ABSTRACT
Fruit cracking is a common physiological disease. Many fruits such as tomato, sweet cherry, apple, jujube, pomegranate, and litchi are liable to crack, causing considerable economic loss and agricultural resources waste. The mechanisms of fruit cracking are comprehensive. Some correlations have been observed between susceptibility of fruit cracking and some fruit traits (genetic, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit growth rate, water content, fruit skin characteristics, related gene expression, etc). Also, environmental condition (temperature, light, rainfall, etc) and orchard management (irrigation, sun-shade, mineral, growth regulator, etc) can influence fruit cracking. Here, progress in studies on fruit cracking is reviewed to provide a reference for prevention and control of fruit cracking.
Subject(s)
Fruit , Litchi , Solanum lycopersicumABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to assess food and foraging niches of carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard selecting two transects I and II at Punjab Agricultural University campus from March 2015 to February 2016. There were observed 12 and 11 carnivorous bird species out of total 52 and 38 bird species recorded in transect I and II respectively. Habitat features (hedgerows, un-cemented water channel), irrigation schedules and fruit developmental stages seemed to determine the bird composition, especially carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard
ABSTRACT
In this study, models for assessing resources of forestry residues were improved based on analysis of previous studies and current forest production in China. And novelties are highlighted: this study covered the models for the calculation of 10 secondary forestry residues from woody nursery, forest woody pruning, wood logging, firewood, wood bucking, wood handling, waste wood, banana and pineapple plants, bamboo processing and waste bamboo; the residues produced from fast-growing forest for logging and processing of imported wood were taken into consideration to calculate woody residue potential; the calculation of pruning residue included woody fruit trees, and herbaceous fruit plants from the management of orchard and other economic forest; the consistency of parameter terminology and definition which referred from their literature resources have been ensured; more studies focused on the coefficient values, industrial standard, forestry residue amount and spatial distribution are recommended for future researches.
ABSTRACT
Abstract An actinobacterial strain VL-RK_09 having potential antimicrobial activities was isolated from a mango orchard in Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh (India) and was identified as Arthrobacter kerguelensis. The strain A. kerguelensis VL-RK_09 exhibited a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Production of bioactive metabolites by the strain was the highest in modified yeast extract malt extract dextrose broth, as compared to other media tested. Lactose (1%) and peptone (0.5%) were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimum production of the bioactive metabolites. The maximum production of the bioactive metabolites was detected in the culture medium with an initial pH of 7, in which the strain was incubated for five days at 30 °C under shaking conditions. Screening of secondary metabolites obtained from the culture broth led to the isolation of a compound active against a wide variety of Gram-positive and negative bacteria and fungi. The structure of the first active fraction was elucidated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The compound was identified as S,S-dipropyl carbonodithioate. This study is the first report of the occurrence of this compound in the genus Arthrobacter.
Subject(s)
Arthrobacter/isolation & purification , Arthrobacter/metabolism , Mangifera/microbiology , Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Salts/metabolism , Temperature , Carbon/metabolism , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Metabolome , Metabolomics/methods , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Minerals/metabolism , Nitrogen/metabolismABSTRACT
In this study, influence of land-use type on soil respiration was investigated in poplar plantation, apple orchard (apple trees with understory grasses) and adjacent grassland sites in Seyitler Area, Artvin, Turkey. Soil respiration was measured approximately monthly in three sampling plots in each land use type from January 2005 to November 2005 using the soda-lime technique. Mean daily soil respiration ranged from 0.63-3.59 g C m-2 d-1. Mean soil respiration in apple orchard, poplar plantation and grassland sites were 1.98, 1.45 and 1.12 g C m-2 d-1, respectively. Mean soil respiration was significantly greater in apple orchard than in poplar plantations and grasslands. Seasonal changes in soil respiration were related to soil moisture and temperature changes. Mean soil respiration rate correlated strongly with subsurface soil (15-35cm) pH (R = -0,73; p<0.05), sand content (R= 0.96, p<0.001), soil silt content (R= -0.75; p<0.05), soil clay content (R= -0,83; p<0.001) and organic matter content (R= 0,88; p<0.001). No significant correlations were observed between soil respiration and surface (0-15 cm) soil properties and root biomass. Overall, our results indicate that apple orchards with understory grasses have higher soil biological activity compared to poplar and grassland sites.
ABSTRACT
This stady evaluated the capture of A. sororcula in the traps baited with the conspecific virgin adults and food attractant in two orchards. The first was the orchard of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (OUFGD) and the second, the orchard of the Sindicato Rural de Dourados (OSRD). The capture of A. sororcula in McPhail and Jackson traps was carried out using the corn hydrolysed protein (CHP), control (no flies), virgin males (5, 10 and 15), five virgin females and five virgin couples. The average number of the flies caught in the traps with the corn hydrolysed protein was signifícantly higher than all the other treatments. There was no significant capture of A. sororcula females in the traps baited with the conspecific virgin males, females or the couples.
As moscas-das-frutas constituem um grupo de pragas responsáveis por grandes prejuízos econômicos à fruticultura mundial. Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi, é a principal espécie de tefritídeo que ataca a goiaba em Mato Grosso do Sul. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a captura de adultos de A. sororcula em armadilhas com atrativo alimentar e adultos virgens, em dois ambientes. Os bioensaios iniciaram-se com a criação de A. sororcula no Laboratório de Insetos Frugívoros da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD). As pesquisas de campo foram desenvolvidas nos pomares da UFGD e do Sindicato Rural de Dourados (SRD)-MS. A captura de adultos de A. sororcula em armadilhas McPhail e Jackson foi avaliada para os tratamentos: proteína hidrolisada de milho, testemunha (sem moscas), machos virgens (5, 10 e 15), 5 fêmeas virgens e 5 casais. O número médio de indivíduos capturados nas armadilhas com proteína foi significativamente maior que nos demais tratamentos. O número médio de adultos de A. sororcula, capturado com o tratamento proteína no SRD foi significativamente superior ao do pomar da UFGD. Não ocorreu captura significativa de fêmeas de A. sororcula nas armadilhas com machos virgens co-específicos como atrativo.
ABSTRACT
As coleobrocas usam a madeira para realizar o seu ciclo de vida, fazendo galerias e causando danos na estrutura da planta e em certas situações, permitindo a entrada de patógenos. Este trabalho foi realizado de janeiro a maio de 2005 objetivando identificar e obter informações sobre as espécies de coleobrocas associadas a restos de cultura em área de cultivo de manga, no município de José de Freitas-Piauí. Foram coletados em cada área das variedades Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Kent e Palmer, dez ramos caídos, com aproximadamente 50 cm de comprimento e 2,5 cm de diâmetro, que foram levados ao laboratório de Fitossanidade do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Piauí. As coleobrocas adultas foram retiradas da madeira, montadas em alfinetes entomológicos e enviadas ao Instituto Biológico em São Paulo-SP para identificação das espécies. Foram coletadas as coleobrocas Hypothenemus sp.(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Xyleborus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) e Orthostoma chryseis (Bates, 1970) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
The coleoborers use the wood to complete part of their cycle of life. In search for food they can makegalleries and cause damages in the structure of the plant, allowing the entrance of pathogenic individualsthat will harm the development of the crop. This research was carried out from January to May 2005aiming to get information on the species of coleoborers associated to crop wastes in the area of mangocrop, in José de Freitas county - Piauí. The insects had been collected in areas of Tommy Atkins, Keitt,Kent and Palmer varieties, in 10 fallen branches, with approximately 50 cm long and 2.5 cm of diameter,that were taken to the plant health laboratory of Centro de Ciências Agrárias in Universidade Federal doPiauí. The coleoborers were removed from the wood, assembled in entomologic pins and sent to theInstituto Biológico in São Paulo-SP for species identification. The coleoborers Hypothenemus sp.(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Xyleborus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) andOrthostoma chryseis (Bates, 1970) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were found.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Eleusine , MangiferaABSTRACT
The populational fluctuation of flies of the genera Willistoniella Mik and Ropalomera Wiedemann (Diptera: Ropalomeridae) was studied using McPhail traps, with molasses (10%) as attractive bait, in two places in a mixed orchard of the families Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocinaceaeand Gutiferae, during 13 months (december of 1996 to december of 1997) in the Central Amazonia, Brazil.The total of 1,148 Willistoniella flies and 99 Ropalomera flies were captured. The abundance observed in the genera was larger during the dry months, however there was no correlation between flies caught in the traps and the rainfall in the two places.
A flutuação populacional de moscas dos gêneros Willistoniella Mik e RopalomeraWiedemann (Diptera: Ropalomeridae) foi estudada utilizando-se armadilhas McPhail, com melaço de cana (10%) como isca, em dois lugares com pomar misto, com frutíferas das famílias Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocinaceae e Gutiferae, durante 13 meses (dezembro de 1996 a dezembrode 1997) na Amazônia Central. Foram capturadas 1.148 moscas do gênero Willistoniella e 99 moscas de Ropalomera. A abundância observada nos gêneros foi maior durante os meses secos, entretanto não houve correlação entre o número de moscas capturadas nas armadilhas com a precipitação nos dois locais amostrados.
ABSTRACT
The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin, lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, Brazil. The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume ofapplication of 1.5 ± 0.5 mg/cm2. After spraying, the pupae were kept in test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25 ± 2oC, 70 ± 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males or females of C. externa was also evaluated under acompletely randomized design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair. The insecticides were classified following the method established by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E < 30% of mortality). However, thiacloprid and deltamethrin were toxic to the adults (E > 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management programs in citrus crops.
Avaliou-se a seletividade dos inseticidas abamectina, lufenurom, óxido de fenbutatina, tebufenozide, tiaclopride e deltametrina utilizados em citros para pupas e adultos de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Entomologia da UFLA, Lavras, MG. As pulverizações foram realizadas por meio de torre de Potter utilizando-se 1,5 ± 0,5 mg/ cm2. Após a pulverização, as pupas foram colocadas em tubos de vidro e mantidas em câmara climática,e os adultos em gaiolas de PVC em sala climatizada (25 ± 2oC, 70 ± 10% UR e fotofase de 12h). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis inseticidas e dez repetições, sendo cada uma formada por três pupas ou um casal de adultos. Também foi avaliado o efeito do lufenurom na capacidade reprodutiva quando pulverizado sobre machos ou fêmeas desse predador. Os produtosforam enquadrados em classes de toxicidade seguindo metodologia estabelecida pela Organização Internacional para Controle Biológico e Integrado de Animais e Plantas Nocivos (IOBC). Todos os produtos foram seletivos para pupas (E < 30% de mortalidade). Tiaclopride e deltametrina foram tóxicos aos adultos (E > 99% de mortalidade), sendo que óxido de fenbutatina e tebufenozide mostraram-seseletivos. Quando pulverizado somente sobre fêmeas de C. externa, lufenurom reduziu significativamente a viabilidade de ovos. Os produtos óxido de fenbutatina e tebufenozide, em função da baixa toxicidade apresentada, podem ser recomendados no manejo integrado de pragas na cultura dos citros emassociação com C. externa.
ABSTRACT
There have been a few reports of occupational asthma caused by Tetranychus urticae in fruit farmers or greenhouse workers. We report a case of bronchial asthma induced by Tetranychus urticae from a pear orchard in Cheonan city. An 18-year-old female student living around a pear orchard suffered from intermittent cough, rhinorrhea, and dyspnea for the 3 years. Her PC20 -methacholine was 0.15mg/ml, and skin prick test done with 55 inhalant allergens showed negative responses except Tetranychus urticae extract which was prepared with highly parasitized pear leaves. Bronchial provocation test with Tetranychus urticae extract showed a dual asthmatic response. These findings indicate that Tetranychus urticae, which include parasites in fruit trees, herba,ceous plants, and greenhouse cultures, can cause IgE-mediated bronchoconstriction in Korea.