Dexametasona vs Metoclopramida para la prevención de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios. Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés, 2017 - 2018 / Dexametasone versus Metoclopramide for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The "Municipal Boliviano Holandés" Hospital, 2017- 2018

El objetivo del estudio es determinar la eficacia de la Dexametasona frente a la Metoclopramida en la prevención de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios en pacientes sometidos a procedimiento quirúrgico bajo anestesia general. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, observacional. Se estudiaron pacientes adultos entre 18 y 60 años de edad, los cuales se dividieron en dos grupos. Grupo A se les administro Dexametasona 8 mg IV y a otro grupo B Metoclopramida 10 mg IV, posterior a la inducción anestésica. Ambos grupos fueron comparables en cuanto a sus características según los resultados se evidencia que en el grupo A de la Dexametasona se presentó menos náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios. Después de realizar el estudio se concluye que con la dexametasona existe menos incidencia de náuseas y vómitos con la dosis administrada, por lo tanto, este medicamento es eficaz para el manejo de este tipo de pacientes a comparación de la metoclopramida.

The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of Dexamethasone versus Metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing a surgical procedure under general anesthesia. A descriptive, comparative, observational study was carried out. Adult patients between 18 and 60 years of age were studied, who were divided into two groups. Group A received Dexamethasone 8 mg IV and another group B Metoclopramide 10 mg IV, after anesthetic induction. Both groups were comparable in terms of their characteristics. It is evidenced that in group A dexamethasone there was less postoperative nausea and vomiting. Conducting the study, it is concluded that with dexamethasone there is less incidence of nausea and vomiting with the administered dose, so it is concluded that it is effective for the management of this type of patients compared to metoclopramide.

O uso de metoclopramida em mulheres em trabalho de parto: uma revisão sistemática com metanálise / The use of metoclopramide in women in labor: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Revisão sistemática com metanálise que buscou evidências científicas sobre o efeito do cloridrato de metoclopramida na evolução do trabalho de parto, a partir de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado e recomendações da Cochrane Collaboration. A busca atemporal e sem restrições de idioma, estruturada na estratégia PICOS-T, foi realizada em bases de dados Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL e Scielo, literatura cinzenta e referências cruzadas, com estratégias e descritores específicos. As ferramentas Rayyan e EndNote Basic foram adotadas para gerenciar as referências. O estudo foi conduzido por dois avaliadores independentes e a concordância entre eles foi medida pelo Índice Kappa. Foram identificados 2.884 artigos, mas apenas 04 eram elegíveis e a qualidade metodológica destes (risco de viés e sigilo de alocação) foi avaliada com base no Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. O Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation foi utilizado para avaliar qualidade das evidências e força das recomendações. O relato desta pesquisa foi baseado no Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. Não houve conflitos de interesse e qualquer tipo de financiamento. Os estudos incluídos datam de 1982 a 1992, tem 734 parturientes, "Baixo Risco de Viés" (50%) ou "Risco de Viés Incerto" (50%) e "Sigilo de Alocação Adequado" (75%). Para Ahmed et al. (1982) a metoclopramida não é eficaz para iniciar a dilatação do colo uterino no trabalho de parto espontâneo. Para Vella et al. (1985) a metoclopramida não interfere no tempo de trabalho de parto. Para Rosemblatt et al. (1991) a metoclopramida pode atuar para coordenar as contrações do útero e melhorar a força expulsiva, reduzir o tempo e facilitar a passagem do feto. Para Rossemblatt et al. (1992) doses repetidas de metoclopramida provocam redução gradativa na duração de trabalho de parto, parto e dequitação. A metanálise com 02 estudos (92 parturientes) encontrou Mean Difference= 0.8116 e RR= 0.811 (IC 95%). O tempo médio de dilatação (horas) após uso de metoclopramida versus placebo foi 4.43 versus 2.21 para Ahmed et al., com RR= -2.22. Para Rosemlatt et al., este tempo foi 4.56 versus 8.74, com RR= 4.18. O p-valor= 0.7995 revelou que não tem diferença rejeitar ou não a hipótese nula referente ao desfecho clínico pesquisado (dilatação do colo uterino). O I2= 91,56% revelou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos e limitada aplicabilidade de seus resultados. O Teste Q de Cochran= 11.84 mostrou que há diferença de efetividade entre os resultados, rejeitando a hipótese nula citada. O "Forest Plot" mostrou que as intensidades dos resultados individuais de cada estudo diferem entre si, o que significa ausência de efeito em relação ao desfecho clínico. Este estudo apresenta nível de evidência moderado e forte recomendação dos resultados. Não há comprovação científica de que a metoclopramida favorece a dilatação do colo uterino no trabalho de parto, portanto seu uso não é recomendado. As limitações deste estudo envolveram escassos estudos elegíveis e importantes diferenças nos resultados e medições dos estudos da amostra. Novas pesquisas experimentais devem ser realizadas. As evidências deste estudo são importantes para subsidiar a prática baseada em evidência na atenção ao parto e nascimento e melhorar os desfechos materno e neonatal

A systematic review with meta-analysis that sought scientific evidence on the effect of metoclopramide hydrochloride on the evolution of labor, from a randomized controlled clinical trial and recommendations from the Cochrane Collaboration. The timeless search and without language restrictions, based on the PICOS-T strategy, was performed in databases Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL and Scielo, gray literature and cross-references, with specific strategies and descriptors. The Rayyan and EndNote Basic tools were adopted to manage the references. The study was conducted by two independent evaluators and the agreement between them was measured by the Kappa. 2.884 articles were identified, but only 04 were eligible and their methodological quality (risk of bias and allocation secrecy) was evaluated based on the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. The report of this research was based on the Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes. There were no conflicts of interest and any kind of financing. The included studies date from 1982 to 1992, have 734 parturients, "Low Risk of Bias" (50%) or "Uncertain Bias Risk" (50%) and "Adequate Allocation Secrecy" (75%). For Ahmed et al. (1982) metoclopramide is not effective in initiating cervical dilatation in spontaneous labor. For Vella et al. (1985) metoclopramide does not interfere with labor time. For Rosemblatt et al. (1991) metoclopramide can act to coordinate the contractions of the uterus and improve the expulsive force, reduce the time and facilitate the passage of the fetus. For Rossemblatt et al. (1992) repeated doses of metoclopramide cause a gradual reduction in the duration of labor, childbirth and placental clearence. The meta-analysis with 02 studies (92 parturients) found mean difference = 0.8116 and RR = 0811 (CI 95%). The mean time of dilation (hours) after use of metoclopramide versus placebo was 4.43 versus 2.21 for Ahmed et al., with RR =-2.22. For Rosemlatt et al., this time was 4.56 versus 8.74, with RR = 4.18. The P-value = 0.7995 revealed that it has no difference to reject or not the null hypothesis referring to the clinical outcome investigated (uterine cervix dilatation). The I2 = 91.56% showed high heterogeneity between studies and limited applicability of its results. The Cochran Q Test = 11.84 showed that there is a difference in effectiveness between the results, rejecting the null hypothesis cited. The "Forest Plot" showed that the intensities of the individual results of each study differ, which means no effect in relation to the clinical outcome. This study presents a moderate level of evidence and a strong recommendation of the results. There is no scientific evidence that metoclopramide favors uterine cervix dilation in labor, therefore its use is not recommended. The limitations of this study involved scarce eligible studies and important differences in the results and measurements of the sample studies. New experimental studies should be carried out. The evidences of this study are important to subsidize the evidence-based practice in childbirth care and birth and to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes

Seguimiento e impacto de la divulgación de cinco alertas sanitarias de medicamentos en f1Colombia / Monitoring and impact of the disclosure of five health alerts for drugs in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar la notificación y verificar el seguimiento de cinco alertas sanitarias de medicamentos a un grupo de prestadores de salud en Colombia. Métodos Estudio cuasi-experimental, prospectivo, antes y después, sin grupo control, mediante una intervención en médicos prescriptores de ketoconazol, metoclopramida, nimesulida, diacereina, ranelato de estroncio. Se tomó como población universo a los afiliados al régimen contributivo del Sistema de Salud Colombiano en 13 entidades promotoras de salud (EPS) de Colombia. Se identificaron los pacientes que recibían mensualmente estos medicamentos previamente a la alerta. Se realizó una intervención educativa y posteriormente se midió la proporción de cambio en la dispensación. Resultados Se realizaron en total unas 26 actividades diferentes a 500 médicos prescriptores. De un total de 4 121 954 de personas se identificaron 13 979 pacientes mensuales en 2013 que recibían alguno de los cinco medicamentos y se observó una reducción en 1 470 sujetos al mes (-10,5%) para 2014. El medicamento con el que se consiguió la mayor reducción fue ketoconazol (-31,1% de casos), seguido de ranelato de estroncio (-30,3%) y metoclopramida (-8,6%). Para nimesulida (+0,7%) y diacereina (+16,4%) no se obtuvieron resultados favorables. Conclusiones Se mantienen prescripciones potencialmente riesgosas en pacientes de Colombia. Con intervenciones basadas en farmacovigilancia posterior al reporte de alertas por agencias reguladoras sanitarias, se puede disminuir la proporción de pacientes que utilizan estos medicamentos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Make the notification and monitoring compliance with five health drug alerts to a group of health care providers in Colombia. Methods Quasi-experimental, prospective, before-after study, without control group, by intervening in physician prescribers of ketoconazole, metoclopramide, nimesulide, diacerein, strontium ranelate. The affiliated population of the contributory system of the Colombian Health System was taken as the universe population sample from 13 health promoting entities (EPS) of Colombia. Patients receiving monthly these drugs prior to the alert were identified. An educational intervention was performed and then the rate of change in the dispensation was measured. Results About 26 different activities were conducted on 500 prescribers. Out of a total of 4 121 954 people, 13 979 patients were identified monthly in 2013, who received some of the five medications. Likewise, a reduction in 1,470 subjects per month (-10.5%) for 2014 was observed. The drug which achieved the greatest reduction was ketoconazole (-31.1% of cases), followed by strontium ranelate (-30.3%) and metoclopramide (-8.6%). For nimesulide (+ 0.7%) and diacerein (+ 16.4%) no favorable results were obtained. Conclusions Patients with potentially risky prescriptions remain in Colombia; educational pharmacovigilance interventions made after the report alerts given by drug regulatory agencies may decrease the proportion of patients using these drugs.(AU)

Perfil de uso y seguridad de metoclopramida en pacientes pediátricos atendidos en un hospital de segundo nivel / Profile and safety of metoclopramide use in pediatric patients treated at a second level hospital

Introducción: la metoclopramida es un procinético con potenciales reacciones adversas medicamentosas peligrosas que son comunes en población pediátrica. Debido a esto se han establecido restricciones para su uso en menores de edad. Se propuso determinar el perfil de uso y seguridad de la metoclopramida en pacientes pediátricos tratados con este medicamento y determinar las variables asociadas con presentar reacciones adversas medicamentosas. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal en pacientes menores de 18 años de edad atendidos durante cinco meses entre 2013 y 2014, en los servicios de urgencias y observación de un hospital de segundo nivel de atención de Dosquebradas, Colombia. Resultados: se evaluaron 142 pacientes que recibieron metoclopramida. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes, tanto de ingreso como de egreso, fueron diarrea y gastroenteritis de presunto origen infeccioso (30,9 % y 28,8 %); 59,1 % de los pacientes recibieron una dosis mayor a la recomendada, 4,9 % presentaron una reacción adversa medicamentosa; las comedicaciones más frecuentes fueron dipirona (29,5 %) y ranitidina (22,5 %). Las variables Tener un peso menor a diez kilogramos y Tres dosis por día tuvieron una asociación significativa con el riesgo de presentar alguna reacción adversa medicamentosa; recibir una dosis única se asoció con reducir el riesgo de presentar dicho efecto. Conclusiones: la metoclopramida es un medicamento frecuentemente utilizado en población pediátrica a pesar de las restricciones actuales relacionadas con problemas de seguridad. Se debe prestar especial atención a dosificación de metoclopramida en pacientes con un peso menor de 10 kilogramos.

Introduction: metoclopramide is a prokinetic drug with potential adverse drug reactions which are common in pediatric population; because of this, restrictions have been established for its use in children. The objective was to determine the use and the safety profile of metoclopramide in pediatric patients treated with metoclopramide and to determine the variables associated with the presence or not of adverse drug reactions. Methods: cross-sectional study in under 18 year old patients who were treated for 5 months between 2013 and 2014, in the emergency deparment and observation of a second level of attention hospital in Dosquebradas, Colombia. Results: 142 patients who received metoclopramide were found. The most frequent diagnosis of both income and discharge was diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin (30.9 % y 28.8 %), 59.1 % of the patients received a higher dose than recommended, seven patients (4.9 %) presented adverse drug reactions; the most frequent comedication was dipyrone (29.5 %) and ranitidine (22.5 %). The variables to weigh less than 10 kilograms (p=0.025) and to get three doses per day (p=0.022) had a statistically significant association with increased risk of some adverse drug reaction, receive a single dose of metoclopramide was associated with reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions (p = 0.014). Conclusions: the Metoclopramide is a frequently used drug in pediatric population despite the current restrictions. Particular attention should be paid to dosage of metoclopramide in children who weigh less than 10 kilograms.

Acatisia inducida por fármacos no psicotrópicos: a propósito de un caso asociado a metoclopramida / Non-psychotropic drugs induced akathisia: a propos of a case associated with metoclopramide use

La metoclopramida es un fármaco antiemético usado en diversas áreas de la práctica médica pero uno de sus efectos adversos más frecuentes y severos es la acatisia. La acatisia es un trastorno del movimiento caracterizado por sensación de intranquilidad y malestar internos acompañados de inquietud motora. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 19 años que desarrolló acatisia aguda luego de la administración de metoclopramida por vía endovenosa. Es importante tener siempre presente en la práctica clínica la posible presentación de acatisia como efecto adverso de la metoclopramida y de otros fármacos no psicotrópicos debido a la frecuencia de su aparición y a su severidad. Realizar un diagnóstico rápido y preciso es necesario para manejar adecuadamente este efecto secundario, además de tomar medidas preventivas para evitar su aparición.

Metoclopramide is an antiemetic drug used in several areas of medical practice but one of its most frequent and severe adverse effects is akathisia. Akathisia is a movement disorder characterized by internal feeling of uneasiness and discomfort accompanied by motor restlessness. We report the case of a 19 year old male who developed acute akathisia after intravenous administration of metoclopramide. It is important in clinical practice to keep in mind the occurrence of akathisia as a posible adverse effect of metoclopramide and other non-psychotropic drugs, because of the frequency of their emergence and severity. It is essential to perform a quick and accurate diagnosis to properly manage this side effect, in addition to taking preventive measures to avoid its occurrence.

Efectos extrapiramidales por metoclopramida en embarazo y recién nacido / Extrapyramidal effects for metoclopramide in pregnancy and newborn

Las náuseas y la emesis son complicaciones posoperatorias que pueden derivar en bronco aspiración, una situación clínica potencialmente fatal. Para su prevención, se usan medicamentos como la metoclopramida. Se presenta un reporte de caso de extrapiramidalismo por metoclopramida en el recién nacido y la madre. Es una reacción secundaria a un medicamento, clasificada como un evento serio y definitivo, de tipo A. Se requiere considerar el balance entre riesgo y beneficio de este medicamento en este tipo de condiciones, como también considerar otras medidas que eviten estos casos. El reporte de reacciones adversas a medicamentos es una actividad que contribuye al uso seguro de los medicamentos.

Postoperative nauseas and vomiting are complications that can lead to bronchoaspiration, a potentially fatal clinical event. Medications such as metoclopramide are used to prevent them. A case report of extrapyramidal signs in a newborn and mother metoclopramide is presented. It has been classified as a serious drug reaction, type A. The risk-benefit balance of this drug in such conditions should be considered as well as other measures to prevent such events. The reporting of adverse drug reactions is an activity that contributes to the safe use of medicines.

Mecanismos de interacción entre el extracto etanólico de Jatropha curcas L. y metoclopramida en el sistema gastrointestinal / The mechanisms of interaction between the ethanol extract of Jatrohpa curcas L. and metoclopramide on gastrointestinal system

Objetivo: Determinar los mecanismos de interacción entre el extracto etanólico de Jatrohpa curcas L. y la metoclopramida sobre el sistema gastrointestinal. Material y Métodos: Se usó 30 ratones albinos machos, en5 grupos; los que recibieron por vía oral: Grupo 1: Jatropha curcas L. 800 mg/Kg, y 0, 5mg/Kg de metoclopramida. Grupo 2: 0.5 mg/mL de metoclopramida. Grupo 3: 1.5 mg/Kg de Atropina. Grupo 4: 800 mg/kg de Jatropha curcas L. Grupo 5: no recibió medicamento. A todos, se les administró por vía oral: carbón activado al 5% 0,1 mL/10g, como marcador intestinal. Se empleó el Método Arboset al, para evaluar la motilidad intestinal. La validación estadística del recorrido intestinal se realizó aplicando las pruebas de Kolmogorov Smirnov, ANOVA de 1 cola, Tukey y Newman-Keuls. Resultados: Se observó un el porcentaje de recorrido del carbón de 36.46% del grupo 1 frente a 65,45%, 3,66% y 58,87% de los grupos 2, 3 y 4, respectivamente; y de 58,87% del grupo 4 frente a 20,94% del grupo 5. Conclusiones: Se evidenció el antagonismo entre el extracto etanólico de la semilla de Jatropha curcas L. con la metoclopramida, el cual se explicaría por la interacción entre el sistema colinérgico, adrenérgico, GABAérgico y de neuropéptidos sobre la glándula suprarrenal, sistema nervioso central y gastrointestinal.

Objective: Determinate the mechanisms of interaction between the ethanol extract of Jatrohpacurcas L. and metoclopramide on gastrointestinal system. Material and Methods: 30 male albino mice were used, forming 5 groups and received oral medications as follows: Group 1: Jatropha curcas L. 800 mg / kg, and 0.5 mg/Kg of metoclopramide. Group 2: 0.5 mg/mL of metoclopramide. Group 3: 1.5 mg/Kg of atropine. Group 4: 800 mg/Kg of Jatropha curcas L. Group 5 received no medication. All groups receivedoral activated charcoal 0.1 mL/10g as intestinal marker. The Arbos et al method was used to evaluate intestinal motility. The statistical validation of the intestine dynamics was performed using the Kolmogorov Smirnov, 1-tailed ANOVA, Tukey and Newman-Keuls. Results: the percentage of charcoal runs in the 1rst group was 36.46% compared to 65.45%, 3.66 % and 58.87% for the 2nd, 3th and 4th groups, respectively. In the 4th group was 58,87% compared to 20.94% in the 5th group. Conclusions: the antagonism between the ethanol extract of the seeds of J.curcas L. with metoclopramide, which is probably would explain by the interaction between the cholinergic system, adrenergic system, GABAergic system and neuropeptides on the adrenal gland, central nervous system and gastrointestinal system.

Eficacia y efectos adversos de la metoclopramida endovenosa en el tratamiento de las crisis de migraña / Effectiveness and adverse effects of intravenous metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine crisis

Objetivos: Determinar los efectos adversos de la metoclopramida endovenosa en el tratamiento agudo de las crisis de migraña. Pacientes y métodos: Se evaluaron pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de migraña según los criterios de la International Headache Society, que acudieron refiriendo crisis de migraña por emergencia o consultorio externo de neurología. Se recogieron los datos demográficos y se determinó la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual análoga (EVA) de 0 a 10. A cada paciente se le administró metoclopramida diluida vía endovenosa. Se determinaron la eficacia en la disminución de la intensidad del dolor y los efectos adversos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 76 pacientes de 18 a 56 años de edad, 77,6% fueron mujeres. La EVA basal promedio de ingreso fue de 8,6, después de recibir metoclopramida EV 80,2% presentaron reducción en la EVA ≥ 50%. 92,1% de los pacientes mostraron algún efecto adverso siendo los más frecuentes inquietud psicomotora, somnolencia, insomnio y mareos. Conclusiones: La metoclopramida endovenosa es un tratamiento efectivo en el control de las crisis de migraña y produce muy frecuentes efectos adversos como inquietud psicomotora, somnolencia, insomnio y mareos; lo que debe advertirse antes de su administración.

Objectives: Determine the adverse effects of intravenous metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine attacks. Patients and methods: Were evaluated patients with a confirmed diagnosis of migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society, they attended with migraine crisis to emergency or outpatient neurology. Demographic data were collected and pain intensity was determined by visual analog scale (VAS ) from 0 to 10. Each patient was given intravenous metoclopramide diluted. We determined the efficacy in reducing pain intensity and the side effects. Results: 76 patients were evaluated, of 18 to 56 years old, 77,6 % were women. The average baseline VAS was 8,6 , after receiving metoclopramide EV 80,2 % had a reduction in VAS ≥ 50 %. The 92,1 % of patients had any adverse effects, were the most frequent psychomotor restlessness, drowsiness, insomnia and dizziness. Conclusions: Intravenous metoclopramide is an effective treatment in controlling migraine attacks and produces very common side effects such as psychomotor restlessness, drowsiness, insomnia and dizziness; it should be noted prior to administration.

Metoclopramida e ondansetrona alteram o bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por mivacurio? - um estudo randomizado / Do metoclopramide and ondansetrone alter mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade? - a randomised trial / La metoclopramida y la ondansetrona alteran el bloqueo neuromuscular inducido por mivacurio? - un estudio aleatorizado

Experiência: Objetivamos investigar os efeitos de metoclopramida e ondansetrona no bloqueio neuromuscular por mivacúrio. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 75 pacientes ASA I-II, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos e agendados para cirurgia eletiva necessitando de intubação traqueal. Os pacientes receberam metoclopramida 10 mg, ondansetrona 4 mg ou salina normal 5 mL; grupo M, grupo O e grupo SN (n = 25) respectivamente. Antes da anestesia, os medicamentos em estudo foram administrados em um volume de 5 mL. O nível de colinesterase plasmática foram obtidos antes e 5 minutos depois da administração dos medicamentos em estudo e 5 minutos depois da administração de mivacúrio. Os tempos até o início e os níveis T25, T75, T25-75 e T90 foram comparados entre si, tendo sido investigadas as diferenças entre cada paciente. Depois de registrar T90, o estudo foi terminado, tendo início a cirurgia. Resultados: O tempo até o início foi significativamente mais breve no Grupo M versus os outros dois grupos. O tempo até o início no Grupo O foi significativamente mais breve versus grupo SN. No grupo M, T25, T75, T90 e os índices de recuperação foram significativamente maiores versus Grupo NS (p < 0,001). No Grupo O, T25 e T75 foram maiores versus Grupo NS (p < 0,01 e p < 0,05,respectivamente). No Grupo M, T75, T90 e índices de retorno da anestesia foram significativamente maiores versus Grupo O (p < 0,001, p < 0,01, p < 0,001, respectivamente). Nos Grupos M e O, os níveis plasmáticos de colinesterase diminuíram significativamente (p < 0,001). Depois da administração dos medicamentos em estudo e de mivacúrio. Houve também redução na colinesterase plasmática no Grupo NS 5 minutos após a administração de mivacúrio (p < 0,001). ...

Background: We aimed to investigate the effects of metoclopramide and ondansetrone on mivacurium neuromuscular blockade. Methods: Seventy five, ASA I-II patients, aged 18-65 and scheduled for elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation were included in the study. The patients received metoclopramide 10 mg, ondansetrone 4 mg or normal saline 5 mL; group M, group O, group NS (n = 25), respectively. Before anesthesia study drugs were administered in a volume of 5 mL. The level of plasma cholinesterase were obtained before and 5 minutes after the administration of study drugs and5 minutes after the administration of mivacurium. Onset time, T25, T75, T25-75, T90 levelswere compared with each other and differences between each patients were investigated. After recording T90, the study was terminated and surgery was started. Results: Onset time was significantly shorter in group M, than the other two groups. Onset time in group O was significantly shorter than in group NS. In Group M T25, T75, T90 and recovery indices were significantly greater than in Group NS (p < 0.001). In Group O T25, T75 were greater than Group NS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). In Group M T75, T90 and emergence indices were significantly higher than Group O (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). In Groups M and O, plasma cholinesterase levels decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after administration of study drugs and mivacurium. Plasma cholinesterase also was reduced in Group NS 5 minutes after the administration of mivacurium (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ondansetrone is believed to be more reliable agent than metoclopramide when used with mivacurium. .

Interacciones farmacológicas de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa o ôchuchuhuasiõ con fármacos inhibitorios y estimuladores de la motilidad intestinal / Pharmacological interactions from the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa \"chuchuhuasi\" with inhibitory and stimulating bowel motility drugs

Objetivo: Determinar las posibles interacciones farmacológicas de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa, con fármacos estimulantes e inhibitorios de la motilidad intestinal. Métodos: Se utilizaron 110 ratones albinos machos, con pesos medios de 25 g, se empleó el método de Arbos y col, se administró carbón activado al 5

vía oral, dosis de 0.1ml/10g, como marcador intestinal. Los grupos experimentales fueron: control (agua destilada 0,3ml), hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 (500mg/kg), hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 (3000mg/kg), atropina (1,5mg/kg), loperamida (5mg/kg), neostigmina (0,4mg/kg), metoclopramida (10mg/kg), hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 con metoclopramida, hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 con loperamida, hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 con metoclopramida y hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 con loperamida. Para la validación estadística se usó la prueba de Wilconxon, ANOVA y Tukey. Resultados: El porcentaje de recorrido intestinal de carbón activado fue de 27,04, 34,15, 31,66, 25,57, 15,89, 43,30, 33,99, 32,40, 27,90, 49,34 y 25,36 respectivamente, el test de ANOVA de dos colas revelo una p=0,0007. El test de Tukey indico p<0.05 versus el control para neostigmina, loperamida y la interacción chuchuhuasi 3000 mg/kg con metoclopramida, en este último, el test de Wilconxon presento un valor p<0,05. Conclusiones: Se observó interacciones farmacológicas de antagonismo sobre la motilidad intestinal, entre chuchuhuasi y Loperamida y sinergismo entre chuchuhuasi y metoclopramida.

Objectives: To determine the possible pharmacological interactions from the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with inhibitory and stimulating bowel motility drugs. Methods: We used 110 male albino mice with average weight of 25g, Arbos and others method was applied. Activated charcoal was administered at 5

at dose of 0.1ml/10g, as an intestinal marker. The experimental groups included 0.1 ml/10 g of distilled water, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 (500mg/kg), leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 (3000 mg/kg), 1,5mg/kg of atropine, 5mg/kg of loperamide, 0.4mg/kg of neostigmine, 10mg/kg of metoclopramide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 with metoclopramide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 with loperamide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with metoclopramide and leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with loperamide. The statistical validation was based on Wilconxon, ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The intestinal charcoal run percentage was 27.04, 34.15, 31.66, 25.57, 15.89, 43.30, 33.99, 32.40, 27.9, 49.34 and 25.36 respectively. The ANOVA test result in p= 0.0007. The Tukey test indicated p <0.05 versus the control group for neostigmine, loperamide, and the interaction between leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with metoclopramide, for the last the Wilcoxon test result in p <0.05. Conclusions: It was observed antagonism drug interactions on gastrointestinal motility between leaves extract of M. macrocarpa with loperamide and synergism interactions with metoclopramide.

Dosis-respuesta sobre la motilidad intestinal y el sistema nervioso de la interacción entre Jatropha curcas L. y metoclopramide / Intestinal motility andnervous system effects dose-response curvefor the interaction between Jotropha curcas L. and metoclopramide

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto dosis-respuesta sobre la motilidad intestinal y el sistema nervioso, de la interacción entre el extracto etanólico de las semilla de J. curcas L. y metoclopramida. Métodos: Se utilizaron 90 ratones albinos,formando 10 grupos de interacción que recibieron por vía oral (VO), en dosis establecida metoclopramida 0,5 mg/kg y en dosis escalonada extracto etanólico de la semilla de J. curcas L. (100 a 1000 mg/kg). Otros 5 grupos recibieron por VO, 0,5 mg/kg de metoclopramida; 1,5mg/kg de atropina; 800mg/kg de J. curcas L., 0,1ml/10g de agua destilada y el último grupo no recibió medicamento. A todos los grupos, se les administró vía oral carbón activado al 5 %, 0,1ml/10 g, como marcador intestinal. Se empleó el Método de Arbos et al, para evaluar la motilidad intestinal y la prueba de Irwin para el sistema nervioso. La validación estadística del recorrido intestinal se realizó aplicando las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA de 1 cola, Tukey, Newman-Keuls, Kruskal-Wallis y correlación de Pearson. Para la prueba de Irwin se aplicó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado corregido de Yate y el estadístico exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Se observó un porcentaje de recorrido del carbón de 56,8%, 34,54%, 31,85% y 24,57%, en los grupos de interacción 2, 7, 8, 9 y 10 respectivamente, frente a 56,3% (metoclopramida) y 27,66% (control). El Test de Irwin denotó piloerección, sedación, aumento de la respiración y letalidad. Conclusiones: Se comprobó el antagonismo entre el extracto etanólico de la semilla de J. curcas L. con la metoclopramida, y la ocurrencia de manifestaciones en el sistema nervioso.

Objectives: Determinate the dose-response relationship with respect to intestinal motility and the nervous system, of the interaction between the ethanol extract of the J. curcas L. seed and metoclopramide Methods: 90 albino mice were used, which were divided into 10 interaction groups that received 0.5 mg Kg oral (PO) metoclopramide as a fixed dose, and they also received progressively increased doses (100 to 1000 mg/Kg) of an ethanol extract of J. curcas L. seeds. Five additional groups received 0.5 mg metoclopramide PO, 1.5 mg/Kg atropine, 800 mg/Kg J. curcas L., and 0.1 ml/10g distilled water. All groups received oral 5% activated charcoal, 0.1 ml/10g as an intestinal marker. We used the technique described by Arbos et al. for assessing intestinal motility and Irwin's test for assessing the nervous system. The statistical validation of intestine dynamics was performed using Shapiro-Wilk, 1-tailed ANOVA, Tukey, Newman-Keuls, Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation tests. We used the Chi-square method with Yates correction and Fisher's exact method when performing Irwin's test. Results: The percentages of charcoal runs in the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th interaction groups were 56.8%, 34.54%, 31.85 and 24.57%, compared to 56.3% (metoclopramide) and 27.66% (control). The Irwin test showed these neurological effects: piloerection, sedation, increased respiratory rate and lethality. Conclusions: We proved there is antagonism between the ethanol extract of J. curcas L. seeds and metoclopramide. We also found the concomitant occurrence of neurotoxic effects.

Fasceíte necrotizante após aplicação de injeção intramuscular / Necrotizing fasciitis after intramuscular injection", "_e": "n

É relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 1 ano e 2 meses, apresentando quadro de fasceíte necrotizante comprometendo região inguinal e coxas após injeção intramuscular de metoclopramida. Neste artigo, são discutidos e apontados os aspectos fundamentais do diagnóstico e tratamento da doença, ressaltando a importância da identificação precoce dos fatores que possam contribuir significativamente para melhora da sobrevida.

We report the case of a 1-year-old boy who developed necrotizing fasciitis of the groin and thighs after intramuscular injection of metoclopramide. We discuss and highlight the key aspects of diagnosis and treatment of this disease, with an emphasis on the importance of early identification of factors that can contribute significantly to improved survival.

Effects of prokinetic drugs on the abdominal wall wound healing of rats submitted to segmental colectomy and colonic anastomosis / Efeitos de drogas procinéticas na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos submetidos à colectomia segmentar e anastomose no cólon esquerdo

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of prokinetic agents on abdominal wall wound healing in rats submitted to segmental colectomy and colonic anastomosis. METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly allocated into three groups according to the agents they would receive in the postoperative period: M (metoclopramide); B (bromopride); and C (control, saline 0.9%). Surgical procedures were performed identically in all animals, and consisted of a midline laparotomy followed by resection of a 1-cm segment of large bowel with end-to-end anastomosis. The abdominal wall was closed in two layers with running stitches. Abdominal wall samples were collected on the 3rd or 7th postoperative day for measurement of breaking (tensile) strength and histopathological assessment. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in tensile strength of the abdominal wall scar between groups M, B, and C, nor between the three and seven days after surgery subgroups. On histopathological assessment, there were no statistically significant between-group differences in collagen deposition or number of fibroblasts at the wound site CONCLUSION: Use of the prokinetic drugs metoclopramide or bromopride had no effect on abdominal wall healing in rats submitted to segmental colectomy and colonic anastomosis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do uso de drogas prócinéticas na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos submetidos à colectomia segmentar e anastomose no cólon esquerdo. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 60 ratos, alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos para receberem as seguintes medicações no período pós-operatório: M (metoclopramida); B (bromoprida) e C (solução salina a 0,9%). Os procedimentos cirúrgicos foram idênticos em todos os animais. Foi realizada laparotomia mediana, seguida de colectomia segmentar de 1-cm e anastomose colônica. O fechamento da parede abdominal foi feito em dois planos de sutura contínua. No 3° ou no 7° dia pós-operatório foram coletadas amostras da parede abdominal para medida da força de ruptura e avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no que diz respeito à força de ruptura da parede abdominal, nem entre os subgrupos no 3º e 7º dia após a cirurgia. À análise histopatológica não houve alterações na deposição de colágeno ou na quantidade de fibroblastos no sítio da cicatriz. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de drogas prócinéticas, metoclopramida ou de bromoprida, não interferiu na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos submetidos à colectomia segmentar e anastomose no cólon esquerdo.

Detecção de sibutramina e metoclopramida em alimentos para atletas / Sibutramin and metoclopramid detection in foods for athlete

O uso de alimentos específicos para atletas, consumidos por frequentadores de academias e esportistas profissionais, tem se tornado muito difundido entre as pessoas que não praticam atividade física regularmente. No entanto, avaliações mais atentas desses produtos revelaram a presença de substâncias ativas não declaradas nos rótulos. Neste estudo foram analisadas 86 amostras provenientes da coleta e apreensão feitas pela autoridade sanitária e policial. O cloridrato de sibutramina foi detectado em uma das amostras e metoclopramida em duas. Os rótulos que apresentaram os dizeres na língua inglesa contrariaram a legislação específica. As análises de identificação foram realizadas por cromatografia em camada delgada e confirmadas por espectrometria de massa. Este estudo indica o consumo irracional de medicamentos, cujas consequências para a saúde dos usuários não foram avaliadas até o momento.

Metoclopramida mejora la calidad de la endoscopia digestiva superior en paciente con hemorragia digestiva superior activa / Metoclopramide improves the quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

La hemorragia digestiva superior aguda (HDSA), es una causa frecuente de hospitalización, se ha estimado una incidencia de 50 a 150 episodios por 100.000 habitantes por año y está asociada a una morbimortalidad significativa. Datos recientes sugieren que algunas medidas terapéuticas, como el uso endovenoso de la eritromicina y la metoclopramida mejoran la visualización endoscópica en pacientes con HDSA; sin embargo, los estudios al respecto no son concluyentes. Determinar la utili-dad de la metoclopramida endovenosa (EV) en mejorar la calidad de la EDS en pacientes con HDSA, a fin de reducir en los pacientes con sangrado agudo la necesidad de cirugía, el uso de transfusiones sanguíneas, el tiempo de hospitalización y la morbimortalidad. Estudio prospectivo, transversal, aleatorizado, llevado a cabo desde Enero-Mayo 2010 en la unidad de gastroenterología del Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes con evidencia clínica de HDSA, con signos y síntomas de menos de 12 horas de evolución, edad ≥18 años. La población a estudiar se dividió en dos grupos: grupo A pacientes que recibieron 10 mg de metoclopramida EV 30-40 minutos previos al estudio; grupo B no recibió metoclopramida EV y fueron elegidos aleatoriamente. La EDS fue realizada en las primeras 6 horas de la admisión. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: sensibilidad conocida a la metoclopramida, disminución del estado de conciencia (por imposibilidad de fir-mar el consentimiento informado) embarazo o lactancia y lavado gástrico previo. Fueron incluidos un total de 44 pacientes, 25 del sexo masculino y 19 femenino, de los cuales 22 recibieron metoclopramida y 22 pacientes restantes no recibieron ningún procinético previo al estudio endoscópico. En el grupo A, se diagnosticó la etiología del sangrado en la primera endoscopia en 17 pacientes, requiriendo la realización de 2 o más endoscopias en 5 casos. En el grupo B, 12 pacientes fueron diagnosticados en la primera...

Active upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) is known as a frecuent cause of admission, is estimated to be 50 to 150 per 100,00 each year and it is associated with a significant mortality. There is evidence that suggest that prompt Upper Digestive Endoscopy (UDE) assessment in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding is safe and effective, however, in patients with active or recent bleeding the quality of endoscopic examination may be limited by the presence of clots and residual blood, especially in gastric fundus. Recent data suggest that another therapeutic measures as intravenous erythromycin and metoclopramide improve endoscopic visualization in patients with AUGIB, however, few studies confirm these information. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of intravenous metoclopramide to improve upper digestive endoscopy quality in patients with AUGIB preventing the need for additional endoscopy attempts, surgery, blood transfusions, time of hospitalization and mortality. A transversal, randomized prospective study was developed between January and May 2010 at the Gastroenterology department of Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital. All patients with clinical evidence of AUGIB were included; the symptoms must be assessed in the first 12 hours, and all of them must be over 18 year old. The subjects were divided into two groups: group A were people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who received metoclopramide (10 mg) 30 to 40 minutes before UDE and group B did not receive metoclopramide before UDE. They were randomly chosen and compared. Upper digestive endoscopy was performed within the first six hours of admission. Exclusion criteria were: Known sensitivity or intolerance to metoclopramide, altered state of consciousness, pregnancy, lactancy and previous gastric lavage. There were 44 patients (25 males - 19 females), of which 22 received intravenous metoclopramide. Twenty two patients did not receive promotility agents before the UDE...

Does metoclopramide impair anastomotic healing of the left colon of rats? / A metoclopramida prejudica a cicatrização de anastomoses do cólon esquerdo de ratos?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of metoclopramide on the formation of adhesion and the healing of left colonic anastomoses in rats. METHODS: Forty rats underwent sectioning of the left colon and end-to-end anastomosis and were divided into two groups of 20 animals for the administration of metoclopramide (experimental group - E) or saline solution (control group - C). Each group was divided into subgroups of 10 animals each to be killed on the third (E3 and C3) or seventh postoperative day (E7 and C7). Adhesion was assessed, and a colonic segment containing the anastomosis was removed for analysis of breaking strength and hydroxyproline concentration. RESULTS: There were no deaths or dehiscence on the 3rd postoperative day. There was one death and one blocked anastomotic dehiscence in the E7 group. No significant differences between groups were found in the analysis of clinical outcome, intra-cavity adhesion, adhesion to the anastomosis or breaking strength on the 3rd and 7th postoperative day. Hydroxyproline concentration was higher in the control group on the 3rd (p=0.006) but not on the 7th postoperative day (p=0.241). CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide did not have harmful effects on the healing of intestinal anastomoses in rats.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da metoclopramida sobre a formação de aderências e a cicatrização de anastomoses de cólon esquerdo de ratos. MÉTODOS: 40 ratos distribuídos em dois grupos contendo 20 animais, para administração de metoclopramida (grupo experimental - E) ou solução de NaCl 0,9 por cento (grupo controle - C). Cada grupo foi dividido em subgrupos contendo 10 animais, para eutanásia no terceiro (E3 e C3) ou sétimo dia (E7 e C7) de pós-operatório. Os ratos foram submetidos à secção do cólon esquerdo e anastomose término-terminal. No dia da re-laparotomia foi avaliada a quantidade total de aderências e removido um segmento colônico contendo a anastomose para análise da força de ruptura e concentração de hidroxiprolina. RESULTADOS: Não houve mortes ou deiscências no 3º dia de pós-operatório. No grupo E7 ocorreram uma morte e uma deiscência de anastomose bloqueada. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à evolução clínica, quantidade de aderências intra-cavitárias ou à anastomose e resistência tênsil no 3º ou 7º pós-operatório. A concentração de hidroxiprolina foi maior no grupo metoclopramida no 3º (p=0,006) mas não no 7º dia de pós-operatório (p=0,241) CONCLUSÃO: A metoclopramida não apresenta efeito deletério sobre a cicatrização de anastomoses intestinais em ratos.

La metoclopramida y sus reacciones adversas sobre el sistema nervioso central / The metoclopramide and its adverse reactions on the nervous central system

Introducción: la metoclopramida ha pasado a ser entre el año 2000 y 2006 el fármaco que con mayor frecuencia se asocia con las discinesias tardías atendidas. En un análisis realizado por Food and Drug Administration se advierte que el 20 por ciento de los pacientes a los que se les prescribe metoclopramida, la utilizan por de más de 3 meses. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas a la metoclopramida reportadas y su relación con la notificación de discinesia tardía en nuestro país. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal de farmacovigilancia, que utilizó el método de notificación espontánea de reportes de reacciones adversas a medicamentos y la base de datos de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia. Se analizaron todos los reportes de reacciones adversas medicamentosas desde el año 2003 a 2008 procedentes de todo el país. Resultados: se analizaron 1 119 notificaciones de reacciones adversas medicamentosas. Los sistemas de órganos más afectados fueron el sistema nervioso central (43,2 por ciento), seguido del aparato cardiovascular (14,2 por ciento). Predominaron las reacciones adversas medicamentosas probables (73,6 por ciento) y leves (51,7 por ciento), un 0,4 por ciento se correspondió con reacciones adversas graves, mientras que las más frecuentes fueron: extrapiramidalismo (29,0 por ciento), mareos (18,2 por ciento) y temblor (9,9 por ciento). La secuencia temporal entre la ocurrencia de la reacción adversa y la toma del medicamento que predominó fue en horas (53,8 por ciento). Conclusiones: se evidenció que la población pediátrica y geriátrica muestra mayor relación con el predominio de reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central, no obstante la población adulta no debe quedar excluida, pues más de la mitad de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos del sistema nervioso central reportadas ocurrieron en este grupo de edad. Ese sistema fue el más afectado, aun sin estar relacionadas con dosis elevadas. Las discinesias reportadas pueden ser clasificadas como tempranas o agudas, y las reacciones adversas que predominaron fueron las leves y probables.

Introduction: metoclopramide from 2000 to 2006 years became the drug with higher frequency of association with late dyskinesia seen. In a analysis carried out by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) it is noticed that the 20 percent of patients with a prescription of metoclopramide use it drug for more than 3 months. Objective: to characterize the adverse reactions reported of metoclopramide and its relation to the notification of a late dyskinesia in our country. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study related to pharmacosurveillance using the method of spontaneous notification of reports on drug adverse reactions and the database of the National Coordination Unit of Pharmacosurveillance. Authors analyzed all reports of drug adverse react ions from 2003 to 2008 from all country. Results: a total of 1 119 notifications of drug adverse reactions. The organic system more involved were the central nervous system (43,2 percent) followed by the cardiovascular one (14,2 percent). There was predominance of probable drug adverse reactions (73,6 percent) and slights (51,7 percent), a 0,4 percent accounted for severe adverse reactions, whereas the more frequent were: extrapyramidal syndrome (29,0 percent), dizziness (18,2 percent) and shaking (9,9 percent). The predominant temporary sequence between the occurrence of adverse reaction and drug ingestion was in hours (53,8 percent). Conclusions: it was evidenced that children and elderly populations show a great relation with the predominance of drug adverse reactions of central nervous system, however, the adult population must not to be excluded, since more than a half of above mentioned reported reactions were in this age group. That system was the more involved even though there was not a link with high doses. The reported dyskinesias may be classified as early or acute and the adverse reactions predominant were the slight and probable ones.

Influence of metoclopramide on abdominal wall healing in rats subjected to colonic anastomosis in the presence of peritoneal sepsis induced / Influência da metoclopramida na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos submetidos à anastomose colônica na vigência de sepse peritonial induzida

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of metoclopramide on abdominal wall healing in rats in the presence of sepsis. METHODS: 40 rats divided into two groups of twenty animals, subdivided into two subgroups of 10 animals each: group (E) - treated with metoclopramide, and saline-treated control group. The two groups were divided into subgroups of 10 to be killed on the 3rd day (n = 10) or day 7 (n = 10) after surgery. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. We performed also the section and anastomosis in left colon. The synthesis of the abdominal wall was made with 3-0 silk thread. We measured the breaking strength of the abdominal wall and made the histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: on 3rd day postoperative, the average breaking strength in the E group was 0.83 ± 0.66 and in group C was 0.35 ± 0.46 (p = 0.010). On the seventh day, the breaking strength in group E was11.44 ± 5.07, in group C 11.66 ± 7.38 (p = 1.000). The E7 group showed lower inflammatory infiltration, foreign body reaction, fibrin than control. CONCLUSION: animals treated with metoclopramide had a higher resistance of the abdominal wall on the 3rd postoperative day.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da metoclopramide na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos na vigência de sepse. METHODS: 40 ratos divididos em dois grupos de 20 animais, subdivididos em dois subgrupos de 10 animais cada: grupo (E) - tratado com metoclopramida, e o grupo controle tratado com solução fisiologica. Os dois grupos foram divididos em subgrupos de de 10 para serem mortos no dia 3 (n = 10) ou o dia 7 (n = 10) após a cirurgia. A sepse foi induzida por ligadura e perfuração cecal. Foi realizada também a secção e anastomose em cólon esquerdo. A síntese da parede abdominal foi feita com fio de seda 3-0. Mediu-se a força de ruptura da parede abdominal e foi feita uma avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: No dia 3 pós-operatório, a força média de ruptura no grupo E foi de 0,83 ± 0,66 e no grupo C foi de 0,35 ± 0,46 (p = 0,010). No sétimo dia, a força de ruptura no grupo E foi 11.44 ± 5,07; no grupo C, 11,66 ± 7,38 (p = 1,000). O grupo E7 apresentou menor infiltração inflamatória e reação de corpo estranho do que o controle de fibrina. CONCLUSÃO: Animais tratados com metoclopramida apresentaram uma maior resistência da parede abdominal no 3º dia pós-operatório.

Metoclopramida é segura na gravidez

A metoclopramida, se usada no primeiro trimestre da gesðtação, não está associada a aumento do risco de baixo peso em recém-nascidos, parto pré-termo, malformações ou morte peðrinatal. Nível de evidência: 2b = estudo comparativo de baixa quaðlidade metodológica.

Revisão sistemática e metanálise do uso de procinéticos no refluxo gastroesofágico e na doença do refluxo gastroesofágico em Pediatria / Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of prokinetics in gastroesophageal reflux and in gastroesophageal reflux disease in Pediatrics

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio de revisão sistemática e metanálise, estudos randomizados que comparam os procinéticos domperidona, bromoprida, metoclopramida e betanecol ao placebo no tratamento do refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE) e da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) em crianças. MÉTODOS: BUsca bibliográfica de ensaios clínicos randomizados (Medline, EMBASE, Biological Abstracts, ISI/Web of Science, CINAHL, Lilacs e Cochrane). O desfecho primário foi eficácia na modificação dos sintomas de refluxo, conforme definição de autores das fontes primárias. Outras variáveis de interesse foram: complicações relacionadas ao RGE, alterações nos exames laboratoriais de controle, qualidade de vida, eventos adversos e abandono do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos quatro estudos com domperidona, dois com metoclopramida, um com betanecol. Nenhum estudo com bromoprida foi localizado. O risco de não resposta ao tratamento foi significativamente menor para os procinéticos quando comparados ao placebo (RR 0,35; IC95 por cento 0,14-0,88). A vantagem terapêutica individual em relação ao placebo se manteve para a domperidona (n=126; RR 0,27; IC95 por cento 0,14-0,52; NNT 3; I2 0 por cento) e betanecol (n=44, RR 0,19, IC95 por cento 0,05-0,55, NNT 2), mas não para metoclopramida (n=71; RR 0,63; IC95 por cento 0,07-5,71, I2 92,2 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A evidência para o uso de procinéticos no RGE e na DRGE em crianças é limitada, pois os poucos estudos são ensaios preliminares de resposta em curto prazo e com limitações metodológicas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, by systematic review and meta-analysis, randomized studies comparing the prokinetics (domperidone, bromopride, metoclopramide and bethanechol) to placebo in the treatment of gastroesophagic reflux (GER) and gastroesophagic reflux disease (GERD) in children. METHODS: Bibliographic search for randomized clinical trials (Medline, EMBASE, Biological Abstracts, ISI/Web of Science, CINAHL, Lilacs e Cochrane). The primary outcome was the modification of reflux symptoms. Other outcomes were: GER-related complications, alterations in control exams, life quality, adverse events and abandon of treatment. RESULTS: The metanalysis included four studies on domperidone, two on metoclopramide, and one on bethanechol. No study of bromopride was retrieved. The risk of non-response to the treatment was significantly smaller in children that received prokinetics in comparison to placebo (RR 0.35, 95 percentCI 0.14-0.88). Individual therapeutic advantage regarding placebo was related to domperidone (n=126; RR 0.27; 95 percentCI 0.14-0.52, NNT 3; I2 0 percent) and bethanechol (n=44; RR 0.19; 95 percentCI 0.05-0.55; NNT 2), but not to metoclopramide (n=71; RR 0.63; 95 percentCI 0.07-5.71; I2 92.2 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for prokinetic use in GER and GERD in children is limited because the few studies report preliminary trials that evaluate short-term responses and show methodological limitations.