Eficácia no uso de estratégia de gamificação na terapia fonológica / Efficacy in the use of gamification strategy in phonological therapy

RESUMO Objetivo comparar as eficácias da terapia fonológica tradicional e terapia fonológica associada à estratégia de gamificação em sujeitos com Transtorno Fonológico (TF). Método participaram dez sujeitos com TF que apresentavam o processo de substituição de líquidas. Os sujeitos foram randomizados em dois grupos: terapia fonológica tradicional (grupo controle - GC) e terapia fonológica associada a estratégia de gamificação mediada por computador (grupo gamificação - GG). A intervenção fonológica compreendeu, para ambos os grupos, etapas de percepção e produção de fala. As intervenções se diferenciaram na etapa de percepção, na qual o GG foi submetido ao jogo com estratégia de gamificação. Ao final de cada sessão, foram registrados a produção de fala dos sujeitos (% de acerto) para cada etapa terapêutica, a partir de palavras-alvo e palavras-sondagem. Para análise foram considerados: média de acerto dos sujeitos para cada etapa terapêutica; valores de PCC-R (Porcentagem de Consoantes Corretas Revisado) pré e pós terapia; além do número de sessões utilizadas para se atingir 85% de produção correta. Resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os tipos de intervenção considerando a média de acertos das produções e o número de sessões. Houve efeito significante para as condições pré e pós terapia na comparação dos valores de PCC-R para ambos os modelos. Os sujeitos do GC tiveram os valores de PCC-R maiores do que as do GG. Conclusão ambos os modelos de intervenção apresentam resultados semelhantes, propiciando melhora no desempenho fonológico do sujeito desde a primeira sessão.

ABSTRACT Purpose to compare the efficacies of traditional phonological therapy and phonology associated with the gamification strategy in children with Phonological Disorder (PD). Methods ten individuals with PD participated who showed the process of replacing liquids. They were randomized into two groups: traditional phonological therapy (control group - CG) and phonological therapy associated with a gamification strategy mediated by computer (gamification group - GG). The phonological intervention comprised, for both groups, stages of speech perception and production. Interventions differed in the perception stage, in which the GG was submitted to the game with gamification strategies. At the end of each session, individuals speech production (% of correct answers) were registered for each therapeutic stage, based on target words and sounding words. For analysis the following were considered: The individuals mean of correct answers for each therapeutic stage; PCC-R value (percentage of correct consonants) pre and post therapy; beyond of the number of sessions used to reach 85% of correct production. Results there was no statistical difference between the types of intervention considering the average of correct answers of the productions and the number of sessions. There was a significant effect for pre- and post-therapy conditions in the comparison PCC-R values ​​for both models. The individuals in the GC had the PCC-R values higher than those of GG. Conclusion both models of intervention present similar results, providing an improvement in the individuals phonological performance from the first session.

The relationship between morphological awareness and word reading in Brazilian Portuguese: a longitudinal study

Abstract Studies have provided evidence that morphological awareness contributes to word reading in opaque languages such as English. However, this relationship is not yet established for Brazilian Portuguese, a much less opaque language. The present study performed a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between morphological awareness and word reading in 162 children from 2nd to 5th grades of elementary school. The children were evaluated in the final quarter of the respective school year (time 1) and 1 year later (time 2). Hierarchical regression analyses controlling for intelligence, phonological awareness, and phonological working memory were conducted. The hierarchical regression analyses were followed up by cross-lagged panel correlations, and both results converged to word reading measured in the 2nd and 3rd grades contributing to morphological awareness 1 year later. In addition, morphological awareness measured in the 4th grade contributed to word reading 1 year later. The greater transparency of Brazilian Portuguese may make morphological awareness less important for word reading in the early grades; however, in older children, morphological awareness is important for word reading performance.

Adaptação e validade de conteúdo da prova de consciência fonológica para Moçambique / Adaptation and content validity of the phonological awareness test for Mozambique / Adaptación y validez de contenido de la prueba de conciencia fonológica para Mozambique

Phonological awareness is a very important skill for performance in reading, writing and mathematics, suggesting that it is monitored and evaluated preferably during preschool as a form of early intervention to prevent learning disabilities after formal education. However, for its assessment it is necessary to have qualified instruments and in Mozambique there is none that assesses this skill. Therefore, this study aimed to culturally adapt the Phonological Awareness Test by Oral production to the Mozambican context and was carried out in two phases: semantic equivalence and content validation. The Content Validity Index was 0.96, although it is considered excellent, further studies need to be carried out to verify other parameters of validity, reliability and standardization. It is expected that the instrument contributes to evaluation and that above all, the skill is part of the activities of stimulation and intervention in preschoolers.

A consciência fonológica é uma habilidade muito importante para o desempenho em leitura, escrita e matemática, sugerindo-se que seja monitorada e avaliada preferencialmente durante a pré-escola como forma de intervenção precoce para prevenção de dificuldades de aprendizagem após o ensino formal. Contudo, para sua avaliação é necessário ter instrumentos qualificados e em Moçambique não existe nenhum que avalia esta habilidade. Portanto, este estudo teve objetivo de realizar adaptação cultural da Prova de Consciência Fonológica por produção Oral para o contexto moçambicano e foi realizado em duas fases: equivalência semântica e validação de conteúdo. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo foi de 0,96, embora seja considerado ótimo, estudos posteriores precisam ser realizados para verificar outros parâmetros de validade, fidedignidade e normatização. Espera-se que o instrumento contribua para avaliação e que acima de tudo a habilidade faça parte das atividades de estimulação e intervenção em pré-escolares.

La conciencia fonológica es una habilidad muy importante para el desempeño en lectura, escritura y matemáticas, lo que sugiere que se monitorea y evalúa preferiblemente durante el preescolar como una forma de intervención temprana para prevenir dificultades de aprendizaje después de la educación formal. Sin embargo, para su evaluación es necesario contar con instrumentos calificados y en Mozambique no hay ninguno que evalúe esta habilidad. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar culturalmente el Test de Conciencia Fonológica por Producción Oral al contexto de Mozambique y se llevó a cabo en dos fases: equivalencia semántica y validación de contenido. El Índice de Validez de Contenido fue de 0.96, aunque se considera excelente, es necesario realizar más estudios para verificar otros parámetros de validez, confiabilidad y estandarización. Se espera que el instrumento contribuya a la evaluación y que sobre todo, la habilidad sea parte de las actividades de estimulación e intervención en preescolares.

Phenological, Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Bambara Groundnut Genotypes on Plinthite Soil in East-centre Area, Burkina Faso

Bambara groundnut has long been a neglected and understudied crop. Thanks to the new orientations for the d関eloppement of agriculture and achievement of food security in Burkina Faso, in recent years, studies on Bambara groundnut have experienced renewed interest. Despites nutritional, agronomic and socio-economic importance and some studies carried out on this crop. The diversity within Bambara groundnut cultivated remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess phenological morphological and agronomic characterization of 20 Bambara groundnut accessions from National Institute for the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA) genebank. The experimental device used was a completely randomized Fisher blocks with four replications on the site of University Centre of Tenkodogo. These accessions were evaluated on 23 morphological characters including four qualitative characters and 19 quantitative characters. Qualitative traits showed high proportion of oval terminal leaflet shape (70%), cream coloured seeds (45%) and 80% presence of eyes of various shapes and colours. The analysis of quantitative characters showed all the characters are discriminating except the plant spread (PlS) at the 5% treshold with regard to morphological, physiological and agronomic traits and low coefficient of variation (CV) values for the different phenological characters, except for the number of days from sowing to 50% plantlet emergence (EMG50). Pearson correlation matrix indicated positive and negative correlation. Most of the negative correlation was observed between phenological and agronomic traits The dendrogram showed organization of the variability in three different groups on the basis of the physiological, phenological and agronomic traits. The variability expressed among INERA gene bank genotypes showed important variability, which can be exploited in Bambara groundnut breeding programs using the clustering and associations of characters.

Memória operacional e vocabulário em crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem / Memoria operativa y vocabulario en niños con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje / Working memory and vocabulary in children with Developmental Language Disorder

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe diferença no desempenho de crianças com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (TDL) e Desenvolvimento Típico de Linguagem (DTL) em testes de memória operacional fonológica (MOF) e de memória visual de curto prazo (MVCP), e se esse desem-penho está correlacionado com o vocabulário receptivo. Selecionamos 14 crianças com TDL e 28 com DTL. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a dois testes de memória de curto prazo e a um teste de vocabulário receptivo. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do Teste t de Student e a correlação entre a memória de curto prazo e o vocabulário foi obtida pela correlação de Pearson. Crian-ças com TDL tiveram pior desempenho quando comparadas ao grupo controle, tanto em MOF quanto em MVCP. A correlação positiva entre os testes de memória e vocabulário sugere que tanto a alça fo-nológica quanto a memória visual são importantes para o processamento da linguagem, mesmo que a alça fonológica possa ter maior relevância

The aim of this study was to verify if there is a difference in performance between children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and typical language development (TLD) in phonological working memory (PWM) test and visual short-term memory (VSTM), and if this performance is correlated with the result of a receptive vocabulary test. We selected 14 children with DLD and 28 with TLD. All subjects underwent two short-term memory tests and a receptive vocabulary test. The comparison between the groups was performed using the Student's t-test, and the correlation between the short-term memory and the vocabulary was obtained by Pearson's correlation. Children with DLD had a worse performance when compared with the control group, both in PWM and VSTM. The positive correlation between memory and vocabulary tests suggests that both the phonological loop and visual memory are important for the processing of language, even if the phonological loop may have greater relevance.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si existe una diferencia en el desempeño de los niños con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL) y el desarrollo del lenguaje típico (DLT) en las pruebas de memoria operativa fonológica (MOF) y memoria visual a corto plazo (MVCP), y si ese desempeño es correlacionado con el vocabulario receptivo. Seleccionamos 14 niños con TDL y 28 con DTL. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a dos pruebas de memoria a corto plazo y a una prueba de vocabulario receptivo. La comparación entre grupos se realizó mediante la prueba t de Student y la correlación entre la memoria a corto plazo y el vocabulario se obtuvo mediante la correlación de Pearson. Los niños con TDL tuvieron un peor desempeño en comparación con el grupo de control, tanto en la MOF como en la MVCP. La correlación positiva entre las pruebas de memoria y vocabulario sugiere que tanto el bucle fonológico como la memoria visual son importantes para el procesamiento del lenguaje, aunque el bucle fonológico puede tener mayor relevancia.

Características fonológicas en población escolar con dislexia: Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales / Phonological features in a school population with dyslexia: A structural equation model

Resumen Introducción: El trastorno específico del aprendizaje es una entidad nosológica del neurodesarrollo, las manifestaciones clínicas se hacen evidentes en la etapa escolar y son persistentes en el transcurso de la vida. La dislexia (DS) se caracteriza por una afectación en la comprensión y fluidez del proceso lector, asociada a déficits neurocognitivos. Objetivo: Analizar. la relación existente entre fluidez fonológica, repetición, denominación y comprensión verbal en niños con diagnóstico de DS. Método: Se empleó una muestra de N=114 personas con diagnóstico de DS escolarizados, en edades entre 7 y 16 años y un. muestreo no probabilístico. Construimos un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MEE) en el software RCran 4.0.4, para analizar la relación entre las variables latentes (fluidez fonológica, fluidez semántica, repetición de pseudopalabras, repetición de frases, denominación y comprensión verbal), a través de los resultados de pruebas psicométricas estandarizadas; Test de Fluencia Verbal, Test de Boston, Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil y Escala Weschler IV de Inteligencia. Resultados: Las covarianzas entre fluidez fonológica y todos los componentes del lenguaje (LG) fueron positivas; fluidez semántica (σxy=0,55), repetición de pseudopalabras (σxz=0,53), repetición de frases (σxw=0,64), denominación del LG (σxv=0,60), comprensión verbal (σxy=0,57), lo que indica una relación directa. En las personas con DS, a menor fluidez fonológica mayores deficiencias del LG. Conclusión: En la DS la fluidez fonológica y semántica es limitada y se relaciona de manera directa con las manifestaciones clínicas de este trastorno del neurodesarrollo (TN).

Abstract Introduction: The specific learning disorder is a nosological entity of neurodevelopment, the clinical manifestations become evident in the school stage and are persistent throughout life. Dyslexia (DS) is characterized by an impairment in the comprehension and fluency of the reading process, associated with neurocognitive deficits. Objective: To analyze the relationship between phonological fluency, repetition, naming and verbal comprehension in children diagnosed with dyslexia (DS). Method: A sample of (N=114) school patients with DS diagnosis between the ages of 7 and 16 years, selected by non-probability sampling, was used. We built a structural equation model (MEE) in RCran 4.0.4 software, to analyze the relationship between the latent variables (phonological fluency, semantic fluency, pseudoword repetition, sentence repetition, naming and verbal comprehension), through the results of standardized psychometric tests; Verbal Fluency Test, Boston Test, Child Neuropsychological Assessment and Weschler Intelligence Scale IV. Results: Covariances between phonological fluency and all language (LG) components were positive; semantic fluency (σxy=0.55), pseudoword repetition (σxz=0.53), sentence repetition (σxw=0.64), LG naming (σxv=0.60), verbal comprehension (σxy=0.57), indicating a direct relationship. In people with DS, the lower the phonological fluency the greater the language deficits. Conclusion: In DS, phonological and semantic fluency is limited and is directly related to the clinical manifestations of this neurodevelopmental disorder (TN).

Creativity and its relationship with intelligence and reading skills in children: an exploratory study

Creativity, intelligence, and reading skills such as phonological awareness and decoding in reading can be critical to academic success, especially during childhood. Thus, this study aimed to characterize creativity, intelligence, phonological awareness, and reading decoding and verify possible relationships between creativity and these skills. The sample consisted of 75 children divided between the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades of municipal public schools in the Brazilian context. The results indicated the gradual evolution of creativity, intelligence, phonological awareness, and reading decoding in children from the 1st to the 3rd year, especially for the performance of the 3rd year. Correlations between creativity with intelligence and reading skills were also evidenced for all three classes, with the 3rd year with stronger correlations, which are promising results for these relationships. The study of creativity is still a recent field for empirical investigations and deserves future investigations for a better understanding of these constructs in this population. (AU)

Aquisição segmental do Português Brasileiro: onset simples, complexo e coda / Segmental acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: onset simple, complex and coda

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar e analisar a curva de aquisição segmental do Português Brasileiro em onset simples, complexo e coda. Método Participaram 857 crianças com aquisição fonológica típica, com idades entre 3:0 e 8:11, divididos em faixas etárias de 6 em 6 meses. Os participantes foram avaliados, por meio do software INFONO de avaliação fonológica. Após a análise dos resultados foram elaboradas curvas de aquisição dos segmentos analisados nas diferentes estruturas (onset simples, complexo e coda). Resultados Observou-se que, em onset simples, alguns segmentos estavam adquiridos antes dos 3:0 (plosivas, nasais e fricativas /f, v, s, z/). Os segmentos /ʃ/ e /l/ foram adquiridos aos 3:0, /ʒ/ e /x/ aos 3:6, /ʎ/ aos 4:0, /ɾ/ aos 4:6; em coda, /N/ e /L/ foram adquiridos antes dos 3:0, /S/ aos 3:6 e /ɾ/ aos 4:6; em onset complexo, as estruturas compostas por Fricativa+/ɾ/ e Plosiva+/ɾ/ foram adquiridas aos 5:0, Plosiva+/l/ aos 5:6 e Fricativa + /l/ aos 6:0. Conclusão Analisar a curva de aquisição é fundamental, pois fornece referência sobre a idade de aquisição dos segmentos nas diferentes estruturas silábicas. A curva de aquisição contribui para a identificação precoce de atrasos no processo de aquisição fonológica possibilitando um encaminhamento oportuno para a intervenção fonoaudiológica.

ABSTRACT Purpose To present and analyze the acquisition segmental curve of Brazilian Portuguese in simple and complex onset position and coda position. Methods 857 children with typical phonological acquisition participated in it, aged between 3:0 and 8:11, divided into age groups every 6 months. Participants were assessed using INFONO phonological assessment software. After analyzing the results, acquisition curves were drawn up for the segments analyzed in the different structures (simple and complex onset position and coda position). Results It was noted that, in simple onset position, some segments were acquired before 3:0 (stops, nasal and fricative, /f, v, s, z/. The /ʃ/ and /l/ segments were acquired at 3:0, /ʒ/ and /x/ at 3:6, /ʎ/ at 4:0, /r/ at 4:6; in coda position /N/ and /L/ were acquired before of 3:0, /S/ at 3:6 and /r/ at 4:6; in complex onset position, the structures composed by Fricative + /r/ and Stop + /r/ were acquired at 5:0, Stop + /l/ at 5:6 and Fricative + /l/ at 6:0. Conclusion Analyzing the acquisition curve is essential, as it provides a reference on the age of acquisition of segments in different syllabic structures. The acquisition curve contributes to the early identification of delays in phonological acquisition process enabling a timely referral for speech therapy intervention.

Efectividad de la estimulación de la conciencia fonológica en preescolares: una revisión sistemática / Effectiveness of phonological awareness stimulation in preschoolers: a systematic review

La conciencia fonológica es un predictor importante del aprendizaje de la lectoescritura. Se han desarrollado y probado diferentes programas para su estimulación, sin embargo, el grado de variabilidad entre los métodos utilizados dificulta la comparación de resultados. Es necesaria una síntesis de la literatura para analizar la efectividad de programas de estimulación de la conciencia fonológica, que considere la variabilidad existente entre metodologías. Se planteó una revisión con los siguientes objetivos:1) sintetizar la literatura sobre estudios que investigan programas de estimulación de la conciencia fonológica en niños con desarrollo típico; 2) examinar la eficacia de dichos programas; 3) evaluar críticamente su metodología.Para esta investigación bibliográfica se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: Central, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Knowledge. Diez artículos cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos y fueron incluidos en el presente estudio. En general, los resultados mostraron la efectividad de los programas de estimulación de conciencia fonológica utilizados. Sin embargo, la calidad metodológica es variable entre los estudios; esto incluye una falta de detalle en cuanto a los criterios de inclusión, capacitación limitada de los/las profesionales que llevaron a cabo los programas de CF, participación inconsistente de los padres y falta de seguimiento. Se discuten algunas pautas para futuras investigaciones con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad metodológica de los estudios y reducir el riesgo de sesgo.

Phonological awareness is a strong predictor of reading and writing skills development. Several programs have been developed and tested for the stimulation of phonological awareness, but the degree of variation among them makes it difficult to compare the different methods. A synthesis of the literature on phonological awareness stimulation programs is needed to examine the effectiveness of PA programs while considering the variability that exists between the methodologies used. This systematic review aimedto 1) synthesize the literature on PA stimulation programs in typically developing children; 2) examine the effectiveness of PA programs; 3) critically appraise the methodology of PA stimulation programs. Central, Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge were used to conduct an extensive literature search. A total of 10 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the present study. Results showed that, in general, the phonological awareness stimulation programs carried out in the analyzed research were effective. However, the quality of the methodology varied significantly across studies, showing in some cases a lack of detail in the inclusion criteria, limited training of the professionals who carried out the PA programs, an inconsistency in parent involvement, and a lack of follow-up. Guidelines for future research are discussed to enhance the methodological quality of this line of research and reduce the risk of bias.

Comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en escolares de primero básico y su relación con el nivel sociocultural y el desempeño fonético-fonológico / Behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in primary school students and its relationship with the sociocultural level and phonetic-phonological performance

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en una población de escolares de primero básico, pertenecientes a dos niveles socioculturales y con diferente desempeño fonético-fonológico. Para alcanzar este objetivo se evaluó el rendimiento diadococinético oral de los participantes a través de la repetición monosilábica de [pa], [t̪a] y [ka] utilizando el método de emisión de sílabas en un tiempo determinado. El análisis de las emisiones se llevó a cabo con el programa Motor Speech Profile, el cual entregó los valores de medición para cinco parámetros diadococinéticos (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). Por otra parte, el desempeño fonético-fonológico fue analizado a través de la Pauta de Clasificación de Ajustes Fonético-Fonológicos (CLAFF). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos socioculturales solo para los parámetros DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, mientras que el resto de los parámetros diadococinéticos se comportó de manera similar. El grupo de niños del nivel sociocultural bajo tuvo una mayor variabilidad de la tasa DDK y mayor porcentaje de perturbaciones. Se observaron relaciones significativas entre algunos ajustes fonéticos-fonológicos y algunos parámetros diadococinéticos.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in first grade students, who belong to two different sociocultural environments and have different phonetic-phonological performance. To reach this objective, the oral diadochokinetic parameters were evaluated through monosyllabic repetition of [pa], [t̪a] and [ka] using the syllable emission method in a specific time. The syllable emission analysis was carried out through the Motor Speech Profile program, which provided with measurement values for five diadochokinetic parameters (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). On the other hand, the phonetic-phonological performance was analyzed through the Classification of Phonetic and Phonological Adjustments (CLAFF). The results showed differences between both sociocultural groups only for the parameters DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, while the other diadochokinetic parameters behaved in a similar way. The low sociocultural children group had a higher variability in the DDK parameters and a higher percentage of disturbances. Significant relations could be seen between some phonetic-phonological adjustments and some diadochokinetic parameters.

Engajamento Escolar e Preditores Cognitivos da Leitura: um Estudo Longitudinal / School Engagement and Cognitive Predictors of Reading: a Longitudinal Study / Implicación Escolar y los Predictores Cognitivos de la Lectura: un Estudio Longitudinal

O presente estudo investigou a relação dos preditores cognitivos da leitura e do engajamento escolar com a habilidade de leitura. Participaram dessa pesquisa 74 crianças falantes do português brasileiro. As crianças eram de uma escola pública e tinham uma idade aproximada de 10 anos no início da pesquisa. Avaliou-se a consciência morfológica, a consciência fonológica, a memória de trabalho fonológica, a nomeação seriada rápida, a inteligência, o engajamento escolar e a leitura dos participantes em dois momentos: no final do 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental e no meio do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os resultados de análises de regressão evidenciaram que as variáveis cognitivas são as mais importantes na predição da leitura. Identificou-se uma relação causal da precisão de leitura para a consciência fonológica e uma relação recíproca entre a nomeação seriada rápida e a fluência de leitura. A consciência morfológica foi importante para a compreensão de leitura, juntamente com o engajamento comportamental. Esses resultados reforçam a importância de se estimular os preditores cognitivos da leitura e de se incentivar o envolvimento dos alunos na escola durante a aprendizagem da leitura. (AU)

The present study investigated the relationship of cognitive predictors of reading and school engagement with reading ability. Seventy-four Brazilian Portuguese speaking children participated in this research. The children were from a public school and had, at the beginning of the study, 10 years old approximately. Morphological awareness, phonological awareness, phonological working memory, rapid automatized naming, intelligence, school engagement, and reading were evaluated in the participants in two moments: at the end of the 4th year of elementary school and in the middle of the 5th year of elementary school. The results of regression analysis showed that cognitive variables are the most important in predicting reading. A causal relationship between reading accuracy and phonological awareness and a reciprocal relationship between rapid serial naming and reading fluency were identified. Morphological awareness was important for reading comprehension, along with behavioral engagement. These results reinforce the importance of stimulating cognitive predictors of reading and school engagement throughout the entire process of learning to read. (AU)

El presente estudio investigó la relación entre los predictores cognitivos de la lectura y de la implicación escolar y habilidades de lectura. Participaran desta investigación setenta y cuatro estudiantes brasileños hablantes del portugués. Los estudiantes eran de una escuela pública y tenían una edad aproximada de 10 años al inicio de la investigación. Se evalúo la Consciencia Morfológica, Consciencia Fonológica, Memoria de Trabajo Fonológica, Denominación Automatizada Rápida, Inteligencia, Implicación Escolar y Lectura en dos momentos: en final de 4º año escolar e en medio de 5º año escolar. Los resultados de Analisis de Regression evidenciaron que las variables cognitivas son las más importantes en la explicación de la Lectura. Se identificó una relación de causalidad de la precisión de Lectura para la Consciencia Fonológica y una relación reciproca entre la Denominación Automatizada Rápida y la fluidez de Lectura. La Conciencia Morfológica fue importante para la comprensión de Lectura, juntamente con el compromiso conductual Estos resultados refuerzan la importancia de estimular los predictores cognitivos de la lectura y de incentivas la implicación de los alumnos en la escuela durante el aprendizaje de la lectura. (AU)

Dupla Rota na Leitura e Compreensão Leitora no Português do Brasil / Dual Route in Reading and Reading Comprehension in Brazilian Portuguese / Ruta Dual en Lectura y Comprensión Lectora en Portugués Brasileño

O Modelo de Leitura de Dupla Rota é relevante tanto para o entendimento do processo de leitura como para a compreensão leitora. Este estudo objetivou investigar a contribuição da consciência fonológica (rota fonológica) e do reconhecimento de palavras (rota lexical), bem como do ano escolar para a habilidade de leitura em voz alta de palavras isoladas e a compreensão de leitura no português do Brasil. Participaram desta pesquisa 443 alunos do 3º ao 5º ano de Ensino Fundamental I, de escolas públicas de todas as regiões do Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Cloze 1 e Cloze 2, Prova de Leitura do Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Roteiro de Avaliação de Consciência Fonológica e Escala de Reconhecimento de Palavras. Os resultados indicaram que o valor explicativo da mediação do reconhecimento de palavras na relação preditiva indireta da consciência fonológica foi maior para compreensão de leitura do que para leitura. A contribuição explicativa da mediação do reconhecimento de palavras na relação preditiva do ano escolar apresentou valores próximos para leitura e compreensão de leitura. É possível concluir que mesmo com o controle do ano escolar, tanto a rota fonológica como a rota lexical predizem a leitura e a compreensão leitora. (AU)

The Dual Route Reading Model is relevant to both understanding the reading process and reading comprehension. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of phonological awareness (phonological route) and word recognition (lexical route) and the school year for the ability to read aloud single words and reading comprehension in Brazilian Portuguese. Participated 443 students from Elementary School (3rd to the 5th grade). The schools were public and are located in the five regions of Brazil. The instruments used were Cloze 1 and Cloze 2, School Performance Test Reading Test, Phonological Awareness Assessment Guide, and Word Recognition Scale. The results indicated that the explanatory value of mediating word recognition in the indirect predictive relationship of phonological awareness was greater for reading comprehension than for reading. The explanatory contribution of the mediation of word recognition in the predictive relationship of the school year presented similar values for reading and reading comprehension. It is possible to conclude that even with the control of the school year, both the phonological route and the lexical route predict reading and reading comprehension. (AU)

El modelo de lectura de ruta dual es relevante tanto para comprender el proceso de lectura como para la comprensión lectora. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la contribución de la conciencia fonológica (ruta fonológica) y el reconocimiento de palabras (ruta léxica), así como el año escolar para la capacidad de leer en voz alta palabras sueltas y la comprensión lectora en portugués brasileño. En esta investigación participaron un total de 443 estudiantes del 3º al 5º grado del Ensino Fundamenral, de escuelas públicas de todas las regiones de Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron Cloze 1 y Cloze 2, Prueba de Desempeño Escolar, Prueba de Lectura, Guía de Evaluación de la Conciencia Fonológica y Escala de Reconocimiento de Palabras. Los resultados indicaron que el valor explicativo de mediar en el reconocimiento de palabras en la relación predictiva indirecta de la conciencia fonológica fue mayor para la comprensión lectora que para la lectura. El aporte explicativo de la mediación del reconocimiento de palabras en la relación predictiva del curso escolar presentó valores similares para lectura y comprensión lectora. Es posible concluir que aún con el control del curso escolar, tanto la vía fonológica como la vía léxica predicen lectura y comprensión lectora. (AU)

Phonological awareness tasks: accuracy in predicting reading and writing difficulties / Tarefas de consciência fonológica: acurácia em predizer dificuldades de leitura e escrita / Tareas de conciencia fonológica: precisión para predecir las dificultades de lectura y escritura

This study evaluated the accuracy of the at-risk/not-at-risk classifications of reading and writing difficulties of different measures of Phonological Awareness (PA). A total of 213 Brazilian children in kindergarten performed six PA tasks (varying in phonological unit and cognitive demand). One year later, 176 of those children performed a writing task and 174 performed a reading task. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were constructed based on the scores of the reading and writing tasks. The results indicated that the complete set of PA tasks presented the greater area under the curve. However, two PA measures with fewer items, supra-phonemic awareness and phonemic awareness, also presented adequate sensitivity and specificity values for screening purposes. These results are encouraging, since those measures could be used to detect children at risk of reading and writing difficulties in kindergarten (about one year before formal reading and writing instruction in Brazil).

Esse estudo avaliou a acurácia de diferentes medidas de Consciência Fonológica (CF) em predizer o risco para dificuldades de leitura e escrita. No último ano da educação infantil, 213 crianças brasileiras foram avaliadas em 6 tarefas de CF. Um ano depois, 174 dessas crianças realizaram uma tarefa de leitura e 176 realizaram uma tarefa de escrita. Curvas de Característica Operacional do Receptor foram construídas com base nos escores de leitura e escrita. O escore total em todas as tarefas de CF apresentou a maior área sob a curva. No entanto, duas medidas de CF compostas por menos itens, consciência supra-fonêmica e consciência fonêmica, apresentaram sensibilidade e especificidade adequadas. Esses resultados são encorajadores já que essas tarefas podem ser utilizadas para rastrear, com um ano de antecedência do ensino formal da leitura e escrita, crianças em risco de desenvolverem dificuldades nessas habilidades.

Este estudio evaluó la precisión de las clasificaciones de riesgo / no riesgo de dificultades de lectura y escritura de diferentes medidas de conciencia fonológica (CF). Un total de 213 niños brasileños realizaron seis tareas de CF (variando en unidad fonológica y demanda cognitiva) cuando estaban en el jardín de infancia. Un año después, 176 de esos niños realizaron una tarea de escritura y 174 realizaron una tarea de lectura. Las curvas de las Características Operativas del Receptor se construyeron con base en las puntuaciones de las tareas de lectura y escritura. Los resultados indicaron que el total de tareas de CF presentaba la mejor área bajo la curva. Sin embargo, la conciencia supra-fonemas y la conciencia de fonemas, también presentaron valores adecuados de sensibilidad y especificidad. Estos resultados son alentadores ya que esas medidas podrían usarse para detectar a los niños en riesgo de dificultades de lectura y escritura.

Consciência fonológica: diferentes formas de avaliação em crianças com desenvolvimento típico / Phonological awareness: Different ways of evaluation in children with typical development

O objetivo foi verificar o desempenho em habilidades de consciência fonológica com a aplicação do teste CONFIAS in vivo e por meio de gravação em vídeo. Participaram do estudo 16 crianças com idades entre 7 e 8 anos (média de 7,8 anos), cursando o 2º e 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental e que apresentaram bom rendimento escolar. As avaliações constaram da aplicação do teste CONFIAS in vivo (P1) segundo as instruções contidas no manual do teste; e na aplicação do teste CONFIAS por meio de um vídeo (P2). Analisou-se o desempenho das crianças em cada contexto separadamente e foi feita comparação entre os dois contextos. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Não houve diferença significativa entre o sexo, a idade e o tipo de procedimento usado para a aplicação do teste, mas a pontuação no nível silábico, fonêmico e total foi superior em ambos os sexos com o P2. As crianças mais velhas apresentaram melhor desempenho no teste tanto no nível silábico quanto no fonêmico, independentemente do procedimento. Constatou-se diferença estatística no desempenho dos participantes no nível silábico (p=0,02), no fonêmico (p<0,01) e na pontuação total do teste (p<0,01) quando foram comparados os procedimentos (P1 e P2) de avaliação, sendo que a maior diferença entre os contextos ocorreu no nível fonêmico (com média das diferenças de 4,1 pontos). As crianças apresentaram melhor desempenho no CONFIAS no P2 nos níveis silábico e fonêmico.

The purpose was to verify the performance in phonological awareness skills with the application of the CONFIAS test in vivo and through video recording. Sixteen children between the ages of 7 and 8 years (mean of 7.8 years) participated in the study, attending the 2nd and 3rd year of elementary school and presenting good academic performance. The evaluations consisted of the application of the CONFIAS in vivo test (P1) according to the instructions contained in the test manual; and in the application of the CONFIAS test by means of a video (P2). The performance of the children in each context was analyzed separately and a comparison was made between the two contexts. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. There was no significant difference between the sex, age and type of procedure used for the test application, but the syllabic, phonemic and total level scores were higher in both sexes with P2. The older children presented better performance in the test at both the syllabic and the phonemic level, regardless of the procedure. Statistical differences were found in the syllabic performance (p=0.02), phonemics (p<0.01) and total test score (p<0.01) when the procedures (P1 and P2). The greatest difference between the contexts occurred at the phonemic level (with a mean difference of 4.1 points). The children presented better performance in the CONFIAS in P2, in the syllabic and phonemic levels.

Desarrollo fonológico en niños de 3 a 6 años de la ciudad de Quito / Phonological development in children from 3 to 6 years in Quito

Introducción: El desarrollo fonológico es un componente importante en el proceso de adquisición del habla, por eso es indispensable evaluar su desarrollo mediante el porcentaje de dominio de fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos en niños prescolares para obtener información sobre la capacidad del niño para articular y pronunciar correctamente los sonidos del lenguaje, además sirve para monitorear el progreso del niño a lo largo del tiempo y adaptar las intervenciones y estrategias para su tratamiento.Objetivo: Establecer el porcentaje de dominio de fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos en niños prescolares de la ciudad de Quito. Material y métodos: es un estudio de diseño epidemiológico descriptivo transversal, en el que participaron 867 niños de 3 a 6 años, a los cuales luego de verificar que cumplían con los criterios de selección, se les realizó, previo consentimiento de sus padres y de las autoridades escolares una historia clínica fonoaudiológica, evaluación auditiva, antropometría, evaluación de los órganos bucofonatorios, evaluación de praxias orofaciales y articulación y la Prueba de Exploración del Lenguaje Comprensivo y Expresivo, Revisada (ELCE-R). Las variables de estudio se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El porcentaje de dominio de los fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos fue de 95.07%.Conclusión: Los niños que viven en Quito de 3 a 6 años poseen un alto nivel de desarrollo fonológico, con dominio de los fonemas, diptongos y grupos consonánticos por encima del porcentaje esperado para su edad cronológica, a pesar de que la prueba utilizada no está contextualizada a su realidad lingüística.

Introduction: Phonological development is an important component in the process of speech acquisition, that is why it is essential to evaluate its development through the percentage of phoneme, diphthong and consonant group mastery in preschool children to obtain informa-tion about the child's ability to articulate and correctly pronounce the sounds of language, it also serves to monitor the child's progress over time and adapt interventions and strategies for their treatment.Objective: To establish the percentage of mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant groups in preschool children in the city of Quito. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological design study, in which 867 children between 3 and 6 years of age participated. After verifying that they met the selection criteria, they underwent a phonoaudiological clinical history, auditory evalua-tion, anthropometry, evaluation of the orophonatory organs, evaluation of orofacial praxias and articulation, and the Comprehensive and Expressive Language Exploration Test, Revised (ELCE-R), with the consent of their parents and school authorities. The study variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The percentage of mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant clusters was 95.07%.Conclusion: Children from 3 to 6 years of age living in Quito have a high level of phonologi-cal development, with mastery of phonemes, diphthongs and consonant clusters above the percentage expected for their chronological age, despite the fact that the test used is not contextualized to their linguistic reality.

Desempenho perceptivo-auditivo em crianças com e sem transtorno fonológico na classe das oclusivas / Auditory-perceptual performance in children with and without phonological disorder in the stops class

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar o desempenho perceptivo-auditivo de crianças com e sem transtorno fonológico (TF) na tarefa de identificação dos contrastes entre os fonemas oclusivos. Método Foram selecionadas, de um banco de dados, informações referentes ao desempenho perceptivo-auditivo de 46 crianças (23 com diagnóstico de TF com acometimento nas oclusivas (G1) e 23 com desenvolvimento típico de fala (G2)), entre quatro e oito anos de idade, em uma tarefa de identificação na classe das consoantes oclusivas do Português Brasileiro, a partir do instrumento de avaliação de percepção de fala (PERCEFAL). O tempo de reação, os números de erros e acertos, bem como o padrão de erro perceptual foram considerados na análise. Resultados Com relação à acurácia perceptivo-auditiva o Test-T mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significante, em que as crianças típicas tiveram uma média de acerto maior do que as crianças com TF e um tempo de reação menor para os acertos. No tocante ao padrão de erro a ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostrou um efeito significativo para o grupo e padrão de erro, mas não para a interação entre grupo e padrão de erro. O teste Post Hoc de Tukey mostrou para ambos os grupos que os erros envolvendo ponto articulatório foram superiores aos erros de vozeamento e vozeamento + ponto articulatório. Conclusão crianças com transtorno fonológico apresentam pior acurácia em relação às crianças sem alteração e, ainda, um maior tempo de resposta para os acertos. Erros envolvendo o ponto de articulação entre as oclusivas foram os mais frequentes em ambos os grupos.

ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the auditory-perceptual performance of children with and without phonological disorder (PD) in the identification task of contrasts between stops phonemes. Methods Information was selected from a database regarding the auditory-perceptual performance of 46 children (23 with a diagnosis of PD with involvement in the stops (G1) and 23 with typical speech development (G2)), aged 4 and eight years old, in an identification task of the class of stops consonants in Brazilian Portuguese, using the speech perception assessment instrument (PERCEFAL). The reaction time, the number of errors and correctness, as well as the pattern of perceptual error were considered in the analysis. Results Regarding the auditory-perceptual accuracy, T-Test showed a statistically significant difference, in which typical children had a higher average of correctness than children with PD and shorter reaction time for correct answers. Regarding the error pattern, repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant effect for the group and error pattern, but not for the interaction between group and error pattern. Tukey's Post Hoc test showed for both groups that errors involving place of articulation were superior to voicing and voicing + place of articulation errors. Conclusion children with phonological disorders have worse accuracy in relation to children without disorders and, also, longer response time for correctness. Errors involving the place of articulation between the stops were the most frequent for both groups.

The dimensionality of phonological awareness among Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children: a longitudinal study

Abstract Phonological awareness is one of the most important predictors of reading. However, there is still controversy concerning its dimensionality. This study evaluated the dimensionality of phonological awareness among Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children. A total of 212 children performed six phonological awareness tasks in the last year of kindergarten. Of those children, 177 performed the same tasks when they were in the first grade. The phonological awareness measures differed in both their cognitive demand (detection, blending, segmentation, and elision) and the phonological unit involved (rhyme, syllable, and phoneme). Confirmatory factor analyzes were employed to test several models of phonological awareness dimensionality. The results indicated that the best model was an oblique model of phonological units with two correlated latent factors: phonemic awareness and supraphonemic awareness. This model presented the best fit to the data both in kindergarten and in the first grade. In addition, supraphonemic awareness in the kindergarten predicted phoneme awareness in the first grade; however, phonemic awareness in the kindergarten did not predict supraphonemic awareness in the first grade. These results are compatible with phonological awareness developing from larger phonological units (e.g., syllables) to small phonological units (e.g., phonemes) and the reciprocal relationship between phonological awareness and reading. From a theoretical point of view, these results also suggest that phonological awareness is a one-dimensional construct that can be evaluated by tests employing different phonological units (e.g., syllables, rhymes, phonemes).

Adaptação de um Programa de Ensino de Consciência Fonológica para Crianças com Paralisia Cerebral / Adaptation of a Phonological Awareness Teaching Program for Children with Cerebral Palsy

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, propôs-se a adaptar um instrumento para ensinar consciência fonológica (CF) a crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). PC consiste em um grupo de desordens do movimento e da postura, que pode estar associado a déficits cognitivos, de interação e de linguagem, comprometendo a independência funcional do indivíduo, tanto na modalidade oral quanto na escrita. A literatura afirma que, vocabulário, memória fonológica e CF são consideradas habilidades preditoras e necessárias à aquisição e ao desempenho em leitura e escrita. Participaram do estudo três crianças com diagnóstico de PC e dois juízes especialistas. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: a) análise e adaptação do instrumento Alfabetização: Método Fônico; b) análise de juízes especialistas; c) estudo piloto com pré e pós teste de CF e leitura; e d) versão final do instrumento. Foram adaptadas 63 atividades, levando em consideração o perfil da população, a análise dos juízes e a aplicação a um grupo clínico. Os participantes conseguiram compreender e executar o treino em 26 das 33 atividades. Todos mostraram melhora nos escores quando comparados pré e pós testes. Diante disso, o instrumento mostrou-se adequado à população após a adaptação e mostrou-se fiel ao ensino proposto pelo instrumento original.

ABSTRACT: In this work, it was proposed to adapt an instrument to teach phonological awareness (PA) to children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). CP consists of a group of movement and posture disorders, which may be associated with cognitive, interaction and language deficits, compromising the individual's functional independence, both in oral and written form. Literature states that vocabulary, phonological memory and PA are considered predictive and necessary skills for acquisition and performance in reading and writing. Three children diagnosed with CP and two expert judges participated in the study. The study was divided into four stages: a) analysis and adaptation of the Literacy: Phonic Method; b) analysis carried out by expert judges; c) pilot study with pre and post CP test and reading; and d) final version of the instrument. Sixty-three activities were adapted, taking into account the population profile, the analysis carried out by the judges and the application to a clinical group. Participants were able to understand and execute the training in 26 of the 33 activities. All showed improvement in scores, when pre and post tests were compared. Therefore, the instrument proved to be suitable for the population after adaptation and was faithful to the teaching proposed by the original instrument.

Estudio de la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF) como instrumento para evaluar el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos / Study of the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF) as an instrument to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children

En la actualidad, se requiere un mayor repertorio de pruebas válidas y confiables que evalúen el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF). La validación fue llevada a cabo mediante un juicio de expertos y la fiabilidad fue determinada mediante el análisis estadístico de la estabilidad temporal y la concordancia intra-e interjueces. Para este proceso, se aplicó el instrumento en una población infantil perteneciente al nivel sociocultural medio alto, con un desarrollo fonético-fonológico acorde a lo esperado para su edad. El análisis de las respuestas fue realizado por tres jueces evaluadores, quienes determinaron si el niño o la niña lograba producir los elementos evaluados. Respecto a la validación, el instrumento fue modificado considerando las sugerencias de los expertos. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los resultados obtenidos demostraron estabilidad temporal y un alto grado de concordancia a nivel intra-e interjueces. El estudio permite concluir que el test TREFF cumple con los criterios devalidez y fiabilidad.

At present, a greater repertoire of valid and reliable tests is required to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children. The objective of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF). Validation was carried out by expert judgment and reliability was determined by statistical analysis of temporal stability and intra and inter-judge agreement. Forthis process, the instrument was applied in a medium-high sociocultural level child population, with a phonetic-phonological development according to what was expected for their age. The analysis of the responses was carried out by three evaluating judges, who determined if the boy or girl achieved to produce the elements evaluated. In terms of validation, the instrument was modified considering the experts' suggestions. Concerning to reliability, the results obtained demonstrated temporal stability and a high degree of concordance at the intra-judge and inter-judge levels. The study allows us to conclude that the TREFF test meets the validity and reliability criteria.

Avaliação das Contribuições da Consciência Fonológica no Desenvolvimento da Escrita de um Aluno com Deficiência Intelectual no 1º Ano do Ensino Fundamental I / Assessment of the Contributions of the Phonological Consciousness in the Development of the Writing of a Student with Intellectual Disability in the First Grade of Elementary Education I

RESUMO: Este artigo teve como objetivo investigar os avanços de um aluno com deficiência intelectual do 1° ano do Ensino Fundamental I, no decorrer de avaliações realizadas antes, durante e após um processo de intervenção com atividades que envolveram habilidades de consciência fonológica para o desenvolvimento da escrita. Buscou-se fazer uso dos preceitos da perspectiva sociohistórica, como também de autores contemporâneos que vêm se debruçando sobre estudos acerca da consciência fonológica e do desenvolvimento da leitura e escrita escolares. Participou deste estudo uma criança com deficiência intelectual de uma escola da Rede Municipal de Recife, Pernambuco. Foram realizadas oito avaliações diagnósticas durante o processo de intervenção, sendo possível perceber avanços na escrita da criança, a qual começou a internalizar os aspectos abstratos dessa atividade. Notou-se, ainda, uma reciprocidade entre a aquisição da escrita e o desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica.

ABSTRACT: This article aimed to investigate the progress of a student with intellectual disability in the 1st grade of Elementary School during assessments carried out before, during and after an intervention process with activities that involved phonological awareness skills for the development of writing. It was sought to make use of the precepts of the socio-historical perspective, as well as contemporary authors who have carried out studies on phonological awareness and the development of school reading and writing. A child with intellectual disability from a school in the Municipality of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, participated in this study. Eight diagnostic evaluations were carried out during the intervention process, when it was possible to notice advances in the child's writing, which began to internalize the abstract aspects of this activity. It was also possible to perceive a reciprocity between the acquisition of writing and the development of phonological awareness.