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OBJECTIVE: To study preparation process and formula of Kang'aiping dispersible tablets. METHODS: Orthogonal designs were used to optimize water extraction process of traditional Chinese herbs from Kang'aiping pills, spray drying process of extracts and formulas of Kang'aiping dispersible tablets. RESULTS: The optimal water-extraction process is established by adding eight times water of raw materials, boiling for 60 min and extracting for two times. The optimal spray drying process parameters are that the density of the liquid extracts is 1.20 g•mL-1, inlet air temperature is 180 ℃ and outlet air temperature is 80 ℃. And the optimal formula consists of 37% microcrystalline cellulose, 5:1 of the ratio of croscarmellose sodium and PVPP, and 0.15% magnesium stearate. CONCLUSION: Formula and process optimized by using orthogonal experimental design is suitable for preparation of Kang'aiping dispersible tablets.
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Objective To study the effect from personalized insoles with different structural heel pads on plantar stress concentration of patients with heel pain. Methods Base on statistics and finite element analysis method, the finite element model of foot and personalized insoles for patient with heel pain were established. The effects from different insoles on stress of soft tissues and plantar fascia were simulated. Results The internal stress of plantar soft tissues was higher than that of plantar epidermis, and the stress of the third plantar fascia was the highest. During barefoot standing, the internal peak stress of plantar soft tissues was 1.34 times of plantar epidermis, and the stress of the third plantar fascia was 1.50 MPa. The result of orthogonal experiment showed that the optimized insole model could reduce the internal peak stress of plantar soft tissues by 51%, meanwhile relieve the stress of the third plantar fascia by 11.3%. Conclusions The optimum scheme of personalized buffer insole is the design of vertical ellipse and honeycomb groove. Such structure can assist the absorption or buffering of concussion from calcaneal fat pad, and relieve the plantar stress concentration and tension of the plantar fascia. This study is helpful to understand plantar stress distributions of patients with heel pain, which is of great significance to the study of pathology and prevention of heel pain.
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Objective In view of the uncertainties of material parameters for child craniocerebral tissues, the effects of such parameters on responses of child head under direct impact loads were investigated. Methods The impact simulation experiments were conducted under direct impact loads by using a validated finite element model of 3-year-old child head. Taguchi orthogonal method and variance analysis were performed to analyze the material properties of craniocerebral tissues in child head. Results Elastic modulus of the skull had statistically significant effects on impact responses of child head. With the skull elastic modulus increasing, the coup pressure decreased significantly (P=0.000), whereas the contrecoup pressure (P=0.000) and maximum Von Mises stress of the skull increased significantly (P=0.000). The linear viscoelastic material parameters of brain tissues also had statistically significant effects on impact responses of child head. With the increase of the short-time shear modulus of brain tissues, the maximum shear stress of brain tissues increased significantly (P=0.000) whereas the maximum principal strain decreased significantly (P=0.000). Conclusions These statistical analysis results can provide references for selecting material parameter of craniocerebral tissues in finite element model of child head, which will be helpful to improve diagnosis accuracy of brain injuries such as concussion difficult to be definitely diagnosed when using brain CT images in clinic.
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Objective To optimize novel triazole antifungal compounds synthesis of key intermediates.Methods The or-thogonal experimental design is used,emphasizing on four factors including the reaction temperature,the weight ratio of mate-rial,reaction time and solvent on the yield.Results The effect of reaction temperature on the reaction yield is the most signifi-cant,followed by reaction time ;the weight ratio of material and solvent on the yield impact is not obvious.Conclusion The new technology has several advantages and yields up to about 50%,less reactive impurities,easy post processing.
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Objective To improve the synthesis process of chlorine f (1).Methods A "one-pot"method was applied to prepare Photosensitizer component (1),using pheophorbide a (3) as raw material by oxidating and cracking of the E-ring of (3) with bubbling oxygen in alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide at 0 ℃ followed by refluxing in nitrogen atmosphere.In order to obtain the optimal synthetic procedure,the orthogonal experimental design of L9 (34 ) was adopted to investigate three different levels of four main factors i.e.ring opening reaction time,alcoholic variety,alkali concentration and refluxing reaction time.Results The target compound (1) was optimizedly synthesized through treatment of raw material (3) with bubbling oxy-gen in 25% ethanol solution of potassium hydroxide at 0℃ for 30 min,followed by refluxing in nitrogen atmosphere for 20 min in yield of 40.8%.Conclusion The procedure developed has some advantages of simple and safty operation,and high synthetic yield.
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Objective To optimize the process of extracting total saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum by orthogonal experimental design and central composite design-response surface method. Methods Independent variables were concentration of ethanol, reflux extraction time, reflux time and solvent fold. Dependent variables were extraction rate of total saponins in Platycodon grandiflorum and the yield of dry extract.Linear or nonlinear mathematic models were used to estimate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Results The result of the orthogonal experimental design was 70%ethanol, 180 min for reflux, 6 fold of solvent and 2 times for extraction. The result of central composite design-response surface method was 70% ethanol, 140 min for reflux, 10 fold of solvent and 2 times for extraction. Conclusion The central composite design-response surface method is better than orthogonal experimental design in studying extraction process of Platycodon grandiflorum, which provides basis for feasibility of application of central composite design-response surface method in optimization of extraction process of Chinese traditional medicine.
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Objective:To study the optimal water extraction method for Shugan Xiaocuo granules. Methods: The study was car-ried out according to the orthogonal tablet. The water amount, extraction time,extraction times and soak time as the influencing factors, and the extractive yield and baicalin content as the indices in a comprehensive evaluation, the optimal extraction technology was screened. Results:The optimal extraction technology was as follows:soaked 30 minutes before cooking, 8-fold water,extracted for 3 times with 1h for every time. Conclusion:The verification test showed that the optimum extraction process was stable,reasonable and feasible.
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Objective: Currently most researches concerning electret transdermal patches are performed by one-factor experimental design with relatively poor efficiency. To analyze the influencing factors in a more systematical and effective manner, we put forward an optimized design for in vitro experiment with electret transdermal patches. Methods: Due to the great number and various levels of factors impacting the charge storage stability of electrets, we combined uniform design and orthogonal design to optimize the screening for the stable transdermal patch. In the following in vitro study, we optimized the design of percutaneous experiments to screen for charge polarity and penetration enhancers using a two-factor experimental design. And using an orthogonal experimental design, we further studied the influence of different levels of main drug, surface potential and penetration enhancer on transdermal absorption. Conclusion: The present design, taking into consideration of various factors and using multi-factor experimental design, can more effectively analyze data, reduce workload, and is feasible.
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The influencing factors of ultrasonic extraction(UE) and ultrasonic-soxhlet extraction(USE) were analyzed based on orthogonal experimental design. The optimum analytical conditions of two methods were determined. The three different methods: UE, USE and traditional soxhlet extraction(SE) were compared by simultaneous analysis with three different soil samples: fresh contaminated soil, soil after microbial remediation and soil after phytoremediation. The optimum condition of the UE was extracting 4 times with chloroform, 15 mL extractant every time. The optimum condition of the USE method was ultrasonic for 10 min at 60 W, followed by soxhlet extraction with 125 mL extractant for 6 h. Compared the three different methods, USE method showed the best result with the highest average extraction rate of 102.98%, the UE method with average extraction rate of 99.69%, and the SE method with low average extraction rate of 97.31%. The research indicates that USE method is effective in determining soil total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH) within shorter time and higher efficiency and can be used as a method for determining TPH content in different soils.
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Objective To optimize the best techniques of preparing baicalin gelatin microspheres with orthogonal experimental design.Methods Baicalin gelatin microspheres were prepared by emulsion chemical-cross linking method with degradable gelatin as carrier,liquid paraffin as oil phase,Span-80 as emulsifier.The particle size,containing efficiency of microspheres were determined and technique reproducibility was studied.Results Microspheres with good shape,smooth surface and narrow size distribution were prepared.The average diameter of microspheres was 27.47 ?m,the loading amount of medicine was 8.18% and encapsulation efficiency was 70.21%.Conclusion The preparation procedure established was stable and practical.
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Objective To choose the bestway of extracting procedure of Rhizoma corydalis. Methods The optimal extraction process is selected with the orthogonal design. The content of corydalis B and the yield of extracts were used to evaluate the factor levels. Results The ideal extraction process is:extracted with 75% alcohol for 2 times, first 6 times amount, soaked 0.5 h, refluxed 1.5 h, then 4 times amount, refluxed 1.5 h. Conclusions This extractive condition is the best way.
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Objective To sustain drug concentration of papaverine in subarachnoid for treatment of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and confirm whether controlled releasing system is appropriate for the prevention of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.To prepare appropriate gelatin microspheres by optimizing experiment conditions,load them with papaverine and observe its release characteristics in vitro.Methods Degradable gelatin was used as a carrier with liquid paraffin as oil phase and Span-80 as emulsifier.Orthogonal experimental design was introduced to optimize the preparation conditions of the blank gelatin microspheres.Furthermore,papaverine gelatin microspheres were prepared using improved emulsified cold-condensation method.Results After optimizing,microspheres with good shape,smooth surface and narrow size distribution were prepared.The amount of drug carried by microspheres was 28%.Studies on the release in vitro showed that newly no initial burst release could be seen,the drug could be released slowly in two weeks.Conclusion The preparation procedure established was stable and practical,and the microspheres obtained showed good sustained-release characteristics.
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Objective To select the best condition for microwave assisted extraction (MAE) of flavones from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L . and compare this method with the most conventional extraction way. Methods Both microwave assisted extraction and theat maceration were adopted for flavones from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. , and the total content was determined by spectrophotometry. Results Under appropriate MAE conditions, both the recovery and purity of total flavones obtained from the experiments by uniform design and the orthogonal design were very similar. The optimal recovery and purity by orthogonal experimental design were 212 4 mg/g and 61 9%, respectively. The optimal results by orthogonal experimental design were 216 2 mg/g and 57 1%, respectively. However, the results by maceration were only 114 6 mg/g and 40 1%, respectively. Conclusion MAE is a more suitable method for the extraction of flavones from leaves of Ginkgo biloba L . because of its higher extraction rate and purity.
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Objective: To optimize the expression of recombinant human monocyte chemoattractant protein (rhuMCP-1) in E.coli DE3. Methods:With NBS-MICROS 15 L T.DR fermentor, pGEX-IN/huMCP-1 was constructed by our laboratory. Four parameters including pH,temperature,agitation rate and concentration of IPTG were studied by orthogonal experimental design. Results: It was found that the expression level was greatly affected by the amount of dissolved oxygen. This indicated that the agitation rate and ventilation amount were the most important parameters during fermentation. Examined by SDS-PAGE and gel scanning, the expression level of total protein was over 40% when agitation rate was 300 r/min and ventilation amount was 10 L/min. Conclusion: A method for high-level expression of huMCP-1 on pilot-scale is established, and it will be useful for large-scale industrial production of target protein.
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OBJECTIVE:To optimize formula for the compound naftifine hydrochloride cream and to study the stability of its finished products.METHOD:The dosage of the hexadecanol,octadecanol,S-40and sodium dodecyl sulfate was taken as variable factor,the orthogonal experimental design method was adopted and L 9 (3 4 )table was chosen for the experiment.RE-SULTS:The optimized formula is composed of4%of hexadecanol,2%of octadecanol,6%of S-40and0.1%of sodium do-decyl sulfate,from which the finished products manufactured had good stability.CONCLUSION:The cream prepared from this optimized formula and method can meet the specification stated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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The optimum conditions for the processing of Sparganium stoloniferum Buch-Ham. withvinegar were studied by L9(3)4 orthogonal experimental design, as guided by decrease of writhing rate inanalgesic test and anticoagulant activity. The results showed that the best processing conditions were stirfrying of the raw S. stoloniferum with the addition of 25 kg of vinegar per 100 kg of crude drug at 130℃for 10 min.
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Objective To optimize the extraction method for assaying Jinyou Tankeqing Tablets(JTT).Methods With the total flavonoids content as the index,Orthogonal Experimental Design was used to optimize the extraction condition for assaying JTT.Results The optimized ultrasonic extraction method was as follows: adding 0.2 mL?mg-1 powder to 95 % ethanol,extracting for 30 min;the optimized Sohlex extraction method was: adding 1.2 mL?mg-1 powder to 95 % ethanol,extracting for 2 h,the former method being better than the later.Conclusion The optimized extraction method for assaying JTT is adding 0.2 mL?mg-1 powder to 95 % ethanol and extracting for 30 min with ultrasonic wave.
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Object To optimize the process for the extraction of the original recipe used in the treatment of eczema to give a new ECZEMA SPRAY dosage form Methods The extraction process was studied by orthogonal experimental design as guided by determining the content of paeonol and baicalin in the extract Results The optimal extraction process was to reflux the original recipe with 80% ethanol twice at a bath temperature of about 90 ℃ for 1 5 and 1 0 h respectively The amount of ethanol used for each extraction was 10 and 8 times of the original recipe respectively Conclusion The above extraction process gave the most rational and satisfactory results
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Object To study the conditions for the extraction of active ingredients in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) Methods Conditions for the extraction were studied by orthogonal experimental design as guided by the content of ferulic acid presented in the extract Results The optimum conditions for the yield of ferulic acid were thus established Conclusion The best SFE conditions were: temperature of the extraction pot was 70 ℃ under the pressure of 35 MPa, CO 2 as the modifier with the flow rate of 25 kg/h, the time for extraction was 2 5 h
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Leukoregulin is an immunologic hormone whose anticancer action includethe inhibition of cellular proliferation and cytolysis of tumor cells eitherdirectly or indirectly by enhancing the tumor cell's susceptibility to dest-ruction mediated by natural killer cells.The optimal condition for the ind-uction of leukoregulin Were studied by using orthogonal experimental design.The optimal concentration is 1x10~7/ml for human spleen cells;3.1?g/mlfor phytohemagglutinin(PHA);12.5ng/ml for 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate;15% for boyin serum.Leukoregulin activity prepared by 70 hincubation is maximum,the experiment also confirmed that the inducingleukoregulin effect of PHA-PⅢis significantly high.