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Background: Thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited conditions characterized by abnormalities in the synthesis or structure of hemoglobin (Hb). According to estimates, approximately 7% of the world population is a carrier of Hb disorders, leading to high morbidity and mortality. To reduce the burden of these highly prevalent monogenic disorders, detecting them in the carrier stage is crucial to prevent disease progression. Aim: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and spectrum of hemoglobinopathies in females in the reproductive (20–40 years) age group. Settings and Design: It was a retrospective observational study carried out for 2.5 years (from January 2018 till June 2020). Materials and Methods: All the females in the age group of 20–40 years age whose blood samples were received in the department for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were included. The cases with abnormal HPLC findings were analyzed for hematological parameters including hemoglobin, RBC count, and RBC indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), & red cell distribution width - coefficient of variation (RDW-CV)]. Statistical Analysis: Statistical package for social science (SPSS) statistics 21 version for Microsoft Windows (Chicago, USA) was used for statistical analysis of data. The data were described in terms of range, mean ± standard deviation (SD), frequencies (number of cases), and relative frequencies (percentage) as appropriate. Results: During the study period, 72.2% of the females were affected with ?-thalassemia trait, followed by HbD Punjab trait (17.8%), HbQ India trait (2.9%), ?-thalassemia major (1.8%), and two cases (1.2%) each of HbS trait, HbD Iran trait, and compound heterozygous of HbD Punjab and ?-thalassaemia, whereas HbE trait, compound heterozygous of HbQ and ?-thalassemia, compound heterozygous of HbJ-variant and ?-thalassemia had one case each (0.6%). Conclusion: Preventive strategies are cost-effective and include population screening, premarital screening, screening of spouses, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Educating the carrier females about the potential risk and various screening methods may help in controlling the disease.
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Purpose: This study was conducted to examine microbiological profile with their antibiotic sensitivity in cases of bacterial keratitis in north and central India to ensure appropriate use of antibiotics. Methods: The microbiology laboratory records of 228 patients with culture?proven bacterial keratitis from 1st January to 31st December 2019 were analyzed. Cultured bacterial isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of corneal ulcer. Chi?squared or Fisher’s exact test were applied to check the significance of difference between the susceptibility levels of antibiotics. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa–induced keratitis was higher in northern India, whereas that by Streptococcus pneumoniae was more prevalent in central India. In central India, 100% of S. pneumoniae isolates were found to be sensitive to ceftriaxone compared to 79% in northern India (P = 0.017). In comparison to 67% of isolates from north India, 15% of S. aureus isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ofloxacin (P = 0.009). Similarly, 23% of isolates from central India were found sensitive to amikacin compared to 65% of isolates from north India (P = 0.012). P. aeruginosa isolates from central India were found to be sensitive to ceftazidime in 63% of cases compared to 21% of isolates from north India (P = 0.034). Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics are not uniform across geography. Vancomycin remained the most effective drug in all gram?positive coccal infections. S. aureus susceptibility to amikacin was significantly greater in north India. P. aeruginosa showed less susceptibility as compared to previous reports.
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Background & objectives: Scrub typhus or chigger borne typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi is an emerging vector-borne disease as large numbers of cases have been reported in various tropical countries. It is transmitted to humans through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites). The knowledge about the vector, its distribution, density and habitat are important so as to understand the epidemiology of scrub typhus in a given area. To control rickettsial infections, regular rodent-vector surveillance should be planned in areas where the disease transmission is occurring and it will also help to strengthen the existing entomological data related to the vector of scrub typhus in northern India. Methods: In the present study, rodent-vector surveillance was planned for one whole year, covering both mite active and non-active seasons (October 2019–December 2020) in selected areas of Chandigarh and Punjab in north India. Rodent tissues and mites were also examined for the presence of O. tsutsugamushi by nested PCR for 56 kDa gene and real-time PCR for 47 kDa outer membrane protein gene. 18S gene PCR was performed for molecular identification of mites. Results: In the surveillance, three types of ectoparasite, viz. mites, fleas and ticks were obtained in rodents. All mites found were of Laelapidae family. None of the pooled rodent tissue samples as well as mite samples were found positive for O. tsutsugamushi by nested PCR for rickettsial DNA. Interpretation & conclusion: In the present study, we did not get any evidence of carriage of O. tsutsugamushi in either mites or rodents collected and sampled in selected regions in Chandigarh and Punjab. We need to strengthen the entomological surveillance over a broader region and increase the frequency of trapping rodents to increase clarity on vector-reservoir dynamics in this geographical region.
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Background: H. pylori-associated gastritis in patients from the high-altitude area of Ladakh showed severe gastritis, mucosal nodularity, atrophy, and cancer in comparison to those from North India. This study served to analyze if differences in the H. pylori virulence genotypes decide the extent of gastric mucosal inflammation. Methods: Fifty gastric biopsies each from patients with H. pylori-associated gastritis from Ladakh and a tertiary care center in North India were included. The presence of H. pylori strain was confirmed with Warthin starry stain and polymerase chain amplification of the H. pylori-specific 16S rRNA. The cagA, vacA s1, s2, and m1, m2 alleles, and dupA virulence genotypes were studied in all archival samples, followed by their histological correlations. Results: cagA (P 0.009) and vacAs1 m1 (P 0.009) genes were distinctly more in H. pylori strains colonizing the biopsies of North Indian patients. In contrast, the cagA -ve vacAs2 m2 strains were significantly more in H. pylori strain colonizing the biopsies from Ladakhi patients. dupA genotype was almost similarly present in strains from both regions. Among these, only cagA and dupA virulence genes were associated with severe mucosal neutrophilic activity and deep infiltration of H. pylori strains in North Indian patients. Conclusions: Differences in virulence genotypes of H. pylori in gastric biopsies from North Indian and Ladakhi patients were found not significant in deciding the severity of H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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The changing demographics of India due to better life expectancy has led to significant increase in the geriatric population. Physiological changes due to aging lead to altered biological response to disease as well as coping with it. There are very few published studies that have addressed the issue of geriatric leprosy. This was a retrospective record review of 8-year data from a tertiary care centre in North India of leprosy patients aged 60 years or more. Clinical and demographic details were noted. Data was compared with 154 other leprosy patients aged 18-59 years. Out of 1083 leprosy cases, 80 (7.4%) were elderly and 67.5% of these were males. Majority (92.5%) were in the multibacillary (MB) spectrum. Type 2 reactions were more commonly seen than type 1 reactions in this age group. Pre-existing co-morbidities were present in 52.5% of patients. Grade 2 disability (G2D) was noted in 13.8% of cases, all of whom were in MB spectrum. Comorbidities were significantly higher amongst the elders whereas nerve involvement and G2D rates were higher amongst other leprosy patients (18-59 years). The prevalence of geriatric leprosy is on the rise due to better life expectancy. The high MB rate and G2D rate in geriatric population is a cause of concern for ongoing disease transmission and leprosy control programs. Due to a higher proportion of patients having pre-existing co-morbid conditions and polypharmacy, this sub-group needs special attention and care after release from treatment
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the tertiary centers (TCS) and vision centers (VCs) of the four organizations participating in this research, once the lockdown was lifted, and to compare it with the performance during the same period of the previous year. Methods: This was a cross?sectional study assessing eyecare utilization in the first 2 months after resumption of services post the lockdown in 2020 and comparing that across the same time period in 2019. Anonymized data containing basic demographic details, proportions of patient visits and their reasons, as well as referral information was collected. The drop percentage method was used, and P values were calculated using paired t?tests. Results: Four TCs and 60 VCs were included. Overall, outpatient attendance dipped 51.2% at TCs and 27.5% at VCs, across the 2 years. At both levels of care delivery, the percentage drop in females was more than that in males; however, the overall drop at VCs was less than that at TCs, for both sexes. Eyecare utilization in pediatric populations dropped significantly more than in adult populations, across the overall sample. There was no significant change in referrals for refractive error as a proportion of total outpatients, although there was a significant decline in the same for cataract and specialty treatment. Conclusion: VCs are valuable and successful model for eyecare delivery especially in the continued aftermath of the COVID?19 pandemic
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Purpose: To determine the pattern of refractive error among commercial drivers in north India. Methods: Descriptive study with convenient sampling conducted among commercial drivers of north India. Results: A total of 213 (75.8%) heavy?vehicle and 68 (24.2%) light?vehicle drivers were screened for eye diseases. Refractive error for distance was reported in 44 (15.7%; 95% CI: 11.6–20.4) drivers. Hyperopia was reported in 23 (8.2%; 95% CI: 5.2–12) drivers, followed by myopia in 15 (5.3%; 95% CI: 3–8.6) drivers and astigmatism in six (2.1%; 95% CI: 0.7–4.5) drivers. Presbyopia was reported in 157 (55.8%) drivers. Dry eye was reported in 70 (24.9%), stereo deficiency in 77 (27.4%), and color vision deficiency in 11 (3.9%) drivers. Three drivers were diagnosed with cataract, and two were referred for retina evaluation. Conclusion: Hyperopia in both eyes was the most common refractive error. Dry eye disease and color vision deficiency were also reported. Most of the drivers were not using spectacles for refractive error correction. Due to their mobile nature, drivers with cataract and retina diseases did not turn up for follow?up.
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Background: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most commonly used method for detection and quantitative estimation of hemoglobin variants. Hemoglobinopathies are amongst the most common genetically inherited disorders, however, the exact magnitude of different hemoglobinopathies is obscure in India. This study was done with the aim of analyzing the different findings in HPLC using D-10 analyzer and evaluating the spectrum of different hemoglobin disorders in a hospital-based population of South Delhi. Such a prevalence study would be useful to review the various strategies that can be implemented for effective control and prevention of these disorders. Methods: A hospital based descriptive observational study was conducted in which all OPD and IPD patients who were advised HPLC during their clinical workup were included. Analysis of EDTA blood samples was done by Bio Rad D10 Dual program HPLC instrument. The exact percentage of HbA, HbA2, HbF and any other variant hemoglobin was estimated. Presumptive identification of hemoglobin variants was made primarily by their percentage, retention time (RT) and peak characteristics. HPLC findings were correlated with the clinical history, family history and the CBC and peripheral smear findings in all cases. Results: On HPLC analysis, 79% of the patients had no abnormality detected and the report was within normal limits. The commonest hemoglobinopathy was Beta Thalassemia Trait followed by HbE trait. The other hemoglobinopathies detected were HbD Punjab Heterozygous (3 cases, 0.5%), Beta thalassemia homozygous (3 cases, 0.5%), Sickle cell Heterozygous (2 cases, 0.3%), HbJ Meerut Heterozygous (2 cases, 0.3%). One case each of Sickle cell Homozygous (0.15%), Compound Heterozygous HbS/beta thalassemia trait (0.15%), HbE Homozygous (0.15%), Compound Heterozygous HbE/beta thalassemia trait (0.15%), and Homozygous delta beta thalassemia (0.15%) were also diagnosed. Conclusion: This study gives an important insight to the present day scenario of hemoglobinopathies in patients in South Delhi in relation to the hematological profile. It highlights the chromatogram findings of different hemoglobinopathies on the D10 analyzer. The comprehensive data obtained by such series can help in the formulation and development of infrastructure and policies for hemoglobinopathy prevention, diagnosis and management.
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Background- India, like many countries, has experienced two surges of the COVID 19 pandemic. Empirical data shows a difference in the effects of the virus between the two periods.We decided to compare the behaviour of the disease in its two major outbreaks in critically ill patients so as to obtain a better understanding and improve clinical outcomes. Methods- This was a retrospective study conducted by obtaining patients data from hospital records during the first st wave from 1 April 2020 to 30 June 2020 and comparing it to the records in second wave 15 March 2021 to 15 June 2021. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, mechanical ventilation and overall ICU outcomes were compared. Results- 89 patients admitted during first wave and 100 patients admitted during second wave during the chosen period were selected for the purpose of this study. Second wave predominantly involved the young and middle aged while majority of patients during first wave belonged to older age group with co morbidities. The most frequent signs and symptoms during both waves were fever, cough, pneumonia and tachypnea. Conclusion- The second wave was characterised by higher infectivity in a comparatively younger age group whereas first wave showed older age groups being primarily infected. However, the case fatality rate during first wave was higher than second wave.
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Background: The molecular epidemiology of HCV and its association with liver diseases in North India is not well understood. Aim: To assess the incidence of HCV infection in blood donors and liver disease patients and the influence of HCV genotype on the severity of the liver disease. Methods: We screened 487 patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 141 patients of fulminant hepatic failure(FHF), 1058 patients of chronic liver disease (CLD) (chronic hepatitis-468, cirrhosis-527, HCC-63), and 3504 voluntary blood donors for anti-HCV. Anti HCV positive patients were further subjected to HCV RNA testing followed by genotyping. Results: HCV infection was observed in 1.6%, 12.94%, 10.64%, 27.13%, 21.25% and 49.2% of blood donors, AVH,FHF, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC patients respectively. Conclusion: Genotype 3 was found to be the major genotype. HCV genotype one infection was associated with advanced liver disease.
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Background & objectives: Humans are considered to be the principal host for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. In India, heterogeneous groups of susceptible individuals coexist in different regions. There has been a decline in antibody titres to HAV among young adults which may pose a major public health problem. The objective of this study was to assess the IgG anti-HAV level among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the age group of 20-60 yr and its association with the socio-demographic variables. Methods: Blood sample (2 ml) was collected under aseptic conditions from each participant followed by the preparation of serum and storing at ?20癈. ELISA-based kits were used for the determination of IgG antibodies to HAV in the human serum samples. Results: Two hundred and fifty four HCWs were enrolled. IgG anti-HAV antibodies were detected in 97.2 per cent of the samples analyzed. No differences were observed in the levels of IgG anti-HAV antibody and education, income, occupation and socio-economic classes of the HCWs. A seropositivity rate of over 90 per cent was seen amongst all the socio-economic classes. Interpretation & conclusions: High levels of IgG protective antibodies were seen among the studied HCWs, hence HAV vaccination may not be required. It will be advisable to do a cost-benefit analysis of vaccination for HAV.
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Several studies including genomewide association studies (GWASs) in diverse ethnic populations have reported a significant association of genetic variant rs10937405 of TP63 with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, no data are available from any Indian population on the association of this variant with NSCLC. Using TaqMan genotyping chemistry, we conducted a case–control study involving 190 NSCLC cases and 400 ethnic, age-matched controls to explore the association of rs10937405 genetic variant with NSCLC in patients from north India. Our data support that the rs10937405 variant is also significantly associated with the NSCLC and is a risk factor in the north Indian populations to develop NSCLC. However, unlike most other studies, the wild-type allele T appears to be the risk allele, as its frequency was significantly higher in the cases than controls (0.439 in cases versus 0.383 in controls. OR=1.95 (1.23–3.09 at 95% CI); P value (adjusted)= 0.004). Genetic association was also observed by applying different genetic models. The present study provides important information of the genetic aetiology of NSCLC and strengthens GWAS findings, highlighting the role of TP63 in lung cancer risk.
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Leprosy/Hansen's Disease (HD) is associated with impairments and disabilities leading to stigma attached to the disease. Our study looks at the clinical spectrum and factors associated with disabilities over a 10 year period. It was a cross sectional retrospective analysis and included 240 patients which were followed in Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Objective of the study was to assess the pattern, prevalence and risk factors of disabilities in leprosy patients. The findings shows that the overall prevalence of disabilities was 57.9% (n=139) and was more common in males (73.4%). Patients, residents of Punjab had the maximum prevalence of disabilities (37.4%) followed by Bihar (27.3%). The commonest visible disability was madarosis (19.6%) followed by claw hand (12.1%). The maximum prevalence of clawing was noted in patients with BT-HD (31%) followed by TT-HD (27.6%). WHO Grade 1 disability was 24.5% while 60.4% had WHO Grade 2 disability. On multivariate analysis, positive skin smears and presence of lepra reaction at the time of diagnosis were found to be the risk factors associated with disabilities in leprosy. While the magnitude of disabilities in a referral tertiary care settings will not reflect true extent of problem in the community, information is relevant for improving the preventive and management strategies. Even in the post elimination era of leprosy, significant number and types of disabilities still persist. Like the tip of an iceberg, these findings imply that a more vigorous approach towards early and adequate treatment of complications like reactions is the need of the hour. Community based intervention studies in partnership with tertiary care hospitals may be useful in taking appropriate public health measures.
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Introduction: Several clinical and pathological scenarios like hemodynamic procedures, cardiac surgery in heart trauma and arrhythmias from coronary occlusive disease management have importance of variations in the origin of Right Coronary Artery (RCA). The RCA presents a wide spectrum of morphological expressions regarding its sites of origin, course, branches, length, size and termination. RCA usually arises from the Anterior Aortic Sinus (AAS) and traverses through the right atrio-ventricular (AV) groove. Subjects and Methods: In the present study, Computed Tomographic (CT) coronary angiograms of 50 routine subjects of different age groups who came to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George’s Medical University UP, Lucknow in the year 2010- 2011 with known or suspected coronary artery disease, were analyzed. Coronary angiography (CA) was performed on a 64 slice Multidetector Computed Tomographic (MDCT) scanner, using retrospective electrocardiographic (ECG) gating. The incidence of different sites of origin of RCA was assessed. Results: In the present study, RCA originated from Anterior Aortic Sinus (AAS) in 47 (94%) subjects. In 3 (6%) subjects, RCA showed anomalous origin from Left Posterior Aortic Sinus (LPAS). These three subjects were males [3(9.38%)]. In all the subjects, the course of RCA was normal except three males having origin of RCA from LPAS. In these three males, the proximal part of RCA coursed between Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) and aorta. Conclusion: Most common site for origin of RCA was AAS. Anomalous origin of RCA was seen only from LPAS. Anomalous origin of RCA was seen only in male subjects. In all subjects having anomalous origin of RCA from LPAS, RCA coursed between pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta.
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Objective There are no community based, longitudinal, intra individual epidemiological studies on effect of weather and season on blood pressure (BP). We evaluated the effect of season and temperature on prevalence and epidemiology of BP in tropical climate. Methods and results It was a longitudinal cross sectional survey of rural and urban subjects in their native surroundings. BP was measured in four different seasons in same subjects. A total of 978 subjects (452 rural and 521 urban) were included in the current analysis. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, occupational based physical activity and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Mean BP, both systolic and diastolic were significantly higher in winter season as compared to summer season. Mean difference between winter and summer was 9.01 (95% CI: 7.74–10.28, p < 0.001) in systolic BP and 5.61 (95% CI: 4.75–6.47, p < 0.001) in diastolic BP. This increase in BP was more marked in rural areas and elderly subjects. Prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher during winter (23.72%) than in summer (10.12%). Conclusion BP increases significantly during winter season as compared to summer season. Increase is more marked in rural areas and elderly subjects. Seasonal variation in BP should be taken into account while looking at prevalence of hypertension in epidemiological studies.
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Purpose: This study aims to study the prevalence of DED and analyze risk factors in North Indian population. Methods: This was a cross-section hospital-based, observational study. Cases enrolled over 2 years (systematic random sampling) were administered ocular surface disease index questionnaire to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of DED. Schirmer's test and tear break-up time were performed only in the subset of patients giving consent. Categorical data were assessed with Chi-square/Fisher's Exact test, and odds ratio was analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: A total of 15,625 patients were screened. The prevalence of DED was 32% (5000/15625); 9.9% (496/5000) had mild DED; 61.2% (3060/5000) had moderate DED; and 28.9% (1444/5000) had severe DED. Age group of 21� years, male sex, urban region, and desk job were associated with increased risk of DED. Hours of visual display terminal (VDT) usage significantly correlated with DED (P < 0.001), and 89.98% of patients with 4 h or more of VDT use had severe dry eye. Cigarette smoking and contact lens usage had increased odds of developing severe DED (P < 0.001). Objective tests were undertaken in 552 patients; of these, 81.3% (449/552) had severe DED. Conclusions: The prevalence of DED in North India is 32%, with the age group of 21� years affected most commonly. VDT use, smoking, and contact lens use were associated with increased odds of developing DED.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lymphomas are among the dominant solid tumors in children and primary gastrointestinal lymphomas (PGILs), although rare, are the most common extranodal lymphomas and the most common malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract in children. This study was undertaken to analyze childhood PGIL with reference to clinical presentation, anatomic distribution, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical (IHC) characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 12 year combined retrospective and prospective descriptive study, all the cases of PGIL in children were selected according to Dawson’s criteria. RESULTS: A total of 11 cases were found which included 9 boys and 2 girls (male:female ‑ 4.5:1) ranging in age from 1 to 14 years (mean 6.6 years). Abdominal pain (81.8%) and intestinal obstruction (63.6%) were the most common presenting features. Grossly, most of the lesions were ulcero‑infiltrative (72.7%) and involved the terminal part of the ileum (36.4%) and ileocecal region (27.3%) most commonly. Histopathologically and IHC, all the cases were high‑grade lymphomas of diffuse large B‑cell type except for one case of mucosa‑associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. No case of Burkitt’s lymphoma was found. CONCLUSION: PGILs are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide with considerable variation in their clinicopathological features and treatment modalities. Only some studies are available in literature for comparison. Further studies are required to define the genetic and molecular basis of the different histopathological pattern found in our setting.
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BACKGROUND: Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive plasma cell neoplasm. In PCL, clonal plasma cells comprise ≥20% of the peripheral blood (PB) leukocytes and/or the absolute clonal PB plasma cell count is ≥2×10(9)/L. Primary PCL (PPCL) originates de novo, whereas, secondary PCL (SPCL) evolves from pre-existing multiple myeloma. METHODS: Clinicohematological features, immunophenotypic profile, and survival of PCL patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Between January 2007 and December 2014, ten PPCL and four SPCL patients were investigated (8 PPCLs and 3 SPCLs had complete clinical data). All were North Indians, sharing common geography and ethnicity. Our cohort showed less frequent renal failure, more frequent hepatomegaly, and non-secretory type disease. In contrast to western literature, flow cytometric immunophenotyping of our cohort revealed altered expression of CD138 (67%), CD56 (33%), and CD20 (0%). With novel therapeutic agents, these PPCL patients had a median overall survival of 15 months. CONCLUSION: We highlight that our PPCL patients from North India had distinct clinicohematological and immunophenotypic profiles. The significance of our findings must be tested in a larger patient cohort and must be supported by molecular and cytogenetic investigations to unmask possible significant effects on pathogenesis.
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Humans , Cohort Studies , Cytogenetics , Geography , Hepatomegaly , Immunophenotyping , India , Leukemia, Plasma Cell , Leukocytes , Multiple Myeloma , Neoplasms, Plasma Cell , Plasma Cells , Plasma , Renal Insufficiency , Retrospective Studies , Tertiary Care Centers , Tertiary HealthcareABSTRACT
Introduction: This prospective cross‑sectional hospital‑based study was carried out in order to assess the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections among patients with active tuberculosis (TB) disease attending an Outpatient Department (OPD) at the Model Rural Health Research Unit in Ghatampur, a rural village in Kanpur district. Materials and Methods: The socio‑demographic features and clinical profile of the TB patients were analysed in the context of symptoms at the time of testing. The HIV and HBV status were determined and correlated with clinical features at the time of testing. Results: In our study, the prevalence of HIV infection among TB patients is 1.48% (18/1215) and that of HBsAg reactivity was found to be 2.96% (36/1215). During 2007–2010, the HIV‑positivity varied between 1.5% and 1.45% whereas HBV reactivity ranged between 2.4% and 3.63%.A substantial percentage of the TB patients attending the OPD in Ghatampur harbour HIV and HBV infections, which otherwise would remain undiagnosed without serological screening. Conclusion: Co infection with HBV among TB patients potentiate the risk of anti‑tuberculous therapy‑induced hepatotoxicity, therefore, exercising caution and carefully monitoring the patients for drugs associated hepatotoxicity is essential. There is an urgent need to perform population‑based surveys of HIV and hepatitis infections among TB patients to assess the true extent of the problem. Efforts should be made to make physicians aware of the peculiarities and manage these patients effectively.