El trasfondo romántico del concepto de religión de Max Scheler

En la modernidad, la reflexión moral ha estado influida por orientaciones fundamentadas en la razón y en el sentimiento. Dos ejemplares de estas orientaciones son la Ilustración y el Romanticismo, respectivamente. El desarrollo de estos movimientos culturales e intelectuales está asociado a las demandas por los derechos políticos y sociales, junto a la insistencia en la importancia de la solidaridad y la hermandad en el desarrollo de las comunidades. Este artículo de reflexión presenta una perspectiva interpretativa del concepto de religión de Max Scheler La reflexión está enfocada en las raíces románticas de la propuesta Scheleriana, derivadas de la discusión moderna entre el Racionalismo y el Romanticismo. Adicionalmente, se presenta el contexto político y social al que responde la conceptualización de Scheler: Como resultado de esta reflexión, se concluye que el concepto de religión de Scheler reivindica la importancia de los valores y el compromiso moral frente a las crisis políticas que sufrió Europa a inicios del siglo XX.

In modernity moral reflection has been influenced by orientations grounded in reason and in feeling. Two exemplars of these orientations are the Enlightenment and Romanticism, respectively The development of these cultural and intellectual movements is associated with demands for social and political rights, together with the insistence in the importance of solidarity and brotherhood in the development of communities. This reflection paper presents an interpretative perspective of Max Scheler's concept of religion. The reflection is focused on the romantic roots of the Schelerian proposal, derived from the modern discussion between Rationalism and Romanticism. Additionally the political and social context to which Scheler's conceptualization responds is presented. As a result of this reflection, it is concluded that Scheler's concept of religion claims the importance of values and moral commitment against Europe's political crises at the beginning of the 20th century.

Na modernidade, a reflexão moral foi influenciada por orientações baseadas na razão e no sentimento. Dois exemplos dessas orientações são o Iluminismo e o Romantismo, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento desses movimentos culturais e intelectuais está associado a demandas por direitos políticos e sociais, juntamente com a insistência na importância da solidariedade e da fraternidade no desenvolvimento das comunidades. Este artigo de reflexão apresenta uma perspectiva interpretativa sobre o conceito de religião de Max Scheler O foco da reflexão são as raízes românticas da abordagem scheleriana, derivadas da discussão moderna entre racionalismo e romantismo. Além disso, é apresentado o contexto político e social ao qual a conceitualização de Scheler responde. Como resultado dessa reflexão, conclui-se que o conceito de religião de Scheler reivindica a importância dos valores e do compromisso moral diante das crises políticas sofridas pela Europa no início do século XX.

Relación entre flexibilidad, fuerza y VO2max de los deportistas de Imbabura

Las cualidades de la condición física como la flexibilidad, fuerza y VO2max en el deportista, se manifiestan en su totalidad en cualquier actividad deportiva. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el nivel de flexibilidad y la relación existente con el nivel de fuerza explosiva y VO2max. Se seleccionaron 137 deportistas de la provincia de Imbabura en las disciplinas de fútbol, basquetbol, escalada, atletismo, ciclismo y taekwondo y se evaluaron mediante la prueba de sit and reach, salto vertical (VERT) y test de Queen College. Los resultados mostraron que el 81,8% fueron de etnia mestiza, el 56 % de la muestra de género masculino. Las disciplinas taekwondo y escalada fueron más flexibles (31 cm), la fuerza explosiva promedio que destacó fue la escalada (48cm) de capacidad de salto, seguido del basquetbol (45cm); el VO2max de los basquetbolistas fue excelente (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). El fútbol presentó un VO2max promedio (52,8 ml*kg-1*min), con diferencias significativas entre las medias (p=<0,05). La flexibilidad de las disciplinas deportivas tuvo una relación (p=<0,00) directa moderada con la fuerza e inversa moderada (p=<0,01/ rho =-0,4) con el VO2max. La flexibilidad fue directamente proporcional a la fuerza, es decir, si aumentó la flexibilidad también aumentó la fuerza; sin embargo, la flexibilidad fue inversamente proporcional a el VO2max, es decir, la flexibilidad disminuyó y el VO2 max aumentó.

As qualidades de aptidão física como flexibilidade, força e VO2max no atleta se manifestam em sua totalidade em qualquer atividade esportiva. O objetivo da pesquisa era avaliar o nível de flexibilidade e a relação existente com o nível de força explosiva e VO2max. Um total de 137 atletas foram selecionados da província de Imbabura nas disciplinas de futebol, basquete, escalada, atletismo, ciclismo e taekwondo e foram avaliados usando o teste sit and reach, salto vertical (VERT) e o teste Queen's College. Os resultados mostraram que 81,8% eram de etnia mista, 56% da amostra era masculina. As disciplinas de taekwondo e escalada eram mais flexíveis (31 cm), a força explosiva média que se destacava era a capacidade de saltar (48 cm), seguida do basquetebol (45 cm); o VO2max dos jogadores de basquetebol era excelente (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). O futebol tinha um VO2máx médio (52,8 ml*kg-1*min-1), com diferenças significativas entre os meios (p=<0,05). A flexibilidade das modalidades esportivas teve uma relação direta moderada (p=<0,00) com força e uma relação inversa moderada (p=<0,01/ rho =-0,4) com o VO2max. A flexibilidade foi diretamente proporcional à força, ou seja, se a flexibilidade aumentou, a força também aumentou; entretanto, a flexibilidade foi inversamente proporcional ao VO2máx, ou seja, a flexibilidade diminuiu e o VO2máx aumentou.

The qualities of the physical condition such as flexibility, strength and VO2max in the athlete, are fully manifested in any sporting activity. The objective of the research was to evaluate the level of flexibility and the existing relationship with the level of explosive strength and VO2max. One hundred thirty-seven athletes from the province of Imbabura were selected in the disciplines of soccer, basketball, climbing, athletics and taekwondo and were evaluated through the sit and reach test, vertical jump (VERT) and Queen College test. The results showed that 81.8 % were of mixed ethnicity, 56 % of the sample male. The taekwondo and climbing disciplines were more flexible (31 cm), the average explosive strength that stood out was climbing (48cm) of jumping capacity, followed by basketball (45cm); the VO2max of the basketball players was excellent (57 ml*kg-1*min-1). Soccer presented an average VO2max (52.8 ml*kg-1*min), with significant differences between the means (p=<0.05). The flexibility of the sports disciplines had a moderate direct relationship (p=<0.00) with strength and a moderate inverse relationship (p=<0.01/ rho =-0.4) with VO2max. Flexibility was directly proportional to strength, that is, if flexibility increased, strength also increased; however, flexibility was inversely proportional to VO2max, that is, flexibility decreased and VO2max increased.

Attenuating Effect of Some Antioxidants on Caffeine Induced Spermatotoxicity and Mutagenicity in Male Albino Rats

Background and Objective: Infertility is one of the major health problems in life and has been linked to several factors; therefore different approaches are required to address the problem. This study investigated the attenuating potential of some antioxidants: Cellgevity, Max one, purslane and Vitamin C on caffeine induced spermatotoxicity in male albino rats. Location and duration of Study: This study was carried in the Department of genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar and lasted for sixty five days. Methodology: Sixty sexually matured male albino rats were randomly divided into ten groups consisting of two rats in three replicates using completely randomized design (CRD). Group one served as control and received water and feed only. Group two were given 200 mg/kgBw of Cellgevity, group three received 200 mg/kgBW of Max one, group four received 100 mg/kgBW of Vitamin C, group five received 200 mg/kgBW of caffeine, group six received 200mg/kgBW of purslane, group seven received 200 mg/kgBW of caffeine and 200 mg/kgBW of Cellgevity, group eight received 200 mg/kgBW of caffeine and 200 mg/kgBW of Max one, group nine received 200mg/kgBW of caffeine and 200 mg/kgBW of purslane, group ten received 200 mg/kgBW of caffeine and 100 mg/kgBW of vitamin C. Administration was done orally and lasted for 65days. The rats were sacrificed after administration using chloroform anaesthesia. Testes and epididymes were processed for testes and epididymal weights as well as sperm profile. Results: The results showed that caffeine significantly (p<0.05) negatively affected all the parameters studied. The sperm profile significantly reduced in caffeine treated animals. However, Cellgevity, Max one, purslane and Vitamin C attenuated the effect of caffeine in all the parameters evaluated by increased the sperm viability, sperm motility, sperm count and reduced sperm head abnormalities and mutation index in the combination groups. Conclusion: Results show that Cellgevity, Max one, purslane and Vitamin C have the potential to attenuate spermatotoxicity caused by caffeine in albino rats.

Condición física e inflamatoria antes de una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal / Physical and inflammatory condition before major abdominal quirurgical intervention

Introducción: El desacondicionamiento físico se asocia con disminución en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, aumento en el contenido de grasa corporal, e imbalances en respuesta inflamatoria, todos ellos factor de riesgo frente a la agresión de una intervención quirúrgica mayor. El valor de consumo de oxígeno (VO2max), el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los valores plasmáticos de citoquinas de pacientes programados para una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal a menudo no se tienen en cuenta en la valoración prequirúrgica. Objetivo: Determinar la condición física e inflamatoria de pacientes que se trataron con una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal. Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva. Muestra por conveniencia de pacientes que se trataron con una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal en dos hospitales de Manizales (Colombia). Previo a la intervención, se midió VO2max, el IMC y valores de citoquinas. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 6 hombres y 48 mujeres. Los valores promedio del VO2max se categorizaron como bajos. Se encontraron valores altos de IMC, del receptor antagonista de IL-1 (IL-1 Ra) y del factor neutrotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en los valores promedio de VO2max, de IL-1Ra y de BDNF entre los grupos. Los pacientes programados para intervención quirúrgica ginecológica y gastrointestinal tuvieron sobrepeso y los programados para intervención quirúrgica bariátrica fueron obesos mórbidos. Conclusión: Pacientes programados para una intervención quirúrgica mayor abdominal presentan valores bajos de VO2max para la edad y altos de IMC. Se hallaron valores altos de IL-1Ra y de BDNF asociadas a obesidad y a posible antiinflamación(AU)

Introduction: Physical deconditioning is associated with, a decrease in cardiorespiratory capacity, an increase in body fat content and imbalances in the inflammatory response, all of which are risk factors for the aggression of a major surgical intervention. The oxygen consumption value (VO2max), body mass index (BMI), and plasma cytokine values of patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery are often not taken into account in the presurgical evaluation. Objective: To determine the physical and inflammatory condition of patients who were treated with a major abdominal surgery. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive research. Convenience sample of patients who underwent major abdominal surgery in two hospitals in Manizales (Colombia). Prior to the intervention, VO2max, BMI and cytokine values were measured. Results: 6 men and 48 women participated in the study. Average VO2max values were categorized as low. High values of BMI, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra) and brain derived neutrotrophic factor (BDNF) were found. No significant differences were found in the mean VO2max, IL-1Ra and BDNF values between the groups. Patients scheduled for gynecological and gastrointestinal surgery were overweight and those scheduled for bariatric surgery were morbidly obese. Conclusion: Patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery have low VO2max values for age and high BMI. High IL-1Ra and BDNF values were found associated with obesity and possible anti-inflammation(AU)

Obesity: A mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported sleep pattern among future physicians

Background: Obesity in relation to physical fitness is of major concern nowadays, as the prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide and India is no exception to it. Lack of fitness results in stress as well as increased burnout, which ultimately contributes to mortality from cardiovascular disease. Physicians who are having poor exercise habits are also less likely to counsel patients about exercise. Aim and Objectives: Hence, in this study, we aim to evaluate the body mass index (BMI) as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported sleep pattern among the resident doctors of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana. Materials and Methods: Data were collected for the cross-sectional study. Sleep pattern was determined using a validated Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated using Quetelet index. Queen’s College Step Test method was used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness by calculating VO2max. VO2max is internationally accepted parameter and is the first choice in measuring a person’s cardiopulmonary status. Results: The result of our study showed highly positive significant (P < 0.01) association and correlation between obesity and sleep patterns and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation between obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness among the resident doctors. Residents with relatively disturbed sleep pattern and with shorter sleep durations were either overweight or obese. Preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbance in sleep pattern may be one of the factors which influences BMI and also influences long-term cardiorespiratory health. Residents attributed time constraints due to training as a key barrier to physical activity. Conclusion: Proper awareness at early stage is extremely important to impress the consequences disturbed sleep pattern and in prevention of the development of obesity and improvement in the cardiorespiratory fitness.

A simulation study to compare physiological responses to hypoxia and exercise between anaemic subjects and healthy controls

Objectives: Military flying is a complex task and requires high level of physical fitness of aviators. Various aviation stressors such as acceleratory force, hypoxia, cold weather conditions and decompression sickness place enormous stress on human physiological systems of the aviators. Individuals with Hb <13 g/dL (males) are being placed in the lower medical category which makes them unfit to fly. The present study was undertaken to assess the implication of low haemoglobin (Hb) on exercise capacity and hypoxia tolerance. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five individuals with anaemia and 15 healthy controls participated in the study. The participants were subjected to normobaric hypoxia (NH) equivalent to an altitude of 15,000 feet. Different physiological parameters such as heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), respiratory rate (fR) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured during NH. Participants also performed maximal aerobic capacity (V?O2 max) and maximal anaerobic capacity test in bicycle ergometer. Results: HR, SBP, DBP and fR in anaemic subjects were higher than healthy controls during NH, whereas SpO2 in anaemic subjects was lower as compared to healthy controls. Anaemic individuals had a lower VO2 max than their healthy counterparts. Critical power and anaerobic work capacity were lower in anaemic subjects than healthy controls. Conclusion: There is a deterioration in exercise capacity and hypoxia tolerance in individuals with low Hb levels. Adequate precaution should be exercised for permitting military aviators to fly with low Hb level.

Evaluation of basal heart rate and cardio respiratory endurance among wrestlers-a cross-sectional study

Background: Cardiorespiratory endurance is the most important component of health fitness concerned with the aerobic efficiency of the body. The VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake) is the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness that determines amount of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute of exercise. Aim and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study is (1). To assess the heart rate and VO2 max among Indian wrestlers and age and sex-matched healthy controls and (2). To find the correlation between resting heart rate and VO2 max (if any). Materials and Methods: About 35 wrestlers aged between 18 and 25 years practicing in district stadium Belgaum and 35 age and sex-matched students of KLE University, Belgaum were enrolled as controls. Resting heart rate was measured, and cardiorespiratory endurance test was done on treadmill to calculate the VO2 max using Bruce protocol. Results: The data were analyzed using Student unpaired “t-test” (P < 0.05 was considered as significant). Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate strength of association between heart rate and VO2 max. The mean resting heart rate of players was significantly less than that of the controls (P < 0.001). Mean VO2 max was significantly higher in wrestlers than in the controls (P < 0.001). Negative correlation was found between the resting heart rate and VO2 max among the wrestler’s and controls. Conclusion: The higher VO2 max in the wrestlers can be attributed to the duration of training which causes greater increase in cardiac output and arteriovenous O2 difference. Resting heart rate of the wrestlers was found to be lower than that of the sedentary people. High VO2 max and low resting heart rate are both associated with cardiovascular fitness and common among endurance players. These could be beneficial tools for trained wrestlers looking to improve their performance.

Development of a reference equation for maximal exercise capacity in normal Indian subjects using cardiopulmonary exercise testing

Objectives: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is an integrative assessment of multiple interdependent variables contributing to exercise response. CPET parameters such as maximum or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak) are used to estimate this response. VO2max/peak varies with physiological predictors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and activity level. The existing normative values for Indian subjects have, thus, far been adapted from Western populations who have a different body habitus in terms of these physiological predictors. We aimed to determine the relation and a prediction equation of these variables with VO2peak. Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty-one healthy subjects underwent CPET on a treadmill (Cortex Metalyzer) in a tertiary care hospital and VO2peak was calculated through Metasoft software. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for calculating the between-group difference. Logistic regression with univariate and multivariate ANOVA was used for computing the reference equation. Results: Mean VO2peak (ml/min/kg) was 29.9 ± 7.7. It was higher for males (32.81 ± 7.9 vs. 26.79 ± 6.1 [P < 0.001]) and active individuals (32.8 ± 7 vs. 26.1 ± 6.9 [P < 0.001]). Higher values were observed in younger and non-obese population (P < 0.001). Regression coefficient (r2) was 0.44 and 0.36 for male and female, respectively. Reference equation was then calculated for males and females using the r2 value. Conclusion: VO2peak was higher in males and active individuals, it declined with increasing age and BMI. The values obtained were much lower than the Western population, therefore stressing the need for the development of our own set of reference equations.

Effect of body mass index on VO2 max among apparently healthy male young adults: A cross-sectional study

Background: Factors determine the change in aerobic capacity (VO2 max). This study discovered an association between body mass index (BMI) with aerobic capacity (VO2 max) in apparently healthy male young adults. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of obesity on cardiopulmonary health of apparently healthy male young adults with following objectives: (i) To compare the VO2 max in different BMI groups and (ii) to study the correlation of BMI with VO2 max. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted among 100 male subjects of 18–30 years assessing BMI (height/weight2) and VO2 max by CPET Ergo-bike machine. Statistical analysis was done with unpaired t-test. Results: In correlation between four BMI groups and their respective VO2 max, we found that VO2 max in the underweight group (BMI <18.5) is positively correlated and statistically significant. In the normal group (BMI 18.5–24.9), it is negatively correlated and insignificant. In the overweight group (BMI 24.9–29.9), it is negatively correlated and significant and in the obese group (BMI ?30), it is negatively correlated and not significant. Conclusion: VO2 max is gradually increasing with BMI toward the normal range and decreasing away from the normal range significantly in both underweight and overweight groups. Whereas, this change of VO2 max is not so significant in both normal and obese groups as per. As BMI is inversely related to cardiopulmonary function, persons having high BMI can be motivated toward a healthy lifestyle.

Effect of homeopathy on soybean germination through soil and seed treatment

Homeopathy is a technique approved by the MAPA for organic production systems. Experiments demonstrating the effectiveness of homeopathy in agriculture are essential. Aims: To evaluate the effects of homeopathic treatment on soybean seed germination. Methodology: The experiment was performed in MS-Brazil. An area of 70 m² was used, divided into two comparison plots of 30 m² each. The soil of plot 1 (treated group) was treated with 5.25 kg of powdered Lithothamniummixed with 250 ml of 30% hydroalcoholic solution (HS) containing homeopathic ingredients. The soil of plot 2 (control group) was treated with thesame preparationbutwithout homeopathic ingredients. Additionally, the 400 seeds assigned toplot 1 were treated with 0,3 ml of a solution made up of 10 ml of 30% HS with homeopathic ingredients dilutedin 300 ml of water. The 400 seeds assigned toplot 2 were treated with 0.3 ml of a solutionmade up of 10 ml of HS without homeopathic ingredients diluted in 300 ml of water. The homeopathic ingredients Sulph 9C, Mag-c12C, and Calc-p 9C were used on soil and seed treatment. The selection and prescription of those ingredients followed Materia Medica instructions. The experiment was conducted using randomized design and 400 seeds per group were sown. Results and discussion: In plot 1, anaverage of 11 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 330 germinated seeds at a percentage of 82.5%. In plot 2, an average of 7 seeds per m² germinated, adding up to 210 germinated seeds at a percentage of 52.5%. The frequency of seed germinationin both groups was assessed by the Chi-square test to check for significant differences(p<0.05). There was a statistical difference (p<0.05) in the seed germination in the treated group (n=330) compared to the control group (n=210). Conclusion:Homeopathic compounds can be used as a viable treatment for soybean germination.

Entrenamiento interválico de resistencia aeróbica en el rendimiento de las pruebas físicas del personal militar

La resistencia aérobica es la capacidad de realizar una actividad física en el mayor tiempo posible; esta es una capacidad determinante para muchos deportes y una necesidad para el personal militar activo, para lo cual se establecen estrategias especializadas en función de su potenciación como la aplicación del modelo interválico, considerado un entrenamiento basado en la repetición de periodos de trabajo de alta intensidad. En tal sentido, se planteó como objetivo de la investigación potenciar la resistencia aeróbica en soldados de la Escuela de Infantería del Ejército (EIE) a partir de un entrenamiento interválico HIIT. Se implementó una investigación descriptiva-correlacional. Se analizaron 75 soldados del curso de perfeccionamiento de la Escuela de Infantería del Ejército. Se evalúo su capacidad aeróbica e incluyó el índice de masa corporal antes y después de implementar un entrenamiento interválico durante ocho semanas. El promedio del índice de masa corporal fue de 23,91kg (normal; pretest), y de 23,38kg (normal; postest). Se muestreó significativamente diferente (p=0.000), mientras que el tiempo promedio en el test de dos millas fue de13´39min/s (pretest) y de 12´48min/s (postest), se mejora, para un -51s. El Vo2máx fue de 47,64 (ml/kg/min. pretest) y de 52,65ml/Kg/min (postest), un aumento de+5.01 ml/Kg/min, correspondiente a un 10,51 % de incremento del VO2máx. El entrenamiento interválico, se enfatiza en el extensivo-medio e intensivo-corto e incide positivamente en el desarrollo de la resistencia aeróbica a corto plazo, indica que es una alternativa para mejorar indicadores de resistencia aeróbica en soldados con un rango etario entre 23-28 años.

A resistência aeróbica é a capacidade de realizar uma atividade física no maior tempo possível; esta é uma capacidade determinante para muitos esportes e uma necessidade de pessoal militar ativo, para o qual são estabelecidas estratégias especializadas em termos de seu aperfeiçoamento, como a aplicação do modelo interválico, considerado um treinamento baseado na repetição de períodos de trabalho de alta intensidade. Neste sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa era melhorar a resistência aeróbica nos soldados da Escola de Infantaria do Exército (EIE) através do treinamento interválico HIIT. Uma pesquisa descritivo-correlacional foi implementada. Setenta e cinco soldados da Escola de Infantaria do Exército foram analisados no curso de treinamento avançado. Sua capacidade aeróbica foi avaliada e incluiu o índice de massa corporal antes e depois da implementação do treinamento interválico por oito semanas. O índice médio de massa corporal era de 23,91kg (normal; pré-teste), e 23,38kg (normal; pós-teste). A amostra foi significativamente diferente (p=0,000), enquanto o tempo médio no teste de duas milhas foi de 13'39min/s (pré-teste) e 12'48min/s (pós-teste), é melhorado, para um -51s. O Vo2max foi de 47,64 (ml/kg/min pré-teste) e 52,65ml/kg/min (pós-teste), um aumento de +5,01 ml/kg/min, correspondendo a um aumento de 10,51 % no VO2max. O treinamento interválico, enfatizado no intensivo-médio e intensivo-curto e tem um impacto positivo no desenvolvimento da resistência aeróbica de curto prazo, indica que é uma alternativa para melhorar os indicadores de resistência aeróbica em soldados com uma faixa etária entre 23-28 anos.

Aerobic resistance is the capacity to perform physical activity for as long as possible, being a determining capacity for many sports and a need for active military personnel, for which specialized strategies are established for its enhancement such as the interval model application, considered a training based on the repetition periods of high intensity load. In this sense, the research objective is to promote aerobic endurance in soldiers of the Escuela de Infantería del Ejército (EIE) from a HIIT interval training. A descriptive-co relational investigation is implemented, analyzing 75 soldiers from the improvement course of the Escuela de Infantería del Ejército, evaluating their aerobic capacity, including the Body Mass Index before and after implementing interval training for 8 weeks. The average body mass index was 23.91kg (Normal; Pretest), and 23.38kg (Normal; Posttest), being significantly different (p = 0.000), while the average time in the 2-mile test was 13'39min / s (Pretest) and 12'48 min / s (Posttest), improving -51s. The VoMax2 was 47.64 (ml / kg / min. Pretest) and 52.65 ml / Kg / min (Posttest), an increase of +5.01 ml / Kg / min, corresponding to a 10.51% increase of VO2max. Interval training, emphasizing the extensive-medium and intensive-short, positively affects the development of short-term aerobic endurance, being an alternative to improve aerobic endurance indicators in soldiers with an age range between 23-28 years.

Spray volumes for agrochemicals applied to soybean and wheat crops

The question of the spray volume for applying agrochemicals to plants has and still demands studies to continuously search for guiding parameters for technicians due to the several variables involving application technology. This experiment aimed to determine the best spray volume for applying pesticides with a boom sprayer to soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. The experiment had a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments and five replications. In soybean (crop year 2011/12), the treatments were the control (no pesticide application) and spray volume applications of 50, 100, 150, and 200 L ha-1. For wheat (crop year 2012), the treatments were the control and spray volumes of 75, 100, 125, and 150 L ha-1. The variables analyzed were the yield components. The study concluded the need for applying foliar fertilizers and performing the chemical control of diseases and pests in soybean and wheat crops. The spray volumes of 50 L ha-1 for soybeans and 75 L ha-1 for wheat were satisfactory for spraying agrochemicals with a ground bar sprayer on plants.

Ecophysiology and water use efficiency of soybean cultivars under field conditions

A wide range of soybean cultivars is available on the market and understanding the physiological response and yield of these materials is fundamental to develop new management systems. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess ecophysiological parameters and yield of soybean cultivars under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on a farm located in the municipality of Açailândia, Maranhão, Brazil. Three commercial cultivars were used (SC1, SC2 and SC3), and gas exchanges, SPAD index, Fv/Fm, photosynthesis index (PI), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) and intrinsic instantaneous of the use of water (iWUE) were assessed during the vegetative (V5) and reproductive (R5) stages. In addition, the biomass and production components were obtained. A randomized complete block design was used, with three cultivars and six replications. SC2 obtained the best mean for the photochemical variables. SC2 was more efficient at both development stages in WUE, but the maximum iWUE values were obtained in SC3. The SC2 cultivar obtained the best responses in the main variables analyzed, resulting in a higher yield.

Loss sampling methods for soybean mechanical harvest

Harvesting is one of the most important stages of the agricultural production process. However, the lack of monitoring during this operation and the absence of efficient methodologies to quantify losses have contributed to the decline in the quality of the operation. The objective of this study was to monitor mechanized soybean harvest by quantifying losses through two methodologies using statistical process control. The study was conducted in March 2016 in an agricultural area in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP, using a John Deere harvester model 1470 with a tangential-type track system and separation by a straw-blower. The experimental design followed the standards established by statistical process control, and every 8 min of harvest, the total losses by the circular framework and rectangular framework methodologies were simultaneously quantified, totaling 40 points. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical process control. The averages of the circular methodology framework were values above those found in the rectangular methodology framework, presenting greater representativeness of losses. The process was considered unable to maintain losses of soybeans at acceptable levels during mechanical harvest throughout the operation of the two frameworks. The circular framework for collecting samples at different locations resulted in higher reliability of data.

Biophysical characteristics of soybean estimated by remote sensing associated with artificial intelligence

The biophysical characteristics of vegetative canopies, such as biomass, height, and canopy diameter, are of paramount importance for the study of the development and productive behavior of crops. Faced with a scarcity of studies aimed at estimating these parameters, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) applied to Proximal Remote Sensing (PRS) to estimate biophysical characteristics of soybean culture. The data used to train and validate the ANNs came from an experiment composed of 65 plots with 30 x 30 m mesh, its development was carried out in the 2016/2017 crop in the Brazilian agricultural area. The evaluations were carried out at 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after sowing (DAS), monitoring the spatial and temporal variability of the biophysical characteristics of the soybean crop. Vegetation indexes were collected using canopy sensors. The accuracy and precision were determined by the coefficient of determination (R2) and the error of the forecasts by MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). PRS and ANNs showed high potential for application in agriculture, since they obtained good performance in the estimation of height (R2 = 0.89) and canopy diameter (R2 = 0.96), being fresh biomass (R2 =0.98) and dry biomass (R2 = 0.97) were the best-estimated variables.

Como o ser se move a outro ser / How the being moves to another being / Como se mueve el ser a otro ser

RESUMO Este trabalho visa, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre cosmos na literatura do Psicodrama, propor uma articulação teórica do conceito de cosmos encontrado com conceitos encontrados no livro de Max Scheler, A posição do homem no cosmos. Espera-se com este escrito ampliar a discussão e reflexão sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT Through a bibliographic review of cosmos in the Psychodrama literature, this work aims to propose a theoretical articulation of the concept of cosmos found with ideas found in Max Scheler's book, The Position of man in the cosmos. I hope this writing will broaden the discussion and reflection on the subject.

RESUMEN Este trabajo pretende, a través de una revisión bibliográfica sobre el cosmos en la literatura del Psicodrama, proponer una articulación teórica del concepto de cosmos encontrado con conceptos encontrados en el libro de Max Scheler, The Position del hombre en el cosmos. Se espera con este escrito ampliar la discusión y reflexión sobre el tema.

Toxicity of insecticides to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

ABSTRACT This work aims to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used for stink bug control to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis. We tested ethiprole and sulfoxaflor + lambda-cyhalothrin in comparison with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos. Three independent bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and repeated for each parasitoid species, to evaluate the effect of insecticides on pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids and the effects of insecticide sprays on host eggs prior to parasitism. Ethiprole at concentrations of 100 and 133.3 g/100 L H2O was classified as harmless (class 1), according to the International Organization of Biological Control to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. When tested against T. teretis, ethiprole was classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2), but it still was the most selective pesticide among the studied chemicals. When adult parasitoids of both species were exposed to sprayed host eggs, parasitism rates were similar. The other treatments triggered more severe negative side effects to the parasitoids, especially to adults. Overall, ethiprole was the least toxic compound among the studied products and should be preferred in integrated pest management aimed at preserving these biocontrol agents, while the other tested insecticides should be evaluated under semi-field and field conditions to verify their higher toxicity.

Influence of diode laser and warm air drying on the shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to Dentin. An in-vitro study / Influência do laser de diodo e da secagem com ar quente na resistência ao cisalhamento do Di-silicato de Lítio a dentina. Um estudo in-vitro

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation (980 nm) and warm air drying (50°C) on shear bond strength between Lithium di-silicate (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) and human dentin using both (Etch & Rinse) adhesive, Adper™ Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) and (Self-etch) adhesive, Single Bond UniversalTM(3M ESPE) before adhesive polymerization. Material and Methods: 54 sound lower molars were sectioned to obtain flat dentinal surfaces. Specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (n=27): Group 1 (ER) and Group 2 (SE) according to bonding approach. Each subgroup was subdivided according to dentin surface treatment into 3 equal subgroups (n=9): Control (Co), Diode laser irradiation (L) and Warm air drying (W). All specimens were adhesively cemented to IPS e.max® CAD discs using RelyX™ Ultimate Clicker™(3M ESPE) resin cement. Samples were then subjected to pre-loading in a thermodynamic manner. All samples were tested for shear bond strength using computer-controlled material testing machine. Data analysis was performed using two-way (ANOVA) (p< 0.05) followed by pair-wise Tukey's post-hoc tests. Results: In (SE) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with statistically significant difference. As for (ER) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Warm air drying for (SE) bonding approach increased shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to human dentin and can be introduced as a new effective protocol.(AU)

Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo atual é avaliar o efeito da radiação do laser de diodo (980nm) e secagem de ar quente (50°C) na resistência ao cisalhamento entre dissilicati de Lítio (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) e a dentina humana usando ambos modelos de adesivos (condicionamento total) Adper™ Single Bond e (auto-condicionante) Single Bond Universal™ (3M ESPE), Single Bond UniversalTM (3M ESPE) antes da fotopolimerização. Material e Métodos: 54 segundos molares inferiores foram selecionados para obter superfícies dentinárias planas. Os espécimes foram divididos em 2 grupos iguais (n=27): grupo 1 (ER) e grupo 2 (SE) de acordo com protocolo de adesividade. Cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com o tratamento de superfície dentro de 3 subgrupos iguais (n=9): Controle (co), irradiação com laser de diodo (L) e secagem com ar quente (W). Todos os espécimes foram adesivamente cimentados a discos de IPS emax CAD usando RelyX Ultimate Clicker (3M ESPE) cimento resinoso. As amostras foram então submetidas a pré-carregamento de forma termodinâmica. Todas as amostras foram testadas para resistência a cisalhamento usando máquina de teste de materiais controlados por computador. A análise de dados foi realizada usando ANOVA dois fatores (p<0.05) seguindo por testes de Tukey pareado como test post-hoc. Resultados: No grupo (SE), o subgrupo (W) apresentou maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguindo o subgrupo (Co) é o menor foi o subgrupo (L) com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Já para o grupo (Er), o subgrupo (W) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguido do grupo (Co) e o menor foi o subgrupo (L) sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: a secagem com ar quente para a abordagem de adesividade (Se) aumentou a resistência ao cisalhamento do dissilicato de lítio à dentina humana e poderia ser introduzido como um novo e eficaz protocolo(AU)

Can a successional crop system associated with preemergent herbicides be a tool to control weeds?

The objective of this research was to evaluate weed control in a successional soybean-sorghum system by using preemergent herbicides. Two trials were conducted in soybean and two in sorghum, in different soil types (sandy in Rio Verde city and clayey in Montividiu city). All trials were established in a completely randomized block design with five preemergent herbicides in soybean (rates in): diclosulam 35.3 g a.i.·ha­1, chlorimuron 20 g a.i.·ha­1, sulfentrazone 200 g a.i.·ha­1, flumioxazin 50 g a.i.·ha­1, S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1, and two controls (hand weeded and untreated). Treatments in sorghum trials were the same to the soybean plus atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 and atrazine 1250 g a.i.·ha­1 + S-metolachlor 1728 g a.i.·ha­1. All treatments had four replicates. Weed control was assessed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP) in both crops. In addition, yield was measured when grains reached physiological maturity. All preemergent herbicide treatments successfully controlled weeds, specially Commelina benghalensis, Cenchrus echinatus and Eleusine indica, in both soybean trials until 28 DAP. In some weeds of sorghum, sulfentrazone, diclosulam and chlorimuron sprayed at soybean preemergence performed better than atrazine sprayed at sorghum preemergence. All preemergent herbicides sprayed at soybean preemergence did not affect soybean and sorghum yield, showing similarity with the hand weeded treatment. The results of this research provide evidence that the mix of crop succession and preemergent herbicide applications can be a strong strategy for integrated weed management.

Mite fauna on transgenic soybean in an experimental station in western Bahia, Brazil

The aim of this study was to identify mite fauna associated with soybean crops and to report new species of the Monsoy 8349 IPRO variety in the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães, western region of Bahia. Samplings were performed in an area with transgenic soybeans, subdivided into three treatments: T01, with no use of agricultural pesticides; T02, complete package of pesticides, except for acaricides; and T03, complete package of pesticides including acaricides. Twenty plants were selected per treatment at each sampling; one apical, one median, and one basal leaf were collected from each plant, totaling 60 leaves per treatment. A total of 1,292 mites were found, belonging to three families, five genera, and six species. The major phytophagous mite species found were Mononychellus planki McGregor and Tetranychus urticae Koch, while the major predatory mites found were Neoseiulus transversus Denmark & Muma and Euseius concordis Chant.