Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Intracanal Medicaments againstCandida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis - An In-Vitro Study

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of certain intracanal medicaments against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Freshly extracted 120 single rooted mandibular premolars were selected for the study. Teeth were decoronated and cleaning and shaping was done up to F3 universal protaper system and were divided mainly into two groups: Candida albicans (C. albicans) (n = 60) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (n = 60). The medicaments include: G1: chlorhexidine + calcium hydroxide, G2: sodium hypochlorite + calcium hydroxide, G3: 2% chlorhexidine gel, G4: octenisept, G5: 0.1% octenisept solution + calcium hydroxide, and G6: physiologic saline (n = 5). Teeth were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans which were cultured, respectively, in brain heart infusion and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar for 21 days followed by intracanal medication and colony forming units were counted on the second and seventh day. Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Against C. albicans, CHX + CH, 2% CHX gel, 0.1% octenidine (OCT) gel and OCT + CH showed statistically significant differences on the 2 nd and 7 th day. But against Enterococcus faecalis, only 0.1% OCT gel and 2% CHX gel showed statistically significant differences on the 2 nd and 7 th day. Among all the groups, 0.1% OCT gel and 2% CHX gel showed predominant antimicrobial efficacy. Conclusion: From the limitations of the current study, all the medicaments showed antimicrobial effect against Candida albic

Effects of calcium hypochlorite and octenidine hydrochloride on l929 and human periodontal ligament cells

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and cell migration of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and octenidine hydrochloride - OCT (Octenisept®, Schülke & Mayr, Norderstedt, Germany) in L929 and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. The cells were exposed to different doses of different solutions: 2.5% and 5% Ca(OCl)2, 0.1% OCT, 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 10 min. Cell viability was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, and cell migration was determined by wound-healing assay. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). The MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT was less cytotoxic in hPDL cells (p<0.05), followed by 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between 2.5% NaOCl and 5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05), but these solutions showed greater cytotoxicity than the others. The result was the same for L929 cells, except that there was no significant difference between 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05). Wound-healing assay in L929 and hPDL cells showed that cell migration of 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 groups was higher than 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 2.5% NaOCl groups at 24 h (p<0.05). In conclusion, 0.1% OCT had lower cytotoxicity in tested cell lines than CHX, Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Cell migration was higher for 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2. Therefore, in terms of cytotoxicity, OCT and Ca(OCl)2 have the potential to be used as root canal irrigants.

Resumo Para a seleção do irrigante endodôntico deve-se considerar os possíveis efeitos citotóxicos. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(OCl)2] e do cloridrato de octenidina (OCT) em células L929 e do ligamento periodontal humano (hPDL). As células foram expostas a diferentes doses das soluções: Ca(OCl)2 2,5% e 5%, OCT 0,1%, hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) 2,5% e clorexidina (CHX) 2%. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelos ensaios de metil-tiazol-tetrazólio (MTT) e vermelho neutro (NR), e a proliferação/migração pelo teste de cicatrização. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA de duas vias e Bonferroni (α=0,05). Os ensaios MTT e NR mostraram que OCT 0,1% foi menos citotóxico nas células do hPDL (p<0,05), seguido da CHX 2% e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% (p<0,05). Não houve diferença entre NaOCl 2,5% e Ca(OCl)2 5% (p>0,05). No entanto, estas soluções foram mais citotóxicas que as demais. O resultado foi o mesmo nas células L929, exceto que não houve diferença significativa entre CHX 2% e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% (p>0,05). A proliferação/migração das células L929 e do hPDL às 24 h nos grupos OCT 0,1%, CHX 2%, e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% foi maior que nos grupos Ca(OCl)2 5% e NaOCl 2,5% (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que OCT foi menos citotóxico que CHX, Ca(OCl)2 e NaOCl. Ca(OCl)2 2,5 e 5% apresentaram citotoxicidade menor ou similar ao NaOCl 2,5%, respectivamente. Os grupos OCT, CHX e Ca(OCl)2 2,5% apresentaram maior proliferação/migração celular do que os grupos do Ca(OCl)2 5% e NaOCl 2,5%. Portanto, OCT e Ca(OCl)2 têm potencial para serem utilizados como irrigantes endodônticos.

In vitro evaluation of octenidine as an antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus epidermidis in disinfecting the root canal system

OBJECTIVES: Irrigants are imperative in endodontic therapy for the elimination of pathogens from the infected root canal. The present study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) with chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) for root canal disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained using serial dilution method. The agar diffusion method was then used to determine the zones of inhibition for each irrigant. Lastly, forty 6-mm dentin blocks were prepared from human mandibular premolars and inoculated with S. epidermidis. Samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 blocks and irrigated for 3 minutes with saline (control), 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, or 0.1% OCT. Dentin samples were then collected immediately for microbial analysis, including an analysis of colony-forming units (CFUs). RESULTS: The MICs of each tested irrigant were 0.05% for CHX, 0.25% for NaOCl, and 0.0125% for OCT. All tested irrigants showed concentration-dependent increase in zones of inhibition, and 3% NaOCl showed the largest zone of inhibition amongst all tested irrigants (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the CFU measurements of 2% CHX, 3% NaOCl, and 0.1% OCT showing complete elimination of S. epidermidis in all samples. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that OCT was comparable to or even more effective than CHX and NaOCl, demonstrating antimicrobial activity at low concentrations against S. epidermidis.

Antimicrobial activity of different disinfectants against cariogenic microorganisms

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHBM), and octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) on cariogenic microorganisms by using their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). CHX, PHBM, and OCT were diluted in distilled water to the final test concentrations. Using the in-tube dilution method, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces viscosus were cultivated on blood agar and Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) at 37°C for 48 h. They were read using a spectrophotometer to detect MIC. To determine MBC, samples in the range of the turbidity threshold after 24 h were transferred onto blood agar and evaluated for growth after 24 h. Different MICs and MBCs were observed in all disinfectants against each microorganism. The lowest MIC and MBC against S. mutans (60 mg/L) were obtained from PHBM. The lowest values against L. rhamnosus (15 mg/L, 30 mg/L), A. viscosus (30 mg/L), and L. acidophilus (15 mg/L, 30 mg/L) were determined by OCT. PHBM and OCT have the potential to be replaced with CHX because they were effective against cariogenic microorganisms.