Effects of Dietary Linseed Oil and/or Perilla Oil on Liver Lipid Concentrations and Oxidative Stress in Rats / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Objective: We studied the effect of linseed oil (LO) and perilla oil (PO) diets (rich in α-linoleic acid) compared to a normal diet in rats, and assessed liver lipid concentrations and oxidative stress. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 5 weeks in three groups were fed a normal diet for 20 days, and liver lipid concentrations and oxidative stress were then measured in each rat. The groups were divided into a normal diet containing either lard (the control group: n=6), the LO group (n=6) and the PO group (n=6). Results: Final body weight tended to be lower in the PO group than in the Control group. There was no difference in total food intake between each group. Liver lipid concentrations and oxidative stress were significantly lower in the LO and the PO groups than in the Control group. Conclusion: These results suggested that diets containing LO and PO caused decreased concentrations of liver cholesterol and oxidative stress in rats compared to the control diet. Linseed oil and perilla oil diets are shown to prevent dyslipidemia and to relieve oxidative stress in vivo.

Thai Perilla frutescens fruit oil alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicities in rats

Objective: To study the effect of perilla fruit oil against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Methods: Perilla fruit oil was analyzed in terms of fatty acids, tocopherols and tocotrienols using chromatography. Sub-chronic toxicity of perilla fruit oil was investigated in rats for 90 d followed by a 28 d recovery period. Hematological, biochemical and pathological parameters were determined. To evaluate hepatoprotection, rats were divided into five groups and orally administered with Tween 80 for 10 d; Tween 80, silymarin, perilla fruit oil (0.1 mL/200 g) and perilla fruit oil (1 mL/200 g) for 10 d together with subcutaneous injection of CCl4 (2 mL/200 g) on days 9 and 10. Liver enzymes and pathological parameters were determined. Results: Perilla fruit oil contained α-linolenic acid (56.55％ of total fatty acid), β-tocopherol (49.50 mg/kg) and γ-tocotrienol (43.65 mg/kg). Rats showed significant changes in the percentage of monocytes and platelet indices following perilla fruit oil consumption for 90 d; in the percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and RBC indices in the recovery period when compared with the deionized water group. Total protein and creatinine levels were increased while alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were decreased (P < 0.05). Organ weight index and pathological indicators did not change significantly. The liver of CCl4-induced rats showed remarkable centrilobular fatty changes, which was ameliorated by perilla fruit oil pretreatment. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were decreased (P < 0.05) in rats given perilla fruit oil. Conclusions: Perilla fruit oil is rich in α-linolenic acid, β-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol and improves blood biomarker levels and protects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required before supporting its use for the treatment of hepatitis.

Distribution of Fat Droplets in Liver Tissue of Rats Fed a Diet with Different Fatty Acid Compositions / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Objectives: We examined the effect of oil intake differing in fatty acid composition on fat accumulation amount, concentration of serum and fat droplets adipocytes of liver tissue in rats. Methods: Young male rats were fed a high cholesterol diet containing either lard, soybean oil, perilla oil or fish oil for 4wk. The control diet contained a lard component. Results: Posterior abdominal wall fat and testicle peripheral fat weights were significantly lower in the fish oil group compared with the control and the soybean oil group. The number of fat droplets was significantly higher in the liver tissue of rats in the perilla oil group compared with the other groups, and many fat droplets with small diameters were observed. The proportion of fat droplets to the total area was significantly lower in the perilla oil group and the fish oil group compared with the control and the soybean oil group. Conclusion: The results suggested that oil intake differing in fatty acid composition correlates with fat accumulation amount and lipid droplet area in the liver tissue. Fish oil intake correlated with reduced visceral fat accumulation and is expected to be useful in the prevention and improvement of obesity.

Simultaneous Determination of 5 Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Perilla Oil Soft Capsule by Quantitative Analysis of Multi-components by Single Maker / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 5 unsaturated fatty acids in Perilla oil cap-sule. METHODS:With the reference material of α-linolenic acid methyl ester,GC was used to determine and calculate the relative correction factors of α-linolenic acid methyl ester with methyl palmitate,methyl stearate,methyl oleate and linoleic acid methyl es-ter,and the correction factors were used to calculate the contents of 5 unsaturated fatty acids;the column was Agilent Innowax cap-illary column,the detector was FID,the inlet temperature was 230 ℃,the detector temperature was 250 ℃,the gas flow rate was 20 ml/min(nitrogen),40 ml/min(hydrogen)and 350 ml/min(air),split ratio was 30 to 1,the column temperature was 190 ℃, and injection volume was 1 μl. RESULTS:The linear range was 0.018-0.792 μg(r=0.9994)for methyl palmitate,0.0016-0.0176μg(r=0.9993)for methyl stearate,0.0056-0.2464 μg(r=0.9999)for methyl oleate,0.003-0.132 μg(r=0.9990)for linoleic acid methyl ester and 0.018-0.792 μg(r=0.9998) for α-linolenic acid methyl ester;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 5%;recoveries were 98.990%-101.70%(RSD=0.720%,n=6) for methyl palmitate,99.599%-100.699%(RSD=0.368%,n=6) for methyl stearate,98.996%-101.680%(RSD=1.240%,n=6) for methyl oleate,99.813%-100.963%(RSD=0.434%,n=6)for linoleic acid methyl ester and 97.185%-99.602%(RSD=0.874%,n=6)for α-linolenic acid methyl es-ter. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple and stable with good reproducibility,and can be used for the simultaneous determina-tion of methyl palmitate,methyl stearate,methyl oleate,linoleic acid methyl ester,α-linolenic acid methyl ester in Perilla oil cap-sule.

Anti-atherosclerotic effects of perilla oil in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet / 한국실험동물학회지

Anti-atherosclerosis effects of perilla oil were investigated, in comparison with lovastatin, in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rabbits by feeding the HCD containing 0.5% cholesterol and 1% corn oil, and perilla oil (0.1 or 0.3%) was added to the diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for 10 weeks. HCD greatly increased blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins, and caused thick atheromatous plaques, covering 74% of the aortic wall. Hyper-cholesterolemia also induced lipid accumulation in the liver and kidneys, leading to lipid peroxidation. Perilla oil not only attenuated hypercholesterolemia and atheroma formation, but also reduced fat accumulation and lipid peroxidation in hepatic and renal tissues. The results indicate that perilla oil prevents atherosclerosis and fatty liver by controlling lipid metabolism, and that it could be the first choice oil to improve diet-induced metabolic syndrome.

Perilla oil improves blood flow through inhibition of platelet aggregation and thrombus formation / 한국실험동물학회지

The inhibitory effects of perilla oil on the platelet aggregation in vitro and thrombosis in vivo were investigated in comparison with aspirin, a well-known blood flow enhancer. Rabbit platelet-rich plasma was incubated with perilla oil and aggregation inducers collagen or thrombin, and the platelet aggregation rate was analyzed. Perilla oil significantly inhibited both the collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregations, in which the thromboxane B2 formation from collagen-activated platelets were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. Rats were administered once daily by gavage with perilla oil for 1 week, carotid arterial thrombosis was induced by applying 35% FeCl3-soaked filter paper for 10 min, and the blood flow was monitored with a laser Doppler probe. Perilla oil delayed the FeCl3-induced arterial occlusion in a dose-dependent manner, doubling the occlusion time at 0.5 mL/kg. In addition, a high dose (2 mL/kg) of perilla oil greatly prevented the occlusion, comparable to the effect of aspirin (30 mg/kg). The results indicate that perilla oil inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane formation, and thereby delay thrombosis following oxidative arterial wall injury. Therefore, it is proposed that perilla oil could be a good candidate without adverse effects for the improvement of blood flow.

Effects of perilla oil on plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids and lipid profiles in mice

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perilla oil as well as several vegetable oils, including flaxseed oil, canola oil, and rice bran oil on plasma levels of cardioprotective (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice by feeding each vegetable oil for a period of eight weeks. Concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fish-based (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, showed an increase in the plasma of mice fed perilla and flaxseed oils compared to those of mice in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas rice bran and canola oils did not alter plasma DPA and EPA concentrations. Arachidonic acid concentration was increased by feeding rice bran oil (P < 0.05), but not canola, flaxseed, or perilla oil. In addition, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were altered by feeding dietary rice bran, canola, perilla, and flaxseed oils. Findings of this study showed that perilla oil, similar to flaxseed oil, is cardioprotective and could be used as an alternative to fish oil or even flaxseed oil in animal models.

A New Homogenizing Technology to Obtain Rosmarinic Acid from Perilla Oil Meal / 中草药·英文版

ObjectiveTo optimize the extraction technology of the active component,rosmarinic acid,an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid,in perilla oil meal for the first time by a new homogenizing technology called smashing tissue extraction (STE).MethodsOrthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction condition.The content of rosmarinic acid was quantified from the methanol crude extract with the help of HPLC.ResultsThe optimization of STE process to get rosmarinic acid from the perilla oil meal was the ratio of liquid to solid material at 10∶1 and the power of extraction at 150 V,extracting twice (2 min for each time).ConclusionSTE could be applied to extracting the active ingredients from the oil meals due to its high extraction efficiency.This new homogenizing technology has advantages on saving extraction time,raising extraction efficiency,and maintaining the temperature sensitive constituents.

EXERCISE DOES NOT INCREASE n-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA)-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS / 体力科学

The objective of this study was to examine whether the combination of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA) supplementation and physical exercise training would decrease oxidative stress in comparison with n-3 PUFA supplementation only in humans. Eighteen women college students were divided into a perilla oil supplemented control group or a perilla oil supplemented physical exercise trained group throughout the experimental period of 4 weeks. After the intervention in both groups, plasma triglyceride levels were decreased. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in the control group was increased by n-3 PUFA supplementation. In the trained group, however, TBARS level was unchanged. Plasma vitamin C level in the trained group was significantly decreased by n-3 PUFA supplementation. These results suggest that the combination of n-3 PUFA supplementation and physical exercise training might result in attenuated tissue damage induced by reactive oxygen species, if appropriate daily antioxidants, especially vitamin C, were provided.

EFFECT OF N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON AEROBIC CAPACITY IN YOUNG WOMEN / 体力科学

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has been recognized to affect the peripheral oxygen delivery system with increasing blood rheology. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, using purified perilla oil rich in α-linoleic acid, improves aerobic capacity in young women. Eighteen young, sedentary female college students were divided into an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented control group (PUFA-C, n=10) and an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented trained group (PUFA-T, n=8). All subjects took 20g of perilla oil (11g of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in addition to the usual diet throughout the experimental period of 4 weeks. PUFA-T subjects exercised for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer (intensity, 60% of VO₂max) 4 times a week for 4 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and oxygen uptake at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold level (VT) significantly (p<0.05) increased after treatment in both groups. However, the endurance time in the exhaustive exercise test significantly (p<0.05) increased in the PUFA-T group only. Increasing rates of VO₂max and VT with treatment for the PUFA-C group were lower than those for the PUFA-T group (VO₂max, 12.6% vs 14.4%, VT, 9.7% vs 16.9%). After treatment, these values returned to baseline levels within 2 months of the recovery period without n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in both groups. Only for the PUFA-T group, VO₂max and VT at 2 months after the treatment period were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with baseline levels. These results suggest that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation might have a beneficial effect on improving aerobic capacity with increasing peripheral oxygen delivery. However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation was less effective than aerobic training.

Remission in a Patient with Crohn's Disease Treated by Sairei-to and Perilla Oil / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A 61-year-old female had suffered from diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting since 1984. Although she had been treated with anticholinergics, antidiarrhoics, and Lactobacillus derivatives, the symptoms were unchanged. In July 1988, a partial resection of the distal ileum was performed to overcome adhesive ileus, but soft or mucous feces remained after surgery. The pathological diagnosis of the specimen was Crohn's disease. From July 1994, oral administration of Sairei-to (9g/day) was started. Within two weeks, the feces became normal. The patient gained 2kg of weight in 2 months. In May 1996, the dose of Sairei-to was reduced to 6g/day without changing her condition. In September, she started to take 30g of Perilla oil every day. Sairei-to was discontinued in May 1997 after the dose was reduced to 3g/day for a month. The total duration of Sairei-to therapy was 2 years and 10 months. Ordinary defecation has been observed for 1 year and 3 months since Sairei-to was discontinued. In conclusion, a remission was achieved in a patient suffering from Crohn's disease with a long-term administration of Sairei-to, and the prescription was discontinued for more than a year without recurrence.

A Case of Lipoid Pneumonia after Ingestion of Green Perilla Oil / 결핵

We report a case of lipoid pneumo nia in a 57-year-old man who had a history of ingestion of green perilla oil and residual neurologic deficit of cerebral infarction with right hemiparesis. Lipoid pneumonia was diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage.