Application Progress of Plant Growth Regulator in Production of Chinese Medicinal Materials / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Plant growth regulator （PGR） is mostly a class of chemical synthesis substance with physiological activities similar to plant hormones，which can promote cell elongation，induce vascular differentiation or accelerate tissue aging via regulating the physiological processes such as photosynthesis，respiration，transpiration，signal transduction，substance absorption and operation. PGR has the advantages of small dosage，high efficiency，low toxicity and less residue，and it is widely used in the planting of Chinese medicinal herbs. By consulting the relevant literature published in recent years，this paper briefly summarizes the main types of PGR，e.g.auxins，gibberellins，cytokinins，abscisic acid and ethylene，etc. On the other hand，this article analyzes and sums up the specific applications of PGR in the manufacture of Chinese herbal medicine，for instance，promoting seed germination，improving seed setting rate or fruit setting rate，dwarfing plants，inhibiting reproductive growth，regulating gender differentiation，stimulating fruit falling，enhancing resistance and so on. The problems existing in the practical use of PGR are pointed out，non-differentiation of specific species，unreasonable combination，not paying attention to the operation method，arbitrarily increasing the dose，lack of residue limit standard and reducing the content of some effective components，for example.Meanwhile，some feasible suggestions are put forward.Not only the suitable types of PGR should be selected in a reasonable and standardized manner，but also the appropriate concentration，dosage and period of application should be chosen carefully； the dual effects of PGR on plant growth and active ingredients in medicinal organs should be concerned，so as to improve the yield and avoid the loss of effective components on the basis of ensuring the quality of Chinese medicinal materials； it is necessary to strengthen the registration of PGR in the production of Chinese medicinal materials and establish residue limit standards to provide a monitoring basis for ensuring the safety of Chinese medicine in the future.The scientific use of PGR can promote the increase of agricultural yield and farmers' income，and make the healthy development of Chinese herbal medicine planting industry.

Cytokinin induces the development of gabirobeira root cuttings / Citocininas induzem o desenvolvimento de estacas de raiz de gabirobeira

ABSTRACT: The gabirobeira is a species native to the Brazilian Cerrado with potential for use in cropping systems. This study evaluated the effect of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on root cuttings of gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). The plant material was obtained from gabirobeira progenies of one and two-years-old. The cuttings were segmented in 5 cm length and 1.90 to 3.22 mm diameter, immersed in the following BAP concentrations: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1 for 15 seconds and planted in trays containing the substrate Bioplant®. A complete randomized experimental design was adopted in a factorial scheme 2x4, (cuttings age x BAP concentrations) with fifteen replicates per treatment. After 140 days the number of cuttings with shoots, number of shoots, number of leaves, and diameter of the main root were evaluated. The better development of the cuttings was observed on progenies of two-years-old. The lowest cytokinin concentrations promoted the better emission and number of shoots of the progenies from both ages.

RESUMO: A gabirobeira é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado brasileiro com potencial para uso em sistemas de cultivo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) em estacas radiculares de progênies de Gabirobeira (Campomanesia adamantium). As estacas radiculares foram obtidas de progênies de Gabirobeira de um e dois anos de idade. Estes foram segmentados em 5 cm de comprimento e apresentavam entre 1,90 a 3,22 mm de diâmetro, imersos nas concentrações: 0.0; 1.0; 2.0 e 4.0 mg L-1 de BAP por 15 segundos e plantados em bandejas contendo Bioplant®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4 (idades das estacas x concentrações de BAP), com quinze repetições por tratamento. Após 140 dias, foram avaliados o número de estacas com brotações, número de brotações, número de folhas e diâmetro da raiz principal. Estacas de raízes de progênies de dois anos de idade apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento. Menores concentrações de citocinina trouxeram melhores resultados de emissão e número de brotações das progênies de ambas as idades.

The Effect of Temperature and Growth Regulators on Callus Induction in Watermelon Anthers

HIGHLIGHTS Callogenesis was induced from watermelon anthers The auxin 2,4-D at 2.0 and 5.0 μM concentrations induced callus formation. Anthers' responses to the pre-treatment at 4 °C varied according to the watermelon genotype.

Abstract Callus induction is one of the pathways required for haploid plant regeneration through anther culture. Pollen viability, as well as the effect of growth regulators and cold pretreatment on anthers of two watermelon lines (Smile and Sugar Baby) to induce callus formation were herein evaluated. Pollen viability was estimated through the staining technique using 2% acetic carmine. Male flower buds were collected and disinfested to allow removal anthers. These anthers were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium, which was supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 5.0 μM or with 6-benzylaminopurine at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 μM, in combination with 2.0 μM of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic. Anthers were pretreated at 4 °C, for two days and then placed in vitro. Both watermelon lines provided high pollen viability rates (from 93 to 98%). The 2.0 and 5.0 μM concentrations of 2,4-D stimulated higher friable callus formation. The optimal concentration of 2,4-D was estimated at 3.78 μM and 4.17 μM, which had callus induction rates of 64% and 52%, respectively. The combination of 2.0 μM of 2,4-D and 6-benzylaminopurine did not lead to increased anther response to callus induction. The pre-treatment applied to flower buds at 4 °C enabled callus induction and the anther response to callus induction was genotype-dependent.

Costus root aqueous extract modulates rat liver toxicity, DNA damage, injury, proliferation alterations induced by plant growth regulator Ethephon

Ethephon (Ethrel®) is an ethylene-based plant growth regulator that used in agriculture and it has direct and indirect effects on human health, direct effect via its inhalation during usage in agriculture and indirect effect through the diet (Fruits and vegetables) that is sprayed with it. The current study aimed to examine the possible modifying effects of costus (Saussurea lappa) root aqueous extract against Ethephon induced liver toxicity, injury, DNA fragmentation and PCNA alterations in male rats. Fifty adult male rats were divided into 5 groups (1st, control; 2nd, Costus; 3rd, Ethephon; 4th, Post treated Ethephon with costus; 5th, self-healing Ethephon). Current results revealed that; a significant increase in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver injury, DNA damage and PCNA expressions in Ethephon group when compared with control group. In contrast; a significant decrease in albumin and total proteins in Ethephon group when compared with control group. Treatment of rats with costus after Ethephon improved these alterations as compared with Ethephon self-healing. So, it could be concluded that costus root extract worth to be considered as a natural substance for ameliorating the hepatic toxicity induced by plant growth regulator Ethephon.

Effect of trinexapac-ethyl on sugarcane varieties / Efeito do trinexapac-ethyl em variedades de cana-de -açúcar

Growth regulators have been widely employed as maturation inducers in the sugarcane crop, as an agricultural strategy. However, the response of varieties to the use of these compounds has been poorly studied, mainly in cerrado (savannah-like biome) areas occupied by the crop. This study was carried out to examine the effects of trinexapac-ethyl on important morphological characteristics of sugarcane varieties. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four varieties (RB83-5054, SP80-1816, RB96-6928, and RB85-5156) associated or unassociated with application of trinexapac-ethyl (375 g L­1 of the a.i. ha­1), with four replicates. The ripener was applied at 126, 178, and 228 days after planting (DAP) the first-cycle sugarcane, using the dose of 125 g L­1 a.i. ha­1 per application. Upon harvest, which occurred at 243 DAP, we determined the number of stalks per meter, weight of 30 stalks without top, internode length, number of internodes per stalk, and yield of sugarcane stalks. Ripener application increased the number of stalks in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054 and the weight of 30 stalks in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054 and SP80-1816; reduced internode length in varieties RB85-5156 and RB83-5054; and increased stalk yield per hectare in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054, but did not increase the number of internodes per stalk in any of the tested varieties. The variables number of stalks, stalk weight, internode length, and stalk yield responded in a genotype-dependent manner to the application of trinexapac-ethyl.

O uso de reguladores de crescimento como indutores da maturação em cana-de-açúcar tem sido uma prática agrícola bastante empregada. Entretanto, a resposta das variedades à utilização desses compostos tem sido pouco estudada, principalmente em áreas de cerrado ocupadas pela cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do trinexapac-ethyl em características morfológicas importantes para a produtividade de variedades de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro variedades (RB83-5054, SP80-1816, RB96-6928 e RB85-5156), combinadas com e sem aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl (375 g L-1 do i.a. ha-1) e quatro repetições. A aplicação do maturador ocorreu aos 126, 178 e 228 dias após o plantio (DAP) da cana planta, com dose de 125 g L-1 i.a. ha-1 por vez. Por ocasião da colheita, realizada aos 243 DAP, foram avaliados o número de colmos por metro, massa de 30 colmos sem ponteiro, comprimento de entrenós, número de entrenós por colmo e produtividade de colmos de cana-de-açúcar. Verificou-se que a aplicação do maturador incrementou o número de colmos para as variedades RB96-6928 e RB83-5054, a massa de 30 colmos para as variedades RB96-6928 e RB83-5054 e SP80-1816, maior redução no comprimento de entrenós para as variedades RB85-5156 e RB83-5054 e maior aumento na produção de colmos por hectare para as variedades RB96-6928 e RB83-5054, mas não aumentou o número de entrenós por colmo nas variedades testadas. A resposta das variáveis: número de colmos, massa de colmos, comprimento dos entrenós e produtividade de colmos à aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl mostrou-se genótipo dependente.

Gibberellic acid combined with hand pollination increases 'Red' and 'Lessard Thai' sugar apple fruit quality and produced parthenocarpic 'Gefner' atemoya fruits / Ácido giberélico associado com a polinização manual incrementa a qualidade dos frutos em anonáceas e produz frutos partenocárpicos em atemoieira 'Gefner'

ABSTRACT: The present research aimed to evaluate the effect of applying gibberellic acid (GA3) with hand (HP) or natural pollination (NP) on fruit set and the fruit quality of 'Red' and 'Lessard Thai' sugar apple and 'Gefner' atemoya fruits.This study was performed in an experimental orchard located in Homestead, Florida, USA. The experimental design included randomized blocks, with eight treatments, four replicates and four plants per plot. Treatments included: (1) HP; (2) HP + 10 mg L-1 GA3; (3) HP + 100 mg L-1 GA3; (4) HP + 1,000 mg L-1 GA3; (5) NP; (6) NP + 10 mg L-1 GA3; (7) NP + 100 mg L-1 GA3 and (8) NP + 1,000 mg L-1 GA3. The HP plus 1,000 mg L-1 GA3 promoted fruit setting above 90% over the 14 weeks for all genotypes evaluated. Significant increments for length and total fruit weight were observed. 'Red' sugar apple and atemoya had a reduced number of seeds per fruit. The NP plus GA3 (1,000 mg L-1) was effective in producing high quality seedless 'Gefner' atemoya fruits. This investigationdemonstratedthat GA3 plus hand pollination produced high quality sugar apple and atemoya seeded fruits and in association with natural pollination promoted seedless 'Gefner'atemoya fruits.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ácido giberélico (GA3) associado com e sem polinização artificial, no pegamento e na qualidade de frutos das pinheiras 'Red' e 'Lessard Thai' e da atemoieira'Gefner'. O experimento foi realizado em pomar localizado em Homestead, EUA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos utilizados neste experimento foram: 1) Polinização Artificial (PA); 2) PA + 10 mg L-1 GA3; 3) PA + 100 mg L-1 GA3; 4) PA + 1000 mg L-1 GA3; 5) Polinização natural (PN); 6) PN + 10 mg L-1 GA3; 7) PN + 100 mg L-1 GA3; e 8) PN + 1000 mg L-1 GA3. A PA combinada com a concentração de 1000 mg L-1 de GA3 promoveu o estabelecimento de frutos acima de 90% durante as 14 semanas de avaliação para todos os genótipos avaliados. Incrementos significativos para o comprimento e peso dos frutos também foram observados a variedade de pinha "Red" e a atemoia, em que apresentaram redução no número total de sementes.A PN em associação com GA3 (1000 mg L-1) foi eficaz na produção de frutos sem sementes de alta qualidade em atemóia 'Gefner. Estes dados mostram que o GA3, combinado com a polinização manual, produziu frutos com semente de alta qualidade e, em associação com a polinização natural, promoveu frutos sem sementes em atemóia 'Gefner'.

Agronomic performance of sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ) genotypes under phytostimulant application / Desempenho agronômico de genótipos de gergelim (Sesamum indicum L. ) sob aplicação de fitoestimulante

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plant species and become an important alternative to reduce food deficiency in low income populations. Growth regulators influence protein metabolism and may increase the rate of enzyme synthesis involved in the process of seed germination, rooting, flowering, and fruiting of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of sesame genotypes under the influence of the bioregulator Stimulate® in two agricultural years in the northeastern region of Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the dry and wet seasons (agricultural years 2014 and 2015, respectively) in the city of Garanhuns in the state of Pernambuco. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks using four genotypes of sesame (BRS SEDA, CNPA G4, Lineage 1, and Lineage 2), with and without application of the phytostimulant (Stimulate®). Phytostimulant application did not influence root length. However, it resulted in an increase in the number of fruits per plant, and for genotypes Lineage 1 and Lineage 2, an increase in the content of chlorophyll A and B. Thus, the application of phytostimulant increases the yield of sesame; however, the response to phytostimulant application varies with the genotype and growth conditions.

O Gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.) é uma das espécies vegetais mais antigas cultivadas pelo homem, e tem se tornado uma alternativa importante para minimizar o agravante quadro de carência alimentar das populações de baixa renda. Os reguladores de crescimento influenciam o metabolismo proteico, podendo aumentar a taxa de síntese de enzimas envolvidas no processo de germinação das sementes, enraizamento, floração e frutificação das plantas. Desta forma este trabalho visou avaliar o desempenho agronômico de genótipos de gergelim sob a influência da aplicação do biorregulador Stimulate® em dois anos agrícolas nas condições do semiárido nordestino. O experimento foi realizado nos anos agrícolas, na estação chuvosa (2014) e na estação seca (2015) na cidade de Garanhuns-PE. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com a utilização de quatro genótipos de gergelim (BRS SEDA, CNPA G4, Linhagem 1 e Linhagem 2), com e sem aplicação do fitoestimulante (Stimulate®). A aplicação do fitoestimulante não influenciou no comprimento de raiz. Porém, proporcionou aumento no número de frutos por planta e nos genótipos Linhagem 1 e Linhagem 2 promoveu também aumento no teor de clorofila A e B. A aplicação do fitoestimulante aumenta a produtividade, entretanto, a resposta à aplicação vai variar com o genótipo e condições de cultivo. A aplicação de fitoestimulante aumenta a produtividade na cultura do gergelim, no entanto, a resposta à aplicação irá variar com o genótipo e condições de crescimento.

Toxicological characteristics of plant growth regulators and their impact on male reproductive health / 中华男科学杂志

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have similar physiological and biological effects to those of plant hormones, and therefore are used widely in agroforestry. The residues of PGRs in agricultural products are seriously detrimental to human health because they have been found with hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, even carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Furthermore, PGRs are suspected to disrupt the function of human and animal reproductive systems. This paper presents an overview on various toxicities of PGRs on human and animal reproductive health and their underlying mechanisms, aiming to arouse people's attention to PGR residues in food and environment and reduce PGR-induced damage to the male reproductive system and to human health as well.

Simultaneous determination of 23 plant growth regulator residues in Chinese materia medica by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry / 中草药

Objective: To establish an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 23 plant growth regulator (PGR) residues in Chinese materia medica (CMM). Methods: Samples were extracted with acetontrile, and then determined by UPLC-MS/MS directly without further clean up. The matrix-matched external standard method was used for quantitative analysis. Results: The calibration curves showed good linearity in each range with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.01-20.80 ng/mL for the 23 PGRs spiked in Codonopsis pilosula and Angelica dahurica. The recoveries of the 23 PGRs spiked in C. pilosula and A. dahurica at three levels of 0.01, 0.04, and 0.1 mg/kg were in the range of 71.0%-101.4%, the relative standard deviation (RSDs) were 0.8%-15.2%. Commonly used CMM including eight species (63 batches) was analyzed by this method. Conclusion: The method proved to be simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of 23 PGR residues in CMM

Simultaneous Determination of Plant Growth Regulators and Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid in Tea by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

An efficient method for the analysis of multiclass plant growth regulators and pesticide (imidacloprid, acetamiprid) residues in tea was developed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile/formic acid (99∶1, V/V) solution, cleaned up with four sorbents including C18, strong anion exchanger (SAX), primary secondary amine (PSA) and anhydrous MgSO4. The compounds were separated on a HSS T3 column under positive/negative electrospray ionization mode, detected by scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (SMRM), and quantified by matrix-matched external standard curves. All pesticide residues showed good linearity in the concentration range of 1-200 μg/L (6-benzylaminopurine, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, forchlorfenuron, mepiquat chloride, imidacloprid, acetamiprid) or 5-1000 μg/L (2,4-dichlor-ophenoxyacetic acid, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid) , with correlation coefficient (R2≥0.99). Limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) and limits of quantitation (LOQ, S/N=10) were 0.18-9.68 μg/kg and 0.61-32.26 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, the spiked recoveries of tea samples were 73.1％-108.9％, and RSDs were 0.6％-8.0％. This method was applied to commercial samples, and all the detections were confirmed by acquiring transitions for each pesticide in the samples.

Research progress in plant growth regulators and their application, content determination in planting traditional chinese medicine / 中国药学杂志

The study of plant growth regulators and their application in agricultural production are significant progress of modern plant physiology and agricultural science. Plant growth regulators have been widely applied in crop production and have become an important means of increasing yield. At present, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) we used in our country is obtained mostly by planting. Pesticides and plant growth regulators are used frequently. TCM is different from general crops, so we should pay more attention to the impacts of plant growth regulators on the safety and quality of TCM to ensure their safe, effective and controllable use. This article summarizes the class and use of commonly used plant growth regulators in planting TCM, their impact on the quality of TCM, and their detection methods.

Improvement of Regeneration of Pelargonium radula via Somatic Embryogenesis.

In vitro stem segments of Pelargonium radula cultured for callusing then differentiated into somatic embryos and subsequently regenerated plantlets. Initiation of callus was observed in culture medium containing low concentrations of the plant growth regulators, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and/or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). At 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L NAA was showing the highest rate (92%) of callus induction. The callus showed no sign of browning after sub-cultured. Sub-culturing the callus onto medium with 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D showed the highest in proliferation rate resulted 13.45g weight of callus. The presence of agar at 6 g/L and 0.5 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3) improved the regeneration of the somatic embryos, which produced maximum number of plantlets (15 plantlets). Agar with concentration of 9 to12 g/L increased the incidence of browning. The former medium was more successful in plantlet regeneration when the selected embryos were subsequently transferred to regeneration medium with 3 g/L agar, 0.5 mg/L GA3 and 0.5 mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP).

Micropropagaión de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, un endulzante natural a través de explantes con meristemos pre existentes / Micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a natural sweetener, through pre existing meristem explants

Las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana son fuente de esteviosidos y rebaudiosidos, sustancias endulzantes con bajo contenido calórico. La propagación sexual y clonal de estevia es difícil debido a la calidad de la semilla y el tamaño reducido de la planta. Para evaluar la multiplicación, brotes establecidos in vitro fueron cultivados en ½ MS con cinco concentraciones de BAP (0.0, 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 y 17.6 µM). Posteriormente, los tallos multiplicados se subcultivaron en presencia de cinco concentraciones de ANA (0.0, 2.69, 5.37, 10.74 de 21.48 µM) para evaluar enraizamiento. Finalmente, tallos multiplicados sin enraizar, tratados o no con 0.4% de ANA, y otros enraizados in vitro fueron transferidos a condiciones ex vitro. Todos los experimentos fueron distribuidos usando un DCA. Los resultados indicaron que el medio 1/2MS adicionado con BAP indujo una mayor tasa de multiplicación. 10.74 µM de ANA indujo el mejor enraizamiento; sin embargo, los tallos sin enraizamiento resultaron en la mayor supervivencia ex vitro.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves are source of stevioside and rebaudioside, non-caloric sweetener substances. Seed and cutting estevia propagation is difficult due to seed sterility and small size plant, respectively. To evaluate shoot proliferation, in vitro-established estevia shoots were cultured in ½ MS with five (0.0, 2.22, 4.44, 8.88 and 17.6 µM) BAP levels. Thereafter, proliferated shoots were cultured on ½ MS with five NAA levels (0.0, 2.69, 5.37, 10.74 and 21.48 µM) to evaluate shoot rooting. Finally, non-rooted shoots, in vitro-rooted shoots and non-rooted shoots treated with a 0.4% NAA powder were transferred to ex vitro conditions. All experiments were distributed using a complete randomized design. The data indicated that BAP treated shoots showed a higher rate of shoot proliferation. An 87% of rooting and higher number of roots per explant was achieved with 10.74 µM of NAA. Non-rooted shoots transferred directly from Stage II showed the best survival rate.

In-vitro Propagation of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Aim: In vitro culture is used for commercial production and is achieved in aseptic condition using different concentration and combination of Plant Growth Regulators (PGR). Material and Methods: In present work studied the effects of different plant growth regulator singly or in combination in tissue culture of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. belongs to the family Liliaceae or Asphodelaceae, used in ayurveda as well as pharmaceutical industry. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with different combinations and concentration of growth promoters i.e. Auxin (Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin (Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) were used in this study. Surface sterilization was standardised with HgCl2 with various concentration and time. Observation and Result: The development of callus type was observed in the MS media supplemented with BAP for best regeneration, IBA for root formation and NAA, was found the best media for root formation (0.5mg/l) were seen to grow onwards from the tenth day of culture and 90% of root formation took place within a span of 3-4 weeks for maximum callus induction. The maximum number of root & shoot produced is 4.8±0.53 with average length of 3.5±0.35cm. Discussion: The present work deals with in vitro plant growth of Aloe vera through tissue culture for propagation and ex situ conservation. Regenerated plants after acclimatization were transferred to soil and they showed 85% survival. The culture response was maximum in apical buds (100%) and minimum time required is 9.67 days in the same media. The average length of shoots per culture was 4.0±0.16cm. In present study among the three types of auxins, NAA was found to be the best for root induction.

Multiplicação in vitro de segmentos apicais caulinares de segurelha (Satureja hortensis L. ) / In vitro multiplication of apical shoot segments of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L. )

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de BAP, na presença e ausência de ANA, sobre a multiplicação in vitro de segmentos apicais caulinares de Satureja hortensis. Os explantes foram isolados de plântulas germinadas in vitro e cultivados em meio nutritivo MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, correspondendo às concentrações de ANA (0 e 1 µM) e de BAP (0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 µM), com seis repetições, cada uma composta por três explantes. Para a porcentagem de explantes com brotações houve efeito significativo para o fator BAP, aumentando à medida que cresce a concentração da citocinina. A variável "número de brotos por explante" apresentou interação entre os fatores, havendo a maior formação de brotos na presença de ANA na faixa de 10 - 15 µM de BAP. Na presença da auxina, o maior valor ocorreu com 15 µM de BAP tendendo a diminuir independente da presença de ANA. O enraizamento dos segmentos apicais foi maior na presença de ANA e ausência de BAP, diminuindo com o aumento da citocinina. O número de folhas foi influenciado pela maior concentração de BAP sendo que a 15 µM foi observado o maior número, tendendo à queda com aumento da concentração. A concentração de 15 µM de BAP, independente de ANA, proporcionou os melhores resultados na multiplicação da espécie produzindo aumento de brotações e número de folhas, à exceção do enraizamento que foi influenciado pela auxina.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BAP in the presence and absence of NAA, on the in vitro multiplication of shoot apical segments of Satureja hortensis. The explants were isolated from seedlings germinated in vitro and cultured in nutrient medium MS. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial arrangement, corresponding to the concentrations of NAA (0 and 1 µM) and BAP (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM), with six replicates, each consisting of three explants. For the percentage of explants with shoots, there was no significant effect for the factor BAP, increasing as the concentration of BAP grows. The variable number of shoots per explant showed interaction between factors, with the highest shoot formation in the presence of NAA and BAP in the range of 10 -15 µM. In the presence of auxin, the highest value occurred with 15 µM BAP, tending to decline regardless of the presence of NAA. The rooting of the apical segments was higher in the presence of NAA and absence of BAP, decreasing with increasing cytokinin. Leaf number was influenced by the higher concentration of BAP, and the amount of 15 µMhadthe largest number, tending to decrease with increasing concentration. The concentration of 15 µM BAP, regardless of NAA, provided better results in the multiplication of the species, producing increased number of shoots and leaves, except for rooting, whichwas influenced by auxin.

Determination of 10 Plant Growth Regulators in Bean Sprouts by Sequential Cleaning-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

A sequential clean-up method was developed for the quantification of 10 plant growth regulators in bean sprout by the gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC / MS). The analytes were firstly extracted by the acided acetonitrile. Extraction was concentrated and re-dissovled by methanol. Then, it was divided to two aliquots. One of that was analyzed for 2,4-D-butyl ester and 2,4-D-ethyl ester after the purification by QuECHERS cartridge. Another one was treated by MCS solid phase extraction column including diverse eluting steps. After eluting by 5 mL methanol, composition 1 was obtain, concentrated, and methyl esterified by 10% boron trifluoride methanol solution. The treated extract was used for the determination of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid, β-naphthyl acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid. Composition 2 collected by eluting with 5 mL 5% amonium methanol was used for the determination of paclobutrazol, Kinetin, 6-Benzylaminopurine. The clean-up procedures are designed according to different chemistry properties of these plant growth regulators. The results showed that after spiking of 0. 01-0. 1 mg / kg selected plant growth regulators, average recovery ranged from 70. 0% to 93. 2%and relative standard deviation were 5. 2% -12. 3% . Limit of quantification (LOQ S / N≥10) and limit of detection (LOD S / N≥3) were 0. 01-0. 025 mg / kg and 0. 003-0. 008 mg / kg respectively. The developed purification method is easy, fast and accurate, and can be applied to routine test of plant growth regulators in bean sprout.

Enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de três cultivares de mirtileiro com diferentes concentrações de AIB / Rooting of hardwood cuttings of three blueberry cultivars with different concentrations of IBA

Comercialmente, a propagação do mirtileiro por meio de estacas é o método mais utilizado, proporcionando resultados diversos de acordo com a cultivar e a concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) utilizada. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas lenhosas de mirtileiro. O material utilizado constituiu-se de segmentos de ramos secundários, com quatro gemas e diâmetro médio de 4,5mm. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado, em fatorial 5x3, com cinco concentrações de AIB (0; 1.500; 3.000, 4.500 e 6.000mg L-1) e três cultivares (Delite, Bluebelle e Briteblue), com quatro repetições e dez estacas por parcela. Após o preparo das estacas, a base destas foi imersa, por 10 segundos, na solução de AIB, sendo colocadas para enraizar em uma mistura de areia de granulometria grossa e substrato comercial Turfa Fértil® com pH de 5,5 na proporção de 1:1(v/v), com irrigação manual. Após 138 dias da instalação do experimento, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número médio de raízes por estaca, comprimento da maior raiz, número médio de brotações, comprimento da maior brotação e a porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, não foi verificada interação entre os diferentes fatores. Verificaram-se diferenças entre as cultivares nas variáveis comprimento da maior raiz, número médio de raízes por estaca e para porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes. Para concentração de AIB, verificou-se, por meio da análise de regressão, um comportamento linear crescente para as variáveis porcentagem de estacas sobreviventes e enraizadas, porém a resposta foi quadrática para comprimento da maior raiz. Conclui-se que a utilização de AIB em concentração de até 6.000mg L-1 não é suficiente para expressar o máximo potencial de enraizamento nas estacas de mirtileiro das cultivares Delite, Bluebelle e Briteblue.

Commercially, propagation of blueberry by cutting is the very usual method, which gives a range of results according to the cultivar. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of indol-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting of blueberry hardwood cuttings. It was used segments of secondary branches with four buds and mean diameter of 4.5mm. The experimental design was totally randomized in a 5x3 factorial, five concentrations of IBA (0; 1500; 3000; 4500 and 6000mg L-1) and three cultivars (Delite, Bluebelle and Briteblue). It was used four replications and ten cuttings per plot. After cutting, the base of the cuttings was dipped for 10 seconds into a solution of IBA. Then, they were put to root in a mix of thick sand and commercial substrate Turfa Fertil® (1:1) with pH 5.5 and manually irrigated. After 138 days from trial installation, percentage of rooted cuttings, number of root per cutting, length of the largest root, number of shoots, length of the largest shoot and percentage of surviving cuttings were evaluated. According to the results it was not verified interaction among different factors. It was verified difference among cultivars only in the length of the largest root, number of root per cutting and percentage of surviving cuttings. For concentration of IBA, it was verified by regression analysis, a linear behavior for the variables increasing rooted and survived, but the response was quadratic for the longest root length. It was concluded that the concentration up to 6000mg L-1 IBA is not sufficient to express the maximum rooting potential of the blueberry cuttings cultivars Delite, Bluebelle and Briteblue.

Manejo de biorregulador nos componentes de produção e desempenho das plantas de soja / Bioregulators management in parts of production and performance of soybean plants

A grande relevância no posicionamento adequado de novas tecnologias na soja, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho das plantas e os componentes de produção, em resposta à aplicação de biorregulador na cultura da soja. Para tanto, sementes de soja da cultivar BRS 246 RR foram semeadas no mês de outubro dos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, no delineamento experimental em blocos completos com os tratamentos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, arranjados em esquema fatorial, foram compostos pela combinação do tratamento de sementes com o biorregulador (sem e com 0,500 L 100 kg-1 de sementes) e cinco doses do produto (0; 0,125; 0,250; 0,375 e 0,500 L ha-1) aplicadas via foliar, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura (V5 ou R3). O biorregulador é composto por três reguladores vegetais nas seguintes concentrações: 0,005% do ácido indolbutírico; 0,009% de cinetina e 0,005% de ácido giberélico. Foram avaliadas características agronômicas e componentes de produção da cultura. O uso do biorregulador influenciou os componentes de produção da cultura, gerando aumentos no número de vagens que foram correspondidos por incremento na produtividade até uma dose máxima, não superior a 340 mL do produto.

The great relevance in the proper positioning of new technologies in soybean, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of plants and yield components in response to the application of bioregulators in soybean. For this, seeds of the cultivar BRS 246 RR was planted in October of the crop years 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, the complete block experimental design with treatments design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in factorial, consisted of the combination of seed treatment with bioregulators (with and without 0.500 L-1 100 kg of seeds) and five doses (0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500 L ha-1) applied to leaves at two developmental stages of culture (V5 or R3). The bioregulators consists of three plant growth regulators in the following concentrations: 0.005% of the IBA, 0.009% 0.005% kinetin and gibberellic acid. The agronomic characteristics and yield components of culture. Use of bioregulators influenced the yield of the crop, causing increases in the number of pods that were matched by increased productivity up to a maximum dose not exceeding 340 mL of product.

Propagação in vitro de Erythrina velutina / In vitro propagation of Erythrina velutina

Erythrina velutina (mulungu) é uma planta nativa do semiárido brasileiro que pode ser propagada via cultura de tecidos, o que poderá contribuir com a rápida multiplicação dessa espécie, além da redução de possíveis impactos ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer um protocolo de micropropagação para o mulungu utilizando explantes de plântulas assépticas obtidas in vitro. Para a indução de brotos, foram utilizados como explantes hipocótilos segmentos nodais e nós cotiledonares inoculados em meio de cultura WPM acrescido de diferentes concentrações de BAP e ANA. O enraizamento dos brotos foi realizado em meio WPM suplementado com 0,0; 2,46; 4,92; e 9,88µM de AIB. A melhor resposta para a multiplicação foi obtida em meio suplementado com 17,76µM de BAP, sendo utilizado segmento nodal ou nó cotiledonar como explante. Os brotos enraizaram em todas as condições testadas, inclusive no meio de cultura sem auxina.

Erythrina velutina (mulungu) is a native plant of the semi-arid region that can be propagated via tissue culture, which may contribute to the rapid multiplication of this species, reducing the possibility environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for micropropagation of mulungu using aseptic explants seedlings grown in vitro. For the induction of shoots, , nodal segments and cotyledons were used as explants hypocontyl and were inoculated in a WPM culture medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and NAA. The rooting of shoots was achieved in a WPM medium supplemented with 0.0; 2.46; 4.92; 9.88µM IBA. The best answer to the multiplication was obtained in medium supplemented with 17.76µM BAP using nodal segment or cotyledonary node explants. The shoots rooted in all conditions tested, including the culture medium without auxin.

Desenvolvimento do algodoeiro em resposta a modo de aplicação e doses de cloreto de mepiquat via sementes / Development of cotton in response to mode of application and doses of mepiquat chloride in seeds

A aplicação do regulador de crescimento via embebição de sementes apresenta alguns inconvenientes, dentre eles, a necessidade de secagem das sementes após o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes com Cloreto de Mepiquat (CM), embebidas e aplicadas diretamente nas sementes de algodão, no crescimento das plantas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições, utilizando a linhagem PR 02-307. O experimento foi constituído por cinco tratamentos: sementes sem tratamento; aplicação direta sobre as sementes de CM a 3,75 e 7,5g i.a. kg-1 de sementes e embebidas em solução de CM a 3,75 e 7,5g i.a. kg-1 de sementes. Após os tratamentos, a semeadura foi feita em vasos com três litros de solo em casa de vegetação. Foram determinadas a altura e a área foliar do início até 90 dias após emergência e a fitomassa da matéria seca no final do experimento. Os tratamentos em que os reguladores de crescimento independentes da dose e forma de aplicação foram utilizados na semente provocaram redução na altura da planta desde a emergência. O CM pode ser utilizado no tratamento de sementes, tanto por embebição, quanto por aplicação direta, com efeitos semelhantes na redução da altura, da área foliar e da massa seca de folhas e de caules das plantas de algodoeiro, com efeito proporcional à dose utilizada.

The application of growth regulator through seed imbibitions has some drawbacks, including the requirement of drying the seeds after treatment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeds treatment with Mepiquat Chloride (MC) on cotton plant growth by direct application and soaking. The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with six replicates, using PR 02-307 lineage. The experiment consisted of five treatments: untreated seeds; direct application of MC on the seeds with 3.75 and 7.5g a.i. kg-1 of seed and soaking in solutions of 3.75 and 7.5g a.i. kg-1 of seeds. After the treatments, the seeds were sowed in three liters vases in a greenhouse. Height and leaf area were evaluated until 90 days after emergency and dry matter weight was evaluated at end of the experiment. The treatments that used growth regulator on seeds led to plant height reduction from emergency, regardless of dose and form of application. MC can be used by seed soaking or direct application on the seeds, as both have similar effects on height reduction, leaf area, dry matter of leaves and stems of cotton plants. The effect is dose-proportional.