, P < 0.05) and HDE (-1.6 kg and -1.4%, respectively, P < 0.05). The hunger level was significantly higher for HDE (2.46 +/- 0.28) than for LDE (3.10 +/- 0.26) (P < 0.05). The results suggest that a low-energy density diet is more likely to be tolerated than a high-energy density diet for a weight management program combining a low-calorie diet and exercise, mainly because of a reduced hunger sensation.

Effects of Very Low Calorie Diet using Meal Replacements on Psychological Factors and Quality of Life in the Obese Women Aged Twenties

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients on psychological factors and quality of life in the obese women (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) for four weeks. Seventy five women (20 < or = age < 26) participated in this experiment. Subjects were randomly classified three groups: 1) General diet group (GD group, n = 27) consumed 3 regular meals within 600 kcal/day 2) Meal replacements group (MR group, n = 27) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day 3) Herbal Meal replacements group (HMR group, n = 27) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Physical factors (weight, BMI, fat(%)) of the HMR group significantly decreased more than those of GD and MR groups. Moreover, binge eating habit and environmental factors (surrounding support, emotional reaction, expression of opinion) of the HMR group significantly decreased more than those of GD and MR groups. Psychological factor and quality of life were no significant differences among three groups during the experimental period, because both were significantly decreased in all groups after 4 weeks. Therefore, very low calorie diet using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients for 4 weeks was effective on improvement of psychological factor and quality of life as well as weight reduction in the obese premenopausal women.

The effects of balanced low calorie diet on body composition and serum leptin of obese women.

The effect of balanced low-calorie diet for 14 days on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), total skin fold thickness (SFT), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and serum leptin level was evaluated by using a pre and post-experimental balanced low-calorie diet 915.23 kcal/day with the composition of 55.81% carbohydrate, 19.46% protein and 24.73% fat for 14 days on 39 obesewomen subjects (19-55 years old) who have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data include demographic characteristic, macronutrient and energy intake, as well as of anthropometry, FM, FFM, and serum leptin level. Body weight reduction occurs significantly (p<0.05) from 70.99 ± 8.62 to 68.81 ± 8.36 kg (3.07%); BMI reduction is significant (p<0.05) from 30.28 ± 3.11 kg/m2 to 29.36 ± 2.94 kg/m2 (3.04%); Significantly reduced SFT (p<0.05) from 99.36 ± 12.07 mm to 91.29 ± 10.85 mm (8.08%); Significantly reduced FM (p<0.05) from 35.41 ± 2.75 % to 33.65 ± 2.73% (1.76%); Significantly increased FFM percentage (p<0.05) from 64.59 ± 2.74 to 66.35 ± 2.73 (2.72%); Significantly reduced WC (waist circumference) (p<0.05) from 85.87 ± 7.31 to 83.35 ± 7.09 (2.93%); Significantly reduced HC (hip circumference) (p<0.05) from 107.59 ± 6.67 to 106.49 ± 6.37 (1.02%); Significantly reduced WHR (p<0.05) from 0.80 ± 0.05 to 0.78 ± 0.04 (2.24%); Significantly reduced serum leptin (p<0.05) from 23.31 (12.06-71.22) to 18.18 (7.90-65.11) (22.01%); positive correlation is observed between serum leptin level and FM significantly (p<0.05) before treatment (r=0.47 ; p=0.003) and after treatment (r=0.57 ; p=0.001). Balanced low-calorie diet may effectively reduce body weight, BMI, skin fold thickness, percentage of fat mass, to increase percentage of fat free mass, to reduce waist to hip ratio and serum leptin level.

Effects of Very Low Calorie Diet using Meal Replacements on Weight Reduction and Health in the Obese Adult Women

This study was performed to investigate the effects of very low calorie diet (VLCD) using newly meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) for four weeks. Seventy five women participated in this experiment. Subjects were randomly classified three groups: 1) General Diet group (GD group, n = 25) consumed 3 regular meals within 600 kcal/day, 2) Meal replacements group (MR group, n = 25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/ day, 3) Herbal Meal replacements group (HMR group, n = 25) consumed 1 regular meal and 2 meal replacements within 600 kcal/day. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical measurements and body symptoms were assessed before (the initial) and after (the 4th week) the study. Anthropometry measurements such as weight, waist and hip circumference, and BMI and body composition such as body fat percent, fat mass significantly decreased in all groups after diet intervention. Anthropometric measurements and body composition of the HMR group significantly more than those of GD and MR groups. Serum Total cholesterol was significantly decreased in all groups. However, there was no significant difference among three groups during the experimental period. HMR group had significantly less felt a pain than GD and MR groups in body symptoms such as anemia, powerlessness, vomiting, constipation and dryness of skin during the experimental period. Therefore, very low calorie diet (VLCD) using meal replacements that contain the wild grass extracts based on Samul-tang ingredients was very effective on weight reduction and health in the obese adult women.

Effect of 12-week Low Calorie Diet and Behavior Modification on the Anthropomeric Indices and Biochemical Nutritional Status of Obese Woman / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW > 120%) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 +/- 129.8 kcal (100.8% of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 +/- 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 +/- 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 +/- 8.0 kg to 69.2 +/- 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 +/- 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3 level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies..

Orlistal combined with low calorie diet in the treatment of obesity with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis / 中华消化杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orlistat combined with low calorie diet in the treatment of obesity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods Orlistat 120 mg, three times a day, combined with low calorie diet for a cause of 24 weeks, were given to the 60 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients whose body mass index (BMI) were between 27 and 40. Results ①The percentage of mean weight loss and mean decreased BMI were both (10.76? 4.52 )% of their initinal weight at 24 weeks treatment. ②ALT, AST, GGT and total bilirubin was significantly decreased ( P

Comparison of modifications of intra-abdominal fat between low calorie diet alon and low calorie diet with exercise in Korean women

BACKGROUND: Obesity and its complicatians are increasing as social ecanamic standard of living is improving and life style has been changing in Korea. There is growing evidence that the visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) on computed tomography (CI) is closely related to the obesity camplications. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the VSR reduction is praduced during weight loss. The purpose of this study was to observe and campare the amount of reduction of intraabdaminal fat between low calorie diet (LCD) alane and LCD with exercise. METHODS: Sixty obese females were randomly prescribed a LCD alone or a LCD with exercise. Thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks (group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with a LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks (group B). Weight, height, BMI, and body fat distribution were measured in all subjects immediately before and after 8 weeks of this study. The body fat distribution was assessed by CT, by which the total abdaminal adipose tissue area (AT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), intra-abdominal adipose tissue (VAT), and visceral/subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio (VSR) were measured at the level of the umbilicus. A venous blood sample was taken after an overnight fast to determine lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations in all subjects before and after 8 weeks of this study. RESULTS: Body weight, BMI, CI' measurement of total (AT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) fat were found to be decreased significantly in the two groups. The VSR of the group A did not change after weight loss. In contrast, the VSR of the group B decreased significantly (P<0.05) during weight loss. Fasting plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels significantly decreased in the both groups (P<0.001). Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in the group B, but not in group A. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the VSR decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. Fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride levels decreased significantly in group B, but not in group A. These results suggest that the LCD with exercise is more effective in reducing expected complications of obesity than LCD alone.

Comparison of clinical usefulness of low-calorie-diet combined with exercise and low-calorie-diet alone

BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy and safety of low-calorie-diet(LCD) using formular diet and to compare clinical usefulness of LCD combined with exercise with LCD alone, sixty obese females were prescribed LCD with exercise or LCD alone, randomly. METHODS: Thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000kcal/d for 8 weeks(group A). Another thirty obese females were treated with LCD of 1,000kcal/d combined with supervised aerobic exercise for 8 weeks(group B). RESULTS: 22 out of 30 obese females in group A[37.3+/-5.0yr ; body fat 40.3+/-3.9%] and 26 out of 30 obese females in group B[37.9+/-7.6yr ; body fat 41.5+/-3.7%] completed the study. At the eighth week, mean weight loss was 5.8+/-2.1kg(8.1%) for group A, and 6.8+/-1.6kg(9.7%) for group B. Differences in weight loss between two groups were statistically significant(p<0.05). In group 4 blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, sodium, chloride, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus were significantly increased(p<0.05). In group B, blood pressure, serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, iron, sodium, body fat were significantly reduced, and serum zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium were significantly increased(p<0.05). However, the differences of the changes in the above laboratory data between two groups were not statistically significant. Side effects were few and occurred mainly during the first week of the trial. CONCLUSIONS: Low calorie diet for 8 weeks decreased body fat, BP, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, MDL-cholesterol levels significantly, and when combined with exercise weight loss was much more than LCD only.

The use of low calorie diet supplement in weight reduction: A preliminry report.

Low calorie diet (LCD) supplement has gained popularity in weight control programs. The efficacy, acceptance and adverse effects of LCD (Modellim 40R, Medicfast) were evaluated during a 12 week weight reduction program in 11 obese volunteers. They were 2 males and 9 females, age 37.4 + 9.4 year old (mean + SD) whose body mass indices (BMI) ranged from 28.8 – 40.7 kg/m2 (mean + SD = 31.44 + 4.84). During the weight reduction period, a diet containing 800 kcal/day was prescribed in every case with a supplement of 1 packet of LCD (40 kcal) before lunch and dinner, and whenever they felt hungry. Regular exercise were also encouraged. At the beginning and at the end of the program, blood specimens were analysed for liver, kidney and thyroid function, electrolytes and other macro minerals. Lipid profiles and complete blood count were also done. All volunteers were interviewed and examined initially and every 2 weeks thereafter by one of the investigators. One female volunteer was withdrawn from the study after the first week because of aversion to LCD. The others tolerated the LCD well. They were consumed 1-3 packets daily (mean + SD 1.44 + 0.7). At the end of twelfth week, the weight loss was 3.1 + 2.9 kg (range -1.4 – 8.1 kg). There was no well-accepted in most of the cases and can be used as a supplement during weight reduction without any serious side effects.