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Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases(IgG4-RD)are chronic, systemic diseases that have received much attention in recent years. IgG4-RD can affect almost all tissues of the body, mainly manifested by swelling and space-occupying changes in the involved sites. It is called IgG4-related ophthalmic disease(IgG4-ROD)when the lesions invade the ocular area. The disease mainly invades the lacrimal glands, orbital fat, infraorbital nerve, extraocular muscles, and eyelids. At present, the main treatment modalities for IgG4-ROD include medication, surgery, and radiation therapy, etc. With the enhanced understanding of the disease and the increasing cure rate in recent years, this article reviews the latest progress in the epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-ROD.
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The continuous pandemic coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)is a serious threat to human life and health because of high infectious pathogenicity, and it also has posed a new challenge to the current medical model. Many literatures have shown that these changes range from the more common ocular surface diseases such as inflammation of the cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera, to the relatively rare paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy. For patients with ocular symptoms as the first or accompanying symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, how to identify the correlation between ocular manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection is undoubtedly a serious challenge for ophthalmologists. In this review, the ocular pathology caused by both SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination was discussed, covering pathological changes in the ocular surface, uvea, retina and macula, and cranial nerves.
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In recent years, the study of symbiotic microbial community on human health and disease has gradually become a hot spot.In particular, the Human Microbiome Project and the emergence of 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology have further promoted the study of human-related microbiota.The gut microbiota is the largest microecosystem of the human body.Normal gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining host immune balance, promoting nutrient metabolism and sustaining intestinal homeostasis.At present, there is increasing evidence that gut microbiota disorders are associated with a variety of diseases, not only having an impact on the intestinal tract but also affecting many extraintestinal tissues and organs.With the emergence of the concept of gut-brain axis, which interacts between gut microbiota and brain, some researchers suggest that there may also be gut-eye axis between gut microbiota and eye.This review summarized the recent research advances on the role of gut microbiota in ophthalmic diseases, including corneal diseases, uveitis, retinopathies, and the ophthalmic diseases associated with systemic diseases, in the hope that it could provide evidence for the existence of gut-eye axis and new idea for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases in the future.
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Cytomegalovirus is a kind of double-stranded DNA virus in herpesvirus family.The initial infection can occur at all ages.The ocular manifestations are diverse after infection.Cytomegalovirus corneal endotheliitis, cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis are the most common types, which can cause serious damage to vision.Mastering the clinical features of these diseases and making early diagnosis can help to realize early intervention and improve visual prognosis.The susceptible population, risk factors, ocular clinical manifestations, the characteristics in common ocular auxiliary examinations, molecular biotechnology-assisted diagnosis method and various treatment methods of cytomegalovirus endotheliitis, cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis were reviewed in this article so as to provide reference for clinical work.
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@#Circular RNA(circRNA)is a single-stranded covalently closed RNA molecule produced by reverse splicing, which is an evolutionarily conserved and stable transcript, and widely exists in various eukaryotic cells. CircRNA is more stable and conserved than linear transcripts because of the absence of 5'cap and 3'polyadenylation tail in circRNA. A variety of bioactive processes are regulated by circRNA, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis and cell apoptosis. CircRNAs were shown to be key regulators of various diseases, especially cancers, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular. Recently, with the rapid development of RNA high-throughput sequencing technology, accumulating evidence shows that there are multiple differentially expressed circRNAs in ocular tissues and they play important roles in initiation, progression, and prognosis of diverse ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, cataract, retinopathy, ocular tumors and ocular immunologic diseases. In this article, the research on the relationship between circRNA and ophthalmic diseases in the recent years is briefly reviewed, and the purpose is to provide reference for its clinical treatment and prognosis.
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@#With the rapid development of molecular biology technologies such as whole-genome testing in the past decade, non-coding RNA has been deeply explored. Circular RNA(circRNA)gradually becomes a hot topic in recent years, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, and relevant studies have been carried out in ophthalmological diseases. This article will review the mechanism, basic research, and clinical findings of circRNA in various ophthalmic diseases, and briefly discuss the potential clinical significance of circRNA in ophthalmic diseases.
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Circular RNA (circRNA) is a closed loop molecule generated by the back-splicing of pre-mRNA.CircRNA can act as microRNA (miRNA) sponge or combine with proteins and RNAs to form complexes, having functions of regulating the host gene expression and protein translation, which is of great significance in physiology and pathophysiology.Aberrant expression of specific circRNA exists in multiple ophthalmic diseases.As miRNA sponge that regulates the expression of target genes, circRNA may induce the various dysfunctions of eye cells, resulting in neovascularization, vascular leakage, inflammation, neurodegeneration, lens opacity, tumor growth and other pathologic changes, which plays an important role in the development and progression of eye disorders.In this article, the current expression characteristics of circRNA and the gene regulatory networks mediated by circRNA in several ophthalmic diseases were reviewed to explore the value of circRNA being diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets in ophthalomology.
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Background@#To strengthen access to health care and services to the population, there is a need to strengthen surveillance-information-control systems based on statistical data and risk-based approaches to disease control.@*Methods@#We have used the report of the Polyclinic Eye cabinet 2016-2018 and the reports of illnesses.@*Results@#In 2016-2018, 12271 people served as policlinic eye cabinets, of which 2935 / 23.9% / male% 9336 / 76.1% / women.. The number of cases of blindness and low vision (H54) was higher than in 2018. Most of the patients were older, while the greater the blindness of the cataract.@*Conclusions@#Eye-to-eye function is not in the best condition for current illnesses and needs, therefore, it is necessary to establish a eye center for further diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases
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@#Long non-coding RNAs(LncRNAs)refer to RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides and cannot encode a protein. With the application of next-generation sequencing technology, whole-genome analysis shows that LncRNAs can regulate gene expression in immune response, epigenetic, gene transcription and post-transcriptional levels, thereby participating in the maintenance of cell proliferation and apoptosis, tissue homeostasis and other physiological processes. LncRNAs have been shown to involve in initiation and development of a variety of human diseases in recent years. This article reviews the research progress of LncRNAs in common diseases of ophthalmology, in order to early diagnosis and treatment of related ophthalmic diseases.
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Medical artificial intelligence (AI) is an important technical strategy to promote medical supply-side reforms and national development.Images of ophthalmic disease are the important data resource for the development and application of ophthalmic AI-aided diagnosis and treatment systems based on medical big data.In order to establish an AI ophthalmic disease imaging database that can be effectively utilized as big data resources, improve the efficiency of ophthalmic AI research, and promote the development of ophthalmic AI research based on big data in the new era, the International Ophthalmic Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Alliance drafted and adopted the "Guidelines for image quality assessment of artificial intelligence ophthalmic diseases imaging database" . Specifications and recommendations of the image quality assessment for the AI ophthalmic disease image database were formulated on data types, data related information, data quality, informed consent, and data sharing.
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BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study investigated the clinical and pathological features of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related ophthalmic disease. To clarify the features, we compared IgG4-related ophthalmic disease and orbital inflammatory pseudotumor. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 103 patients who were initially diagnosed with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, and identified 16 cases in which the diagnosis was based on surgical biopsy and for which data in medical records were sufficient for analysis. Immunohistochemical staining of pathological specimens for IgG and IgG4 was performed. Finally, six of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease patient and 10 of orbital inf lammatory pseudotumor patient were analyzed. RESULTS: The IgG4-related ophthalmic disease group had more IgG4-positive plasma cells and a higher IgG4/IgG plasma cell ratio than the orbital inflammatory pseudotumor group. Collagenous fibrosis and lacrimal gland involvement were significantly more frequent in the IgG4-related ophthalmic disease group. Dense lymphocyte infiltration, obliterative phlebitis, and bilateral lesions were more frequent in IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, but the differences were not significant. The recurrence-free period was shorter in the IgG4-related ophthalmic disease group (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: The location of the lesion (lacrimal gland), count and ratio of IgG4-positive plasma cells, and collagenous fibrosis aid the diagnosis of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease in patients with idiopathic orbital mass-like lesions. In addition, maintenance therapy should be considered in patients with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease to prevent recurrence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy , Collagen , Diagnosis , Fibrosis , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulins , Lacrimal Apparatus , Lymphocytes , Medical Records , Orbit , Orbital Pseudotumor , Phlebitis , Plasma Cells , Recurrence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
@#IgG4-RD is a newly recognized chronic and systemic disease. IgG4-positive plasma cells play a part in the occurrence and development of this disease. “IgG4-related ophthalmic disease(ROD)” was proposed for the involvement of eyes in general. The clinical manifestations of IgG4-ROD are various due to different involved parts and have unique pathologic features compared with other organs. With a better understanding on this disease in recent years, diagnosis and treatment rate has been improved. In this paper, we will discuss the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinicopathological features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, serum biochemical indices, imaging examinations and treatment about IgG4-ROD.
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Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is a recently recognized entity characterized by abundant tissue infiltration by IgG4-positive plasma cells and high serum levels of IgG4. IgG4 disease can also affect the lacrimal glands and periocular tissues and usually manifest painless eyelid or periocular tissue swelling. However, IgG4 related ophthalmic disease rarely cause diplopia. We report a case of diplopia IgG4 related ophthalmic disease presenting as diplopia and headache.
Subject(s)
Diplopia , Eyelids , Headache , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulins , Lacrimal Apparatus , Plasma CellsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To report a case of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related ophthalmic disease associated with adult xanthogranulomatous disease. CASE SUMMARY: A 38-year-old male with a history of cholecystectomy visited our clinic for bilateral periorbital swelling. Histopathology of the orbital biopsy showed diffuse infiltration of foamy histiocytes with Touton giant cells and lymphoid follicles, with a diagnosis of adult-onset xanthogranuloma. After excisional biopsy, he was treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. Four years after treatment, he again visited the clinic due to bilateral, yellowish eyelid masses. Serological examinations were all nonspecific findings, except for elevation of IgG and IgG4 levels. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral symmetric soft tissue enlargement with slightly heterogeneous T1/T2 isosignal intensity, with contrast enhancement at the superolateral aspect of extraconal spaces. Excisional biopsy and blepharoplasty were performed. Immunohistochemical sections showed that the IgG4+/IgG plasma cell ratio was 10–20% and the IgG4 plasma cell count was 22/high power field (HPF). His past sections of 2013 from the pathology department were again stained and showed that the IgG4+/IgG plasma cell ratio was 40–50% and the IgG4 plasma cell count was 59/HPF. Thus, he was definitely diagnosed with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. CONCLUSIONS: If there is recurrent eyelid swelling, IgG4-related ophthalmic disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis. And the patient with adult xanthogranulomatous disease can be diagnosed with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Azathioprine , Biopsy , Blepharoplasty , Cholecystectomy , Diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Eyelids , Giant Cells , Histiocytes , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulins , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Orbit , Pathology , Plasma Cells , PrednisoloneABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In the present study, a case of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease which met the 2015 IgG4-related ophthalmic disease diagnostic criteria is reported and literature review performed. CASE SUMMARY: A 51-year-old female presented with both upper eyelid swelling, redness, and a palpable mass. Eye movements were normal and exophthalmos was not observed. Facial computed tomography showed both lacrimal gland hypertrophy. The patient underwent left anterior orbitotomy with incisional biopsy. Immunostained biopsy showed the ratio of IgG4+ to IgG+ cells was 50% and the mean number of IgG4-positive plasma cells was approximately 150 per high-power field. Hematological examination showed elevated serum IgG4 concentrations of 6,930 mg/dL, however, other organs were not involved. The patient satisfied the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. The patient was given an oral steroid and immunosuppressant and the symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: IgG4-related ophthalmic disease is currently receiving increased attention. The authors of the present study report a case of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease which met the 2015 IgG4-related ophthalmic disease diagnostic criteria.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Biopsy , Exophthalmos , Eye Movements , Eyelids , Hypertrophy , Immunoglobulin G , Lacrimal Apparatus , Plasma CellsABSTRACT
·Adult orbital xanthogranulomatous disease is a group of rare orbital and ocular adnexal disorders, which is classified as class II non - Langerhans histiocytic proliferations. This disease can be classified into 4 subtypes based mainly on systemic involvement: adult-onset xanthogranuloma, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Erdheim-Chester disease and adult-onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma. Diagnosis depends on its characteristic clinical manifestations and pathologic features. Therapeutic approaches are derived from anecdotal evidences, which include corticosteroid, immunosuppressive agent, surgical debulking and chemotherapy. The management of this disease varies with different subtypes, as well as associated systemic presentations. This review summarizes advances of etiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
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?Advances in genome-wide analysis have revealed that up to 90%of the human genome is transcribed.However, only approximately 1% of RNA transcripts encode proteins, and the remaining transcripts are noncoding RNAs.Noncoding RNAs can be roughly divided into small noncoding RNAs (200nt ). Small noncoding RNAs include microRNAs, transfer RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs, whereas the long noncoding RNAs comprise ribosomal RNA, natural antisense transcripts, etc. Although the biosynthesis and biological activities of microRNAs are well studied through bioinformatics and active biological molecules analysis, the understanding of LncRNAs on these aspects is still limited.LncRNAs play multiple roles in regulating gene transcription and translation, and epigenetics.Aberrant LncRNAs expression can occur in various pathological processes and significantly related to the pathogenesis or poor prognosis of ophthalmological diseases. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics and regulatory functions of LncRNAs that are commonly associated with ophthalmological diseases.