Caracterização de parâmetros para análise de medidas objetivas da sucção não-nutritiva de recém-nascidos / Characterization of parameters for the analysis of objective measures of non-nutritive sucking of newborns

RESUMO Objetivo Propor uma metodologia de análise dos dados gerados por um instrumento de medição da pressão de sucção não-nutritiva do recém-nascido. Método Estudo observacional analítico, transversal com dados de 24 recém-nascidos a termo sem comprometimentos. Após a avaliação clínica foram analisadas três coletas de cada neonato empregando-se o referido instrumento, com duração de 2 minutos e intervalo de 2 minutos entre elas. Os parâmetros definidos foram extraídos por meio de um programa desenvolvido em Matlab®. Os resultados foram obtidos pela análise e comparação de 12 variáveis ao nível de confiança de 5%. Foi realizada ainda comparação das análises manual e computadorizada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. Resultados A comparação múltipla entre os três momentos de coleta, mostrou que as diferenças estatísticas significantes ocorreram entre as coletas um e dois e dois e três. Ao se analisar e comparar cada variável separadamente, notou-se que a segunda coleta apresentou: maior número de grupos de sucção, maior número de sucções, menor tempo para iniciar os grupos de sucção, maior tempo de grupos de sucção, menor número de sucções esporádicas, valores de pressão média maiores e com menor desvio padrão, maior número de pausas com tempo de pausas menor. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse revelou concordância quase perfeita para os 12 parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão As 12 variáveis analisadas mostram-se relevantes, especialmente na segunda coleta. O programa em Matlab® mostrou-se viável e eficaz na extração e análise dos parâmetros, apresentando alta concordância quando comparado à avaliação manual.

ABSTRACT Purpose To propose a methodology for analyzing data generated by an instrument measuring non-nutritive sucking pressure in newborns. Methods An analytical observational study was developed, with a cross-sectional design, considering the data collected from 24 full-term newborns without complications. Three collections from each neonate were analyzed, with duration of 2 minutes and a 2-minute interval between them. The defined parameters were extracted using a program developed in Matlab®. The results were obtained by analyzing and comparing 12 variables at a 5% confidence level. Comparison of manual and computerized analyzes was also carried out using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results The multiple comparison between the three collection moments showed that the significant statistical differences occurred between collections one and two and two and three. When analyzing and comparing each variable separately, it was noted that the second collection showed: greater number of sucking groups, greater number of suctions, less time to start the sucking groups, longer time of sucking groups, less number of sporadic suctions, higher mean pressure values and with less standard deviation, more number of pauses with shorter time of pauses. The intraclass correlation coefficient revealed almost perfect agreement for the 12 evaluated parameters. Conclusion The 12 variables analyzed are relevant, especially in the second collection. The Matlab® program proved to be viable and effective in extracting and analyzing parameters, showing high agreement when compared to manual evaluation.

O que é autoestima para os analistas do comportamento? Uma revisão sistemática / What is self-esteem for behavioral analysts? A systematic review

A autoestima é um termo muito utilizado pelas pessoas no senso comum, mas ainda são necessários mais estudos para entendê-lo sob o ponto de vista comportamental. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de textos da Análise do Comportamento a respeito de autoestima. Foi realizada uma busca em três fontes diferentes: periódicos exclusivos de Análise do Comportamento; as coleções de livros Sobre Comportamento e Cognição e Comportamento em Foco; e na Scielo. No total, 16 textos preencheram os critérios, que eram a) ter a palavra "autoestima" no título b) ser um texto da Análise do Comportamento. Foram discutidas as definições de autoestima utilizadas, os participantes dos estudos, os estímulos usados em testes de medida implícita e os principais resultados. Nenhum dos textos analisados utilizou intervenções voltadas ao aumento da autoestima. Apesar de serem textos da abordagem comportamental, muitos dos estudos utilizam apenas definições e instrumentos não comportamentais. As principais conclusões da revisão foram: 1) ainda existem poucos estudos sobre autoestima na Análise do Comportamento; 2) ainda não existe uma definição comportamental bem construída, especialmente na literatura internacional.

Self-esteem is a term that is widely used in common sense, but more studies are still needed to understand it from a behavioral point of view. The objective of this study was to carry out a review of Behavior Analysis papers regarding self-esteem. A search was conducted in three different sources: Behavior Analysis journals; the book collections Sobre Comportamento e Cognição and Comportamento em Foco; and on Scielo. In total, 16 texts met the criteria, which were a) having the word "self-esteem" in the title and b) being a Behavior Analysis text. We discuss the definitions of self-esteem used, the participants in the studies, the stimuli used in the implicit measurement tests and the main results. None of the analyzed texts used interventions aimed to increase self-esteem. Even though they are texts of the behavioral approach, many of the studies only use non-behavioral definitions and instruments. The main conclusions of the review were: 1) there are still few studies on self-esteem in Behavior Analysis; 2) there is still no well-constructed behavioral definition, especially in international literature.

Overview of the Development of Spatial Positioning Accuracy Testing Technology for Surgical Robots / 中国医疗器械杂志

Characteristics of two major categories of RA equipment which defined in the standard are interpreted firstly. Few representative RA equipment in current market and their key product features are introduced. Then, classifications of different indexes of spatial positioning accuracy are declared, the difficulties of performing testing process on each indexes are further explained. Meanwhile, different kinds of three dimensional coordinate measuring equipment that are cutting edge at present stage are introduced with their main methods of use explained. According to characteristics of three dimensional coordinate measuring equipment on the market, proper measuring equipment for testing certain index of spatial positioning accuracy and corresponding experiment method are introduced.

Investigation and clarification of traditional measuring units of Tibetan medicine / 中国中药杂志

Quantity is the key factor to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medicines. It is very important to study and determine the traditional measuring units and their quantity values of Tibetan medicine. Based on the literature records of Tibetan medicine and combined with modern experimental verification and investigation research, this study determined the reference, name, and conversion rate of traditional measuring units of Tibetan medicine. Meanwhile, through large sample sampling and repeated quantification of refe-rence of basic units, its weight and volume were clarified. The modern SI volume and weight unit values corresponding to the traditional volume and weight units of Tibetan medicine were deduced, and the correctness, reliability, and practicability of these determination results were demonstrated. This study also put forward some specific suggestions and reference values for formulating the standards of measuring units of weight and volume of Tibetan medicine. It is of great significance in guiding the processing, production, and clinical treatment of Tibetan medicine, and promoting the standardization and standardized development of Tibetan medicine.

Clinical application of ArcScan Insight 100 very high-frequency digital ultrasound scanner in ophthalmology / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

ArcScan Insight 100 very high-frequency(VHF)digital ultrasound scanner is a new ocular ultrasonic measuring instrument, which can detect and measure the anterior segment. It can be used for screening before corneal refractive surgery and follow-up after corneal refractive surgery, measuring anterior segment parameters before implantable collamer lens(ICL)implantation, predicting preoperative vault, measuring postoperative vault, early screening keratoconus, and diagnosing glaucoma, cataract and eye injuries, etc. Taking the advantages of a wide range examination of ultrasound biomicroscope(UBM)and simple operation of optical coherence tomography(OCT), it has a broad prospect for clinical application. In this paper, the measurement principle, application method, parameters and clinical application progress of ArcScan Insight 100 VHF digital ultrasound scanner are reviewed in detail.

Research progress of vaccine hesitancy in China in recent years / 上海预防医学

The 2030 Immunization Agenda of the World Health Organization （WHO） states that everyone in the world should fully benefit from vaccines to achieve good health and well-being. With the ever-changing disease spectrum and the improvement of residents' health literacy， relying solely on vaccines included in the National Immunization Program （NIP） is insufficient to meet the current requirements for disease prevention and control. Non-NIP vaccines play an important role in meeting people's diverse needs. Vaccine hesitancy is a global issue and an important factor affecting vaccine uptake. By reviewing relevant studies on vaccine hesitancy in recent years， this paper summarized different vaccination situations， current situation of vaccine hesitancy， measuring tools of vaccine hesitancy， and major influencing factors. It aims to provide references for the development of scientific and effective vaccine education strategies， which can increase public knowledge and understanding of vaccines， enhance healthcare professional's willingness and behavior in recommending vaccines， improve public vaccine literacy， and reduce vaccine hesitancy. At the same time， the supervision and guidance of media discourse should be strengthened to enhance the protective role of non-NIP vaccines in immunization barriers.

Comparative study on the axial length measurement with A-scan on different postures for difficult measuring eyes / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To provide guidance for more accurate measurement of axial length(AL)of difficult measuring eyes by comparing the differences in the AL of the patient's difficult measuring eye with three methods of the sitting position, supine position A-scan and Lenstar 900(Lenstar, LS900). METHODS: Clinical case-control study. We selected 102 cases(102 eyes)including cataract patients with combined silicone oil filled, vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment and patients with dislocation of the lens or IOL in Zhengzhou Second Hospital from May 2019 to September 2020. AL were measured using LS900 and A-scan on sitting position and supine position respectively, and the results of the three methods were statistically analyzed.RESULTS: The detection rates of LS900 and A-scan axial measurement were 83% and 100% respectively. Three methods of A scan in sitting position, supine position and LS900 to measure the overall AL, silicone oil group, lens dislocation group and vitreous hemorrhage group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.001), The mean values of AL measured by overall A-scan, supine positions of silicone oil group, supine position of lens dislocation group and vitreous hemorrhage group were statistically significant differences with LS900 measurement(all P<0.05), while there was no statistical difference between the results of the overall sitting position and the difficult measuring eye groups' sitting position compared with the LS900 measurement of AL. The three measurements showed good consistency within the 95% consistency range, but the result of A-scan on sitting position was closer to LS900.CONCLUSION: Changing the conventional decubitus position to the sitting position can improve the accuracy of the measurement results and provide clinicians with more reliable guidance for the treatment of patients with difficult measuring eyes of A-scan axial measurement, especially in diseases with altered ocular structure.

Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose: Gap between ideality and reality in clinical practice / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

The importance of glucose measurement in the treatment of diabetes can not be overstated. However, the compliance with blood glucose measurement is low because most of the measurement of blood glucose monitor are invasive or minimal invasive. Non-invasive technology can reduce discomfort, improve adherence of blood glucose monitor by the guidelines, facilitate glycemic control, and subsequently lower the prevalence of acute and chronic complications. It is expected that large-scale clinical application will be possible in the future if accurate data can be obtained and costs can be controlled in the non-invasive measurement of blood glucose. This review overviewed the current technology accuracy, advantages, disadvantages, and potential limitations of non-invasive blood glucose measurement.

Research progress of fall efficacy in patients with Parkinson disease / 中国实用护理杂志

Fall efficacy is an important index reflecting the confidence and belief degree of individuals who do not fall in daily activities. Parkinson disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. Due to the deterioration of balance and other functions, the overall fall efficacy level is generally poor, which not only restricts the daily social interaction, but also further degrades the body function, and ultimately leads to the patients′ falling more easily, increased disability and decreased overall quality of life. This paper reviewed the concept, measurement tools, research status, influencing factors and intervention of fall efficacy in patients with Parkinson disease, and pointed out the existing problems and future directions, aiming to provide reference for further research on fall efficacy in patients with Parkinson disease in China.

Gestão participativa das partes interessadas em área de manancial: uma abordagem usando análise multicritério / Participatory management of stakeholders in spring area: an approach to multicriteria analysis

RESUMO A promulgação da Lei Federal n° 9.433, de 8 de janeiro de 1997, foi um marco político e técnico da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil, ao instituir a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, que, nos seus fundamentos, preconiza a gestão dos recursos hídricos descentralizada e a participação do Poder Público, dos usuários e das comunidades. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer indicadores de sustentabilidade para a área de manancial do município de Paranavaí, no estado do Paraná, Brasil, usando uma abordagem de gestão participativa das partes interessadas associada a ferramentas de análise multicritério para auxílio à tomada de decisão. A área de manancial está inserida numa área de proteção ambiental (APA) denominada de APA Arara. Os métodos utilizados foram mapeamento cognitivo e measuring attractiveness by a categorical-based evaluation technique (MACBETH), aplicados durante uma conferência de decisão com a participação de diversos atores diretamente atingidos e fortemente interessados no tema, tais como órgãos gestores, produtores rurais, empresários do ramo imobiliário, vereadores, instituições de ensino superior etc. No fim da conferência de decisão, 14 indicadores foram definidos e seus pesos estabelecidos. Os resultados obtidos servem de subsídios para a gestão mais eficiente do recurso hídrico, pois conduziram à solução de maior comprometimento, ao envolver muitos atores representantes das partes interessadas. Além disso, mostraram que o uso combinado de mapas cognitivos e da abordagem MACBETH possibilitou a definição de indicadores de sustentabilidade para a APA de forma transparente e eficaz, demonstrando o sucesso na gestão participativa do recurso hídrico.

ABSTRACT The enactment of Federal Act nº 9433, on January 8th, 1997, was a political and technical milestone in water resources management in Brazil, by instituting the National Water Resources Policy which, in its foundations, stablishes decentralized management with the involvement of official authorities, customers and communities. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to set out sustainability indicators for a spring area in the municipality of Paranavaí, located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, using an approach based on the participatory management of stakeholders associated with multi-criteria analysis tools for decision-making support. The spring is located in an Environmental Protection Area, named APA Arara. The methodology consisted in cognitive mapping and the Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) approach, applied during a decision conference attended by a number of agents directly affected by, and strongly interested in, the issue, such as managing agencies, rural producers, real estate businessmen, councilors, representatives of higher education institutions, among others. By the end of the decision conference, 14 indicators were defined and their weights stablished. The obtained results provide the basis for more efficient water resources management, as they led to the most committed solution by involving many different stakeholders. Furthermore, they showed that the combined use of cognitive maps and the MACBETH approach enabled the setting of sustainability indicators for the APA Arara in a transparent and effective way, emphasizing their success in the participatory water resources management.

New Design of Revivent TC System / 中国医疗器械杂志

Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is a common complication of myocardial infarction. Traditional medical and surgical treatments are not effective or require high doctors' operational skills and patients' physical fitness. With the development of minimally invasive medical devices, it becomes possible for revivent TC system to treat LVA and reconstruct the left ventricle. This study introduces an existing product and its defect when used. From the perspective of clinical needs, we propose a new design of revivent TC system which realizes accurate force measurement and simplifies surgery.

The question about the numerical value and quantitative data transfer of implant prosthodontics-orom experience guidance to digital guidance / 华西口腔医学杂志

The correct implant site design and placement are the basic clinical techniques that must be known for implant restoration. For a long time, most implants have been placed by free hands, and the choice of site is mostly dependent on the accumulation of long-term experience of the surgeon. The selection of implant site guided by this experience analogy logic is often based on the surgeon's level of experience,which often makes it very easy to produce complications related to the implant restoration of the incorrect site. In contrast, a clinical program using digital guidance and real-time measurable verification has emerged based on the restoration-oriented implantation concept, which marks the formation of an accurate, measurable and verifiable whole-process digital implant prototype. Furthermore, from the perspective of surveying, the numerical requirements that digital implant restoration relies on are actually incomplete to the four elements of measurement, which leading to the doubts about its authenticity. This article will question the numbers in implant restoration, and conduct a preliminary demonstration, and propose a new reliable actual measurement and verification method of the correct location and the numerical requirements of the restoration space and a new clinical program that relies on numbers from the perspective of the evolution of digital restoration, guided implantology and actual measurement technology. And this article further discusses the current mainstream implant restoration technology based on experience analogy which cannot effectively support the whole process of digital implant restoration and provides a new logical cognitive basis for the final realization of the entire process of digital implant restoration.

Research progress on the measurement of anterior segment parameter and calculation formula of IOL power of abnormal eye axis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#The good effect of refractive cataract surgery depends on a variety of factors, mainly including accuratebiometrics before surgery and accurate calculation of intraocular lens(IOL)power. The accuracy of intraocular biometrics with abnormal eyes axis before surgery is lower. Moreover, compared with the normal eyes axis, the error of postoperative refractive state prediction is larger, which brings great challenges to obtaining the best postoperative visual quality. Recently, new optical biometrics have been used clinically, and individualized IOL power calculation formulas have been developed and applied, which makes the choice of intraocular lens power more accurate. This article reviews the latest research progress on the measurement of eye parameters and the selection of IOL power calculation formula in patients with abnormal axial cataract in the past 3a, in order to provide reference for clinical application.

Adaptación lingüística y psicométrica del Cuestionario de Estilos Atributivos Académicos (EAT-A) / Linguistic and psychometric adaptation of the Academic Attributional Style Questionnaire (EAT-A)

Resumen Antecedentes las atribuciones que los estudiantes hacen de sus resultados académicos pueden impactar en su rendimiento académico. Sin embargo, la medición de las atribuciones en este ámbito con frecuencia carece de evidencias de validez y confiabilidad. Objetivos: analizar la estructura factorial, validez convergente y confiabilidad de la adaptación para estudiantes mexicanos del Cuestionario de Estilos Atributivos Académicos (EAT-A). Método: participaron 557 estudiantes de ambos sexos, entre 15 y 19 años, de la Ciudad de México. Mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio se sometió a prueba una estructura del EATA con siete factores y otra con cuatro que no distingue las atribuciones de éxito y fracaso. Se analizó la validez convergente, la consistencia interna y la confiabilidad compuesta del instrumento. Resultados: solo la estructura con siete factores presentó ajuste adecuado, con los índices RMSEA = .046; SRMR = .053; CFI = .961; TLI = .952 y χ²/gl = 2.72. El EAT-A muestra evidencias de validez convergente con la motivación de logro y de confiabilidad. Conclusión: El EAT-A se muestra como un instrumento de medida breve y fácil aplicación que dispone de evidencias de validez y estimación de confiabilidad para examinar las atribuciones que los estudiantes hacen de sus calificaciones.

Abstract Background Students' attributions of their grades may affect their academic performance. However, lack of evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the instruments measuring attribution is a major concern. Objective: To analyze the factor structure, convergent validity and reliability of the Academic Attributional Style Questionnaire adapted to Mexican high school students (EAT-A). Method: The sample consisted of 557 Mexico City students of both sexes aged between 15 and 19. Using a confirmatory factor analysis for both success and failure attributions, a 7-factor structure and a 4-factor structure of the EAT-A were tested. The instrument's convergent validity, internal consistency and reliability were examined. Results: Only the 7-factor structure showed adequate fit indices: RMSEA = .046; SRMR = .053; CFI = .961; TLI = .952 and χ²/gl = 2.72. In addition, the EAT-A evidenced convergent validity concerning success and reliability motivation. Conclusion: The EAT-A is a quick- and easyto- administer instrument for measuring students' attributions of their grades in a reliable and valid manner.

Escala de bem-estar docente (ebed): desenvolvimento e validação / échelle du bien-être des enseignants (ebed): développement et validation / Escala del bienestar docente (ebid): desarrollo y validación / Teacher well-being scale (ebed): development and validation

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é apresentar o processo de construção e validação da Escala de Bem-Estar Docente (Ebed). Trata-se de um instrumento desenvolvido para identificar os fatores que contribuem para o bem-estar dos professores com o seu trabalho. Composta de 37 variáveis da dimensão objetiva do trabalho (socioeconômicas, relacionais, da atividade laboral e infraestruturais), foi aplicada em 353 professores da Educação Básica, que avaliaram esses itens quanto ao grau de satisfação/insatisfação que proporcionam. As análises, realizadas com a Correlação de Pearson e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), apontam que todas as variáveis têm correlação positiva e significativa com a variável "Feliz" (autopercepção de felicidade do professor com o trabalho), contribuindo e podendo ser validadas para medir o bem-estar docente.

Résumé L'Escala de Bem-Estar Docente [Échelle du bien-être des enseignants] (Ebed) est un instrument développé pour identifier les facteurs contribuant au bien-être des professeurs dans leur travail. Composée de 37 variables de la dimension objective du travail (socio-économiques, relationnelles, d'activité professionnelle et d'infrastructure), cette échelle a été appliquée à 353 enseignants de l'éducation de base, qui en ont évalué les éléments en fonction du degré de satisfaction ou d'insatisfaction qu'ils leur procurent. En utilisant l' l'analyse des corrélations de Pearson et l'analyse en composantes principales (APC), il a été montré que toutes les variables ont une corrélation positive et significative avec la variable "Heureux" (auto-perception du bonheur de l'enseignant quant à son travail) et qu'elles peuvent donc contribuer à et être validées pour mesurer le bien-être des enseignants.

Resumen El objetivo del artículo es presentar el proceso de construcción y validación de la Escala de Bienestar Docente (Ebed). Se trata de un instrumento desarrollado para identificar los factores que contribuyen para el bienestar de los profesores con su trabajo. Compuesta de 37 variables de la dimensión objetiva del trabajo (socioeconómicas, relacionales, de la actividad laboral e infraestructurales), fue aplicada para 353 profesores de la Educación Básica, quienes evaluaron esos ítems cuanto al grado de satisfacción/insatisfacción que proporcionan. Los análisis, realizados con la Correlación de Pearson y el Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA, sigla en inglés para Principal Component Analysis), señalan que todas las variables tienen correlación positiva y significativa con la variable "Feliz" (autopercepción de felicidad del profesor con el trabajo), contribuyendo y pudiendo ser validadas para medir el bienestar docente.

Abstract The objective of the article is to present the process of construction and validation of the Teacher Well-being Scale (Ebed). It is an instrument developed to identify the factors that contribute to teachers' well-being with their work. Composed of 37 variables of the objective dimension of the work (socioeconomic, relational, labor activity and infrastructure), was applied in 353 Basic Education teachers who evaluated these items as to the degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction they provide. The analyzes, performed with Pearson's Correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), show that all variables have a positive and significant correlation with the "Happy" variable (self-perception of teacher happiness with work), contributing and can be validated to measure teacher well-being.

Escala de Eficácia Docente para Práticas Inclusivas: Validação da Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) Scale / Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) Scale Validation

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) Scale. A versão traduzida e adaptada à cultura brasileira denomina-se Escala de Eficácia Docente para Práticas Inclusivas (EEDPI) e foi aplicada a uma amostra de 308 professores de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental I e II, no interior do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória evidenciou que suas propriedades psicométricas são adequadas, bem como a existência de dois fatores, nomeados "Regência em sala de aula" e "Planejamento e colaboração". A mesma amostra também respondeu à Escala de autoeficácia de professores: versão breve, considerada "padrão-ouro", a fim de avaliarmos o grau de eficácia da EEDPI em medir o que se propõe, a partir da relação com um critério externo. A Análise de Correlação de Spearman revelou a existência de uma correlação positiva entre as subescalas dos instrumentos, oscilando entre moderada e forte. A EEDPI ainda apresenta boa consistência interna (coeficientes de Alfa de Cronbach 0,89, 0,88 e 0,92) e mostra-se um instrumento que pode auxiliar na avaliação e no acompanhamento da autoeficácia docente diante da inclusão e na proposição das intervenções oportunas.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) Scale. The version translated and adapted to Brazilian culture is called Escala de Eficácia Docente para Práticas Inclusivas (EEDPI) and was applied to a sample of 308 teachers of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Education I and II, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The Factorial Exploratory Analysis showed that its psychometric properties are adequate, as well as the existence of two factors, named "Classroom management" and "Planning and collaboration". The same sample also responded to the Teacher self-efficacy Scale: short version, considered "gold standard", in order to evaluate the efficacy of the EEDPI in measuring what it proposes, based on the relation with an external criterion. Spearman's Correlation Analysis revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the subscales of the instruments, ranging from moderate to strong. The EEDPI still presents good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients 0.89, 0.88 and 0.92) and it is an instrument that can aid in the evaluation and monitoring of teacher self-efficacy in view of the inclusion and proposition of the appropriate interventions.

Adaptación transcultural de instrumentos de evaluación en salud: historia y reflexiones del por qué, cómo y cuándo / Cross-cultural adaptation of evaluation instruments in health: history and reflections of why, how and when

En la actualidad se enfatiza el enfoque universal para abordar situaciones de interés mundial en ámbitos tales como educación, economía y salud. Esto requiere indicadores transversales que posibiliten comparaciones adecuadas. En el área de la salud esto es especialmente relevante para comprender, conocer y responder problemas sanitarios que trascienden las fronteras. La mayoría de los instrumentos de evaluación en salud han sido desarrollados en idioma anglosajón, lo que requiere de un proceso de Adaptación Transcultural (AT) para ser utilizados en países de habla hispana. La AT va más allá de la mera traducción; tiene etapas y requiere componentes específicos para asegurar la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento al ser aplicado en poblaciones con diferente cultura y/o idioma. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo revisar la relevancia de la adaptación transcultural de instrumentos en salud, los componentes y recomendaciones generales del proceso, así como también algunos conceptos claves como la equivalencia, el rol del comité de expertos y la prueba piloto del instrumento adaptado. Se describe el desarrollo histórico de este proceso, evidencia de su uso y desafíos actuales. Finalmente se insta a la revisión de los documentos referenciados para quienes deseen ahondar en los recursos disponibles que lo guían.

Nowadays the use of a universal approach is emphasized to address issues of world level interest in the areas of education, economy and health, among others. This requires cross-sectional indicators that allow adequate comparisons. In the health area this is especially relevant to gain knowledge, understanding and responses of health problems that transcend borders. Most health assessment instruments have been developed in Anglo-Saxon cultures and languages, which require a process of Transcultural Adaptation (TA) to be used in Spanish-speaking countries. TA means not only translation; it has steps and requires specific components to ensure the validity and reliability of the instrument when applied to populations with different culture and/or languages. The objective of this article is to review the relevance of cross-cultural adaptation of health instruments, the components and general recommendations of the process as well as some key concepts such as equivalence, the role of the expert committee and the pilot testing of the adapted instrument. It describes the historical development of this process, evidence of its use and current challenges. Finally, the reviewing of the referenced documents is recommended for those who wish to gain more knowledge in the available resources that guide this process.

Adaptación y validación de los cuestionarios de apoyo a la autonomía y estilo controlador a la educación física: relación con el feedback / Adaptation and validation of autonomy support and controller style's scales in physical education: relationship with feed-back

El objetivo de este trabajo fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Apoyo a la Autonomía (EAA-EF) y la Escala de Estilo Controlador (EEC-EF) para evaluar la percepción del estudiante del estilo interpersonal docente en educación física y comprobar su relación con el feedback El estudio 1, contempla el diseño y análisis factorial exploratorio de los instrumentos con una muestra de 272 estudiantes con una edad media de 11.05 años (DT = 0,76). En el estudio 2, los cuestionarios fueron administrados a 350 estudiantes con una edad media de 11 años (DT = 0,80). Tras el análisis factorial confirmatorio, de consistencia interna, estadísticos descriptivos, correlación de todas las variables y regresión lineal se confirma una estructura psicométrica apropiada para las escalas de apoyo a la autonomía y estilo controlador. Además, se observa cómo el apoyo a la autonomía es predicho positivamente por lo feedbacks positivos y negativamente por el negativo. En conclusión, se trata de dos instrumentos válidos y fiables para evaluar la percepción del estudiante del estilo interpersonal del docente de educación física en el escenario de enseñanza aprendizaje, siendo necesarios más estudios en este ámbito de conocimiento.

The objective of this study was to adapt and validate The Autonomy Support Scale (ASS-PE) and The Control Style Scale (CSS-PE) to evaluate teacher´s interpersonal style in Physical Education. Study 1, contemplates the design and exploratory factor analysis of the instruments with a sample of 272 students with an average age of 11.05 years (SD = 0.76). In study 2, the questionnaires were administered to 350 students with an average age of 11 years (SD = 0.80). After the confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and descriptive statistics, the correlation of all the variables and linear regression, an appropriate psychometric structure is confirmed for the support scales for autonomy and controlling style. In addition, it is observed how support for autonomy is predicted positively by positive feedbacks and negatively by negative feedback. The data obtained confirms an appropriate psychometric structure for ASS-PE and CSS-PE scales. In conclusion, it is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the interpersonal style of teacher`s physical educa-tion in the teaching learning stage

Diagrammatic scale for measuring severity of gray mould in thornless Castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth) / Escala diagramática para medir a severidade do mofo cinzento em amora de Castilla (Rubus glaucus Benth) sem espinhos

ABSTRACT: Gray mould, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers., is a disease that largely affects the crops of Rubus glaucus Benth. (Castilla blackberry) in Colombia. In spite of the economic losses that it causes in the production of Castilla blackberry at national level, a standardized method to quantify the disease severity caused by this fungus in the fruits has not yet been reported. In the present work, a diagrammatic scale was prepared to assess gray mould severity in thornless fruits of R. glaucus. The proposed scale showed the levels of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. Photographic images were obtained for each of these levels, which were processed using the ImageJ software. The scale was validated by 13 evaluators who assessed affected fruits with and without the scale. The precision and accuracy of each evaluator was determined by simple linear regression between actual and estimated severity. The evaluators showed better precision, accuracy, and reproducibility in the assessments performed with the scale. The proposed scale is appropriate to estimate the severity of gray mould in R. glaucus fruits.

RESUMO: O mofo cinzento, causado pelo fungo Botrytis cinerea Pers., é uma doença que afeta amplamente as culturas de Rubus glaucus Benth. (Amora preta) na Colômbia. Apesar das perdas econômicas causadas na produção de amora preta em nível nacional, ainda não foi relatado um método padronizado para quantificar a severidade da doença causada por esse fungo nos frutos. No presente trabalho, uma escala diagramática foi preparada para avaliar a severidade do mofo cinza em frutos sem espinho de R. glaucus. A escala proposta apresentou os níveis de 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100%. Imagens fotográficas foram obtidas para cada um desses níveis, processadas com o software ImageJ. A escala foi validada por 13 avaliadores que analisaram os frutos afetados com e sem a escala. A precisão e exatidão de cada avaliador foram determinadas por regressão linear simples entre a severidade real e a estimada. Os avaliadores mostraram melhor precisão, exatidão e reprodutibilidade nas avaliações realizadas com a escala. A escala proposta é apropriada para estimar a severidade do mofo cinza em frutos de R. glaucus.

Cuestionario de emociones y creencias acerca de la alimentación y el peso (CECAP) / Questionnaire of Emotions and Beliefs Regarding Diet and Weight (CECAP)

Resumen Objetivo. Construir y valorar las propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento que permita operacionalizar las emociones y las creencias que elicitan el consumo de alimentos. Participantes. De manera no probabilística e intencional participaron 1833 hombres (49.9%) y mujeres (50.1%), de entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15.43, DT = .93). El 95.4% de los participantes se encontraban estudiando el nivel medio superior y el 4.6% iniciaba sus estudios de nivel superior en escuelas públicas de la Ciudad de México. Método. Se probó la calidad del instrumento desde la Teoría Clásica de los Test. Solo se aplicó el instrumento realizado ex profeso. Resultados. Se obtuvo un instrumento válido y confiable con tres dimensiones: creencias erróneas acerca del control de peso, experimentación de emociones agradables al comer e importancia que se le otorga al peso corporal.

Abstract Objective. To build and assess the psychometric properties of an instrument that allows the emotions and beliefs elicited by food consumption to be operationalized. Participants. 1833 men (49.9%) and women (50.1%), between 14 and 18 years old (M = 15.43, SD = .93) participated in this study in a non-probabilistic and intentional way. 95.4% of the participants were studying at high school level, and 4.6% began their higher education in public schools in Mexico City. Method. The quality of the instrument was tested according to the Classical Test Theory. Only the purposely-made instrument was implemented. Results. A valid and reliable instrument was obtained, with three dimensions: erroneous beliefs about weight control, experiencing of pleasant emotions when eating, and importance given to body weight.