ABSTRACT
Large population-based surveys by the Government of India and several other regional studies have reconfirmed the coexisting burden of over- and undernutrition. While time trends from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th rounds of the National Family Health Survey show declining trends in the prevalence of the underweight, it also highlights increasing rates in the overweight/obesity. Dose-response relationships with different micro- and macronutrient consumption with overweight/obesity prevalence have been established. In this context, it was attempted to identify the specific diet pattern and socio-behavioural determinants of overnutrition along with its combat strategies. This review highlights that while the proportion of chronic energy deficiency is decreasing in India, the intake of micronutrients and food groups continues to be below the recommended dietary allowance set by the Indian Council of Medical Research. Distal factors that determine the nutritional imbalance among Indians are presented under (i) household contextual factors, (ii) peer and socio-cultural influencers, and (iii) business and neighbourhood environment. Accumulation of such factors increases the density of obesogenic environment around individuals. Further, the review offers action points at individual, society and policy levels, presented in a 'logframe matrix' for bringing convergence actions across sectors in consultation with programme managers from different ministries/departments.
ABSTRACT
las actuales presiones sociales condicionan conductas que conducen a desequilibrios nutricionales.
Subject(s)
Nutritional Status , Young Adult , Diet, Food, and NutritionABSTRACT
A obesidade infantil vem crescendo em todo mundo devido às mudanças na alimentação. Os alimentos industrializados, especialmente os biscoitos recheados, representam um risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças, pois podem apresentar uma composição nutricional desequilibrada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a composição nutricional de biscoitos recheados comercializados em hipermercados da cidade de Salvador, Bahia. As amostras foram representadas por dez marcas de biscoitos, de sabor chocolate e morango, ambos para cada marca, totalizando 20 amostras. A rotulagem nutricional foi avaliada conforme declaração de valor calórico, carboidratos, gorduras totais, saturadas e trans e teor de sódio para cada porção de 30g. O valor comercial e a lista de ingredientes declarados também foram avaliados. Os valores de gorduras totais, saturadas e sódio apresentaram maiores variações entre as marcas. O valor comercial dos produtos não apresentou relação com uma melhor qualidade nutricional. Todos os produtos apresentaram gordura vegetal hidrogenada e corantes na composição. Os biscoitos recheados analisados não apresentam equilíbrio nutricional devido à alta densidade calórica e altos teores de gorduras saturadas, sódio e carboidratos (açúcares) descritos. É importante a implementação de estratégias de educação nutricional para auxiliar e instruir a população para fazer melhores escolhas alimentares.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Food Composition , Industrialized Foods , Cookies , Child Nutrition , Food Labeling/standards , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Food Quality Standards , Pediatric Obesity , HypertensionABSTRACT
Obesity has become a serious public health problem and scientists have been focusing on its intervention, such as increased physical activity and dietary management, maily only after obesity occurs. However,a lot of evidence is emerging, concerning the programming effect of early life nutritional status on the later obesity. Changes of epigenetic markers are involved in this process. Hence, we may control the later prevalence of obesity from the origin of life.