ABSTRACT
Diabetes is characterized by derangements in carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism caused by the complete or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion. The decreased oxidative stress in diabetes includes the autoxidation of glucose and non enzymaticglycation and also changes in the antioxidants defense systems. As the diabetes is lowered in human the pharmacological effects of a drug becomes toxic. Our aim was to evaluate the invivo effect of the anti diabetic compound Vanadium in non- diabetic rat models. The oral administration of Vanadium peroxide shows significant changes in the Cholesterol and TG with organ morphology and enhancement in clinical and experimental parameters.Vanadium is an important environmental and industrial pollutant. It is a dietary micronutrient and it has been recently considered as a pharmacological agent. Vanadium compounds have a major role in cellular regulation, with profound effects on enzymes of plasma membrane. Vanadium is one of the abundance trace elements widely distributed in the environment. It is used in steel and chemical industries, and is a containment of many ores, coals, and petroleum oils the manufacture of pigments, in photography and in insecticides. It is been used medicinally as anticeptic, spirochetocide, antituberculotic and antianemic agents and general tonic.
ABSTRACT
Pyrroloquinoline-quinine (PQQ) was initially characterized as a redox cofactor for membrane-bound dehydrogenases in the bacterial system. Subsequently, PQQ was shown to be an antioxidant protecting the living cells from oxidative damage in vivo and the biomolecules from artificially produced reaction oxygen species in vitro. The presence of PQQ has been documented from different biological samples. It functions as a nutrient and vitamin for supporting the growth and protection of living cells under stress. Recently, the role of PQQ has also been shown as a bio-control agent for plant fungal pathogens, an inducer for proteins kinases involved in cellular differentiation of mammalian cells and as a redox sensor leading to development of biosensor. Recent reviews published on PQQ and enzymes requiring this cofactor have brought forth the case specific roles of PQQ. This review covers the comprehensive information on various aspects of PQQ known till date. These include the roles of PQQ in the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation in mammalian system, as a nutrient and vitamin in stress tolerance, in crop productivity through increasing the availability of insoluble phosphate and as a bio-control agent, and as a redox agent leading to the biosensor development. Most recent findings correlating the exceptionally high redox recycling ability of PQQ to its potential as anti-neurodegenerative, anticancer and pharmacological agents, and as a signalling molecule have been distinctly brought out. This review discusses different findings suggesting the versatility in PQQ functions and provides the most plausible intellectual basis to the ubiquitous roles of this compound in a large number of biological processes, as a nutrient and a perspective vitamin.