Effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in patients with diabetes / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Authoritative guidelines and consensus domestic and overseas suggest that patients with diabetes get influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine,which can significantly reduce the incidence and hospitalization rate of influenza and pneumococcal diseases in diabetic patients,and can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.The protective effect of simultaneous administration is more significant.At present,the vaccination rate of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for diabetic patients is still low in China.Effective measures should be taken to promote the integration of medical treatment and prevention,strengthen knowledge popularization and guide publicity,and improve the vaccination rate,so as to effectively improve the survival status and prognosis of diabetic patients.This paper compre-hensively reviews the research progress on the effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in diabetic patients at home and abroad in recent years.

Chronic medical conditions associated with invasive pneumococcal diseases in inpatients in teaching hospitals in São Paulo city: Estimating antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype-coverage of pneumococcal vaccines

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years. PCV13 is available in private clinics and recommended in the PNI for individuals with certain underlying conditions. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using clinical data from all inpatients from five hospitals with IPD from 2016 to 2018 and the corresponding data on serotype and antimicrobial-non-susceptibility of pneumococcus. Vaccine-serotype-coverage was estimated. Patients were classified according to presence of comorbidities: healthy, without comorbidities; at-risk, included immunocompetent persons with specific medical conditions; high-risk, with immunocompromising conditions and others Results: 406 IPD cases were evaluated. Among 324 cases with information on medical conditions, children < 5 years were mostly healthy (55.9%), while presence of comorbidity prevailed in adults ≥ 18 years old (> 82.0%). Presence of ≥1 risk condition was reported in ≥ 34.8% of adults. High-risk conditions were more frequent than at-risk in all age groups. Among high-risk comorbidity (n = 211), cancer (28%), HIV/AIDS (25.7%) and hematological diseases (24.5%) were the most frequent. Among at-risk conditions (n = 89), asthma (16.5%) and diabetes (8.1%) were the most frequent. Among 404 isolates, 42.9% belonged to five serotypes: 19A (14.1%), 3 (8.7%), 6C (7.7%), 4 and 8 (6.2% each); 19A and 6C expressed antimicrobial-non-susceptibility. The vaccine-serotype-coverage was: PCV10, 19.1%, PCV13, 43.8%; PCV15, 47.8%; PCV20, 62.9%; PCV21, 65.8%, and PPV23, 67.3%. Information on hospital outcome was available for 283 patients, of which 28.6% died. Mortality was 54.2% for those with meningitis. Conclusion: Vaccine with expanded valence of serotypes is necessary to offer broad prevention to IPD. The present data contribute to pneumococcal vaccination public health policies for vulnerable patients, mainly those with comorbidity and the elderly.

Incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo / Increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate

Introducción: La industria nacional ha desarrollado un candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Ante su posible introducción en el sistema de salud debe valorarse el costo incremental que acarrearía. Objetivo: Estimar el incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos desde la perspectiva social para el año 2021. Se estudiaron ocho policlínicos de La Habana y se entrevistaron 38 familiares de lactantes. Se estimó el costo institucional, el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto mediante microcosteo. Se estimó el costo incremental para un esquema de tres dosis (2p+1), concomitantes con otras vacunas. Resultados: El costo total para el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en estos policlínicos estuvo entre los 337 000,00 CUP y los 513 000,00 CUP, con un costo por dosis entre 33,11 CUP y 47,30 CUP. El 31,6 por ciento de las familias reportó gastos en transportación de entre 5,00 CUP y 40,00 CUP. La introducción de la vacuna representaría un incremento entre 8,43 por ciento y 18,99 por ciento del costo base del Programa Nacional de Inmunización en los policlínicos. El costo por dosis sería de entre 34,17 CUP y 47,82 CUP, para un incremento de entre 0,28 CUP y 1,33 CUP. Conclusiones: La mayor parte del costo del Programa Nacional de Inmunización lo asume el Estado. La aplicación de la vacuna cubana contra neumococo solo aumentaría muy levemente el costo por dosis(AU)

Introduction: The national industry has developed a vaccine candidate against pneumococcus. Given its possible introduction into the health system, the incremental cost that it would entail must be assessed. Objective: To estimate the increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate. Methods: Study of cost description from the social perspective for the year 2021. Eight polyclinics in Havana were studied and 38 relatives of infants were interviewed. Institutional cost, out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs were estimated through microcost. The incremental cost was estimated for a three-dose schedule (2p+1), concomitant with other vaccines. Results: The total cost for the National Immunization Program in these polyclinics was between 337,000.00 CUP and 513,000.00 CUP, with a cost per dose between 33.11 CUP and 47.30 CUP. 31.6percent of families reported transportation expenses from 5.00 CUP to 40.00 CUP. The introduction of the vaccine would represent an increase between 8.43 percent and 18.99 percent of the base cost of the National Immunization Program in polyclinics. The cost per dose would be between 34.17 CUP and 47.82 CUP, for an increase of between 0.28 CUP and 1.33 CUP. Conclusions: Most of the cost of the National Immunization Program is borne by the State. The application of the Cuban pneumococcal vaccine would only slightly increase the cost per dose(AU)

Organ transplantation and vaccination / 器官移植

Organ transplant recipients are at a high risk of infection with high hospitalization rate, critical rate and fatality, due to low immune function caused by taking immunosuppressants for a period of long time after organ transplantation. Currently, vaccination is recognized as an effective approach to prevent infection. Organ transplant recipients may be vaccinated according to individual conditions. However, the sensitivity to vaccines may decline in organ transplant recipients. The types, methods and timing of vaccination have constantly been the hot spots of clinical trials. In this article, the general principles, specific vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines of vaccination in organ transplant recipients were briefly reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the vaccination of organ transplant recipients. Moreover, current status of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for organ transplant recipients was illustrated under the global outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia pandemic.

Evaluation of the direct and indirect impact on pneumonia hospitalization after almost a decade of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine in Brazil

Introduction: Pneumococcal pneumonia is a leading cause of severe disease, leading to approximately 2.2 million hospital admissions in 2019 in Brazil. Since 2010, the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine was introduced in Brazil, as part of the National Immunization Program (NIP) with universal access, approximated coverage of 91.4% in 2019. Although studies from many countries are available, there is still a need to understand the effect of the vaccine introduction on the incidence of pneumonia hospitalizations in Brazil.Methods: Data on hospitalization associated with the diagnosis of pneumonia in the population assisted by the Brazilian Public Health System were accessed to fit a time series analysis, which tested the main hypothesis of the influence of vaccination on the trends for the incidence of pneumonia hospitalizations.Results: The post-vaccination period showed a negative trend, reducing 1.75, 0.16, and 0.11 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per month for the groups < 1, 1­4, and 5­9 years old, respectively. In individuals older than 20 years, the post-vaccination period has a positive trend, but not as great as compared trends before the vaccination period. These results indicate a protective herd effect in the older population, nine years after introducing the pneumococcal vaccine in the NIP.Conclusion: Vaccination with pneumococcal conjugated vaccine reduces hospitalizations associated with pneumonia diagnosis in vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations in a sustained and progressive manner.

Facilitating access to pneumococcal vaccine for people living with HIV: an experience report / Como facilitar el acceso a la vacuna neumocócica a las personas que viven con el VIH: informe de una experiencia / Facilitando o acesso à vacina pneumocócica para pessoas vivendo com HIV: relato de experiência

ABSTRACT The article describes a strategy to facilitate access to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV-13) for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: report on the experience regarding the organization of a care service for PLHIV in the city of São Paulo to facilitate access to PCV-13 in the framework of the 2020 influenza vaccination campaign during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: through the integration between a PLHIV care service and an Immunization Center (CRIE in Portuguese), it was possible to offer PCV-13 to PLHIV at the point of care, reducing physical barriers to access to immunization. Thus, of the 1,906 PLHIV who passed through the service during the period March 23-July 31, 2020, 84.4% (1,609) received the influenza vaccine, PCV-13 or both. Of the 1609 vaccinated, 50.6% (814) were eligible and received PCV-13. Conclusion: offering the vaccine at the point of care and orienting PLHIV on the importance of vaccination as a disease prevention strategy, identifying those eligible to receive it, was an important action carried out by the institution together with the nursing team, as a strategy to facilitate access to vaccination.

RESUMEN El artículo describe una estrategia para facilitar el acceso a la vacuna neumocócica conjugada 13 (PCV-13) a las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: relato de experiencia sobre la organización de un servicio de atención a las PVVS en la ciudad de São Paulo, para facilitar el acceso a la PCV-13 en el marco de la campaña de vacunación contra la gripe de 2020, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: a través de la integración entre un servicio de atención a las PVVS y un Centro de Inmunización (CRIE), fue posible ofrecer la PCV-13 a las PVVS en su punto de atención, reduciendo las barreras físicas para el acceso a la inmunización. Así, de las 1.906 PVVS que pasaron por el servicio durante el periodo comprendido entre el 23 de marzo y el 31 de julio de 2020, el 84,4% (1.609) recibieron la vacuna de la gripe, la PCV-13 o ambas. De los 1609 vacunados, el 50,6% (814) eran elegibles y recibieron la PCV-13. Conclusión: ofrecer la vacuna en el lugar de atención y orientar a las PVVS sobre la importancia de la vacunación como estrategia de prevención de enfermedades, identificando a las personas elegibles para recibirlas, fue una acción importante realizada por la institución junto con el equipo de enfermería, como estrategia para facilitar el acceso a la vacunación.

RESUMO Descrever uma estratégia para facilitar o acesso à vacina conjugada pneumocócica 13-valente (PCV-13) para pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Método: relato de experiência sobre a organização de um serviço de atendimento para PVHIV na cidade de São Paulo, para facilitar o acesso à PCV-13 no decorrer da campanha de vacinação de influenza de 2020, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: por meio da integração entre um serviço de atendimento para PVHIV e um Centro de Imunizações (CRIE) foi possível oferecer a PCV-13 para as PVHIV em seu local de atendimento, diminuindo barreiras físicas de acesso à imunização. Dessa forma, das 1906 PVHIV que passaram pelo serviço durante o período de 23 de março a 31 de julho de 2020, 84,4% (1609) receberam a vacina influenza, PCV-13 ou ambas. Dos 1609 vacinados, 50,6% (814) foram elegíveis e receberam a PCV-13. Conclusão: oferecer a vacina em seu local de tratamento e orientar as PVHIV sobre a importância da vacinação como estratégia de prevenção de doenças, identificando os elegíveis a recebê-las, foi uma importante ação realizada pela instituição em conjunto com a equipe de enfermagem, como estratégia de facilitar o acesso à vacinação.

Pneumonia vaccination followed by death due to Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case report / 上海预防医学

A case report of pneumonia vaccination followed by death due to Guillain-Barré syndrome was fully presented and discussed. The association between the vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome could not be completely ruled out; however, the diagnosis of coincidental event was preferred, which may provide a reference for future similar case investigation.

Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage in Latin American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional and comparative study

Abstract Background: Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus (SLE). Vaccination would be an effective method to reduce infection rate. Coverage for influenza and pneumococcus appears to be low in Latin America. The objective of this study was to evaluate vaccination coverage for influenza and pneumococcus in Latin America, causes of non-vaccination and to compare it with European patients. Methods: A survey was conducted through social networks targeting Latin American lupus patients. A self-report was used to assess the demographics, risk factors for pneumonia, vaccination status, and causes of non-vaccination. The same method was used for European patients. We used binary logistic regression to identify factors associated with pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Results: There were 1130 participants from Latin America. Among them, 97% were women with an average of 37.9 years (SD: 11.3) and 46.5% had more than 7 years of disease duration. Two or more risk factors for pneumonia were found in 64.9%. Coverage for influenza and pneumococcal was 42.7 and 25% respectively, being lower than in Europe. Tetanus coverage was the most important predictor for receiving influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. Lack of prescription was the most common cause of non-application (64.6%). Conclusions: Vaccination coverage for influenza and pneumonia is low in Latin America, especially compared to Europe. It is necessary to make specialists aware of their role in vaccine control and to implement measures to improve coordination between them and general practitioners.

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive and Noninvasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Korea between 2014 and 2016

BACKGROUND: Several factors contribute to differences in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution. We investigated the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae isolated between 2014 and 2016 in Korea. METHODS: We collected a total of 1,855 S. pneumoniae isolates from 44 hospitals between May 2014 and May 2016, and analyzed the serotypes by sequential multiplex PCR. We investigated the distribution of each serotype by patient age, source of the clinical specimen, and antimicrobial resistance pattern. RESULTS: The most common serotypes were 11A (10.1%), followed by 19A (8.8%), 3 (8.5%), 34 (8.1%), 23A (7.3%), and 35B (6.2%). The major invasive serotypes were 3 (12.6%), 19A (7.8%), 34 (7.8%), 10A (6.8%), and 11A (6.8%). Serotypes 10A, 15B, 19A, and 12F were more common in patients ≤5 years old, while serotype 3 was more common in patients ≥65 years old compared with the other age groups. The coverage rates of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)7, PCV10, PCV13, and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 were 11.8%, 12.12%, 33.3%, and 53.6%, respectively. Of the 1,855 isolates, 857 (46.2%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), with serotypes 11A and 19A predominant among the MDR strains. The resistance rates against penicillin, cefotaxime, and levofloxacin were 22.8%, 12.5%, and 9.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant changes in the major S. pneumoniae serotypes in the community. Non-PCV13 serotypes increased in patients ≤5 years old following the introduction of national immunization programs with the 10- and 13-polyvalent vaccines.

Colonización nasofaríngea por serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños uruguayos antes y después de la introducción de las vacunas antineumocóccicas conjugadas / Nasopharyngeal colonization from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Uruguayan children before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccines / Colonização nasofaríngea por sorotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae em crianças uruguaias antes e após da introdução de vacinas pneumocócicas conjugadas

Resumen: Las vacunas conjugadas neumocóccicas (VCN) son efectivas para el control de las infecciones severas en niños y también limitan la colonización nasofaríngea por los serotipos que integran sus fórmulas. En Uruguay, no se dispone de publicaciones recientes sobre los serotipos albergados en el reservorio nasofaríngeo de los niños, ni antes ni luego de la introducción de las VCN. Con el objetivo de caracterizar la colonización nasofaríngea de niños menores de 2 años y describir los serotipos de S. pneumoniae identificados antes y después de la introducción de las vacunas conjugadas antineumocóccicas en el certificado esquema de vacunación (CEV) de Uruguay, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, incluyendo tres períodos de tiempo: años 2002- 2003 y 2014-2015 en Paysandú, y 2012-2013 en Montevideo. Los aislamientos de S. pneumoniae se realizaron en laboratorios locales y la serotipificación por "quellung" se efectuó en el Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública. Se procesaron 831 muestras, con 54,8% de recuperación de neumococos (n=456), de los cuales 223 fueron tipificados. El estudio previo a la vacunación mostró portación de serotipos invasores, con predominio de los serotipos 6A, 6B, 14 y 19F, todos incluidos en la vacuna 13-valente. En los niños de la policlínica de HIV, la colonización por neumococos invasores fue mucho menor, y el otro estudio, también posvacunación, evidenció la casi desaparición de cepas invasoras (6/93), con predominio de serotipos poco habituales, lo que constituyó un llamado de atención para instrumentar una vigilancia que monitorice la dinámica de la colonización infantil.

Summary: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) are effective against children's severe infections and they also constrain nasopharyngeal colonization due to the serotypes in their formulas. There are no recent publications in Uruguay regarding serotypes hosted in the children's nasopharyngeal reservoir, either from before or after the introduction of the PCV. With the purpose of characterizing nasopharyngeal colonization of children under 2 years of age and describing the S. pneumoniae serotypes before and after the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the Uruguayan National Vaccination Report, we carried out a descriptive retrospective study including three periods: 2002- 2003 and 2014-2015 in Paysandú, and 2012-2013 in Montevideo. S. pneumoniae was isolated in local laboratories and the "quellung" serotypification was carried out in the Laboratories of the Public Health Department. We processed 831 samples and recovered 54.8% pneumococci (n=456), of which 223 were typified. Prior to the vaccination, the study showed invasive serotype carriage, mainly of the 6A, 6B, 14 and 19F serotypes, all included in the 13-valent vaccine. At the HIV clinic, colonization from invasive pneumococci was much lower and the post vaccination study showed the almost complete disappearance of the invasive strains (6/93), mainly of the less common serotypes, which called the attention towards the increase of vigilance towards the monitoring of children colonization dynamics.

Resumo: As Vacinas Pneumocócicas Conjugadas (VPC) são eficazes contra infecções graves em crianças e também restringem a colonização nasofaríngea, devido aos sorotipos utilizados em suas fórmulas. Não há publicações recentes no Uruguai relativas aos sorotipos que incluem reservatório nasofaringeos nas crianças, nem de antes ou depois das vacinas VPN. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a colonização nasofaríngea de crianças menores de 2 anos de idade e descrevendo os sorotipos S. pneumoniae antes e depois das vacinas antipneumocócicas conjugadas no Relatório Nacional de Vacinação do Uruguai, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo descritivo, incluindo três períodos: 2002- 2003 e 2014-2015 em Paysandú e 2012-2013 em Montevideo. S. pneumoniae foi isolada em laboratórios locais e a soro tipificação "quellung" foi realizada nos Laboratórios do Departamento de Saúde Pública. Foram processadas 831 amostras e recuperado 54,8% de pneumococo (n = 456), dos quais 223 foram tipificados. Antes da vacinação, o estudo mostrou transporte de sorotipos invasores, principalmente dos sorotipos 6A, 6B, 14, 19F, todos incluídos na vacina 13-valente. Na clínica de HIV, a colonização invasiva de pneumococos foi muito menor, e o estudo pós-vacinação mostrou o desaparecimento quase total das cepas invasivas (6/93), principalmente dos sorotipos menos comuns, o que sugere a necessidade de aumentar a vigilância no monitoramento da dinâmica de colonização de crianças.

Efecto de la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada 10-valente en el área sur de Santiago de Chile, 2009-2015 / Impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the southern area of Santiago (Chile), 2009-2015 / Efeito da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente conjugada na região sul de Santiago, Chile, 2009-2015

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la incorporación de la vacuna antineumococica 10-valente (PCV 10) en la incidencia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora (ENI) y en la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) en niños hospitalizados menores de 5 años en el área sur de Santiago de Chile. Métodos Se realizó un estudio ecológico de la incidencia de ENI y NAC en menores de 5 años del área sur de Santiago de Chile de 2009 a 2015. Las fuentes de información utilizadas fueron las de los laboratorios de bacteriología de cuatro hospitales, del Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) y los registros de egresos hospitalarios. Resultados Un total de 6 461 casos de NAC y 173 casos de ENI fueron confirmados por el ISP, de los cuales 169 casos fueron diagnosticados en los laboratorios de bacteriología de los hospitales incluidos en el estudio. Al comparar la incidencia de casos de 2010 frente a 2011-2015, la razón de incidencias (RI) de ENI se redujo 10% anualmente (p = 0,026) y la de NAC, 8% en el mismo período (p <0,001). El total de días cama ocupados en el período 2009-2015 fue de 39 565 con una mediana de días cama ocupados entre 4 y 5. Hasta 2012 fallecieron 7 niños y desde entonces no ha habido fallecimientos por estas enfermedades. Conclusiones La incorporación de la vacuna PCV-10 en el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones tuvo un efecto positivo, con una reducción significativa de las ENI y NAC y de la ocupación de camas por ENI y evitó casos y muertes.

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children under 5 years of age in the southern area of Santiago, Chile. Methods An ecological study was conducted on the incidence of IPD and CAP in children under age 5 in the southern area of Santiago (Chile) from 2009 to 2015. The information used was from bacteriology laboratories in four hospitals, the Chilean Institute of Health Public (ISP), and hospital discharge records. Results A total of 6,461 cases of CAP and 173 cases of IPD were confirmed by the ISP; 169 of these cases were diagnosed in the bacteriology laboratories of the hospitals included in the study. When the incidence of cases in 2010 was compared to 2011-2015, the incidence ratio (IR) of IPD declined 10% annually (p=0.026) and CAP declined by 8% in the same period (p<0.001). Days of hospitalization due to IPD were reduced by 39% (p<0.001). Between 2009 and 2012, seven children died, but since then there have been no deaths due to these diseases. Conclusions The introduction of the PCV-10 vaccine into the National Immunization Program has had a positive effect, with a significant reduction in IPD and CAP and in days of hospitalization due to IPD, while preventing cases and deaths.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da incorporação da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (PCV 10) na incidência de doença pneumocócica invasiva (DPI) e pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em crianças menores de cinco anos internadas em hospital. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo ecológico da incidência de DPI e PAC em crianças menores de cinco anos na região sul de Santiago, no Chile, de 2009 a 2015. As fontes de informação usadas foram os registros dos laboratórios de bacteriologia de quatro hospitais, dados do Instituto de Saúde Pública do Chile (ISP) e registros de altas hospitalares. Resultados Ao todo, 6.461 casos de PAC e 173 casos de DPI foram confirmados pelo ISP, dos quais 169 casos foram diagnosticados nos laboratórios de bacteriologia dos hospitais participantes do estudo. Ao comparar a incidência de casos entre 2010 e o período de 2011-2015, observou-se um declínio de 10% na taxa de incidência anual de DPI (p = 0,026) e de 8% na de PAC no mesmo período (p<0,001). Os dias de leito ocupado por DPI tiveram uma redução de 39% ao ano (p <0,001). Sete crianças morreram até 2012 e a partir daí não ocorreram mais mortes por estas doenças. Conclusões A incorporação da vacina PCV-10 no programa nacional de vacinação surtiu um efeito positivo: houve uma redução significativa do número de casos de DPI e PAC e da ocupação de leitos por DPI e casos e mortes foram evitados.

Prospective study and cost-benefit analysis of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among the elderly in Jiading District of Shanghai / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-benefit of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in prevention of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in the elderly over 60 years old in Jiading District, Shanghai. Methods A prospective cohort study was conduct, in which the sample size was 1 000 for both inoculated and uninoculated groups. This study followed the two groups for three years. Incidence and economic burden of LRTIs were compared between the two groups. Re-sults Compared with the uninoculated group,the incidence of LRTIs in the inoculated group reduced sig-nificantly and the efficacy of PPV23 was stable. Inoculation of about every 10 elderly people could prevent one incidence of LRTIs. The overall protective efficacy of PPV23 against LRTIs, usage of antibiotics and hospitalization were 59.5%,63.5% and 89%,respectively. As the incidence of LRTIs increased,the pro-tective rate of PPV23 also tended to increase. Subgroup analysis showed that PPV23 reduced the incidence of LRTIs,usage of antibiotics and hospitalization in the elderly with hypertension,and decreased the incidence of LRTIs and usage of antibiotics in the elderly who were healthy or had diabetes.The cost-benefit ratio was 1 : 1.64 and the net benefit was ￥58 544. Adverse events following immunization were mostly local reac-tions and none were treated. Conclusion PPV23 can effectively reduce the incidence of LRTIs in the elder-ly over 60 years old with stable efficacy,safety and benefits outweighing costs.

Efectos de la vacuna neumocócica conjugada (VCN7 y VCN13) en los niños turcos con enfermedad neumocócica invasiva: experiencia en un solo centro / The effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7 and PCV13) on Turkish children with invasive pneumococcal disease: a single center experience

Introducción: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar los cambios en la incidencia de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI), la distribución de serotipos y patrones de resistencia antibiótica del Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños con ENI tras el período de vacunación (de 1 a 7 años) con vacuna neumocócica de 7 serotipos (VCN7) (2008) y de 13 serotipos (VCN13) (2011). Población y métodos: El estudio se realizó en 39 niños con ENI de 1 mes a 18 años de edad en Angora, Turquía. Se identificó Streptococcus pneumoniae en sangre, líquido cefalorraquídeo, líquido pleural, y otros tejidos y líquidos corporales estériles mediante procedimientos estándar. Se analizó la resistencia de cepas aisladas de S. pneumoniae a penicilina y ceftriaxona con la prueba de epsilometría (E-test). Los serotipos de las cepas se determinaron con la reacción de Quellung. Resultados: La incidencia anual de ENI disminuyó significativamente de 7,71 (intervalo de confianza --#91;IC--#93; del 95%: de 1,99 a 13,4) a 1,58 (IC del 95%: de 0,6 a 3,77; reducción del riesgo relativo= -79,5; p= 0,006) cada 100 000 habitantes de < 5 años de edad sin enfermedad preexistente. Durante todo el período del estudio, los serotipos en la VCN7 y en la VCN13 representaron el 27,8% y el 63,8% de las cepas aisladas, respectivamente. Los serotipos en la VCN13 correspondían al 81,8% de los casos de ENI en la era previa a la introducción de esta vacuna, y disminuyeron al 56% en los cuatro años posteriores. Las tasas de resistencia a penicilina y ceftriaxona (en el caso de la meningitis) fueron del 48,5% y el 9,1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Este estudio observó una disminución significativa en la incidencia de ENI después de la introducción de la VCN13.

Introduction. The aim of this prospective singlecenter study was to determine the changings in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae in children with IPD after the period (1 to 7 years) of vaccination with PCV7 (2008) and PCV13 (2011). Population and methods. The study was conducted on 39 Turkish children with IPD between ages 1 month and 18 years in Ankara, Turkey. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified using standard laboratory procedures from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, and other sterile body fluids and tissues. S. pneumoniae isolates were tested for resistance to penicilin and ceftriaxone using the E-test methodology. Serotypes of the isolates were determined by Quellung reaction. Results. The overall annual incidence rate of IPD decreased significantly from 7.71 (95% CI, 1.99-13.4) to 1.58 (95% CI, 0.6-3.77; RRR= -79.5; p= 0.006) per 100 000 population among <5 years of age without underlying disease. During the overall study period, the PCV7-serotypes and PCV13-serotypes represented 27.8% and 63.8% of isolates, respectively. PCV13-serotypes made up 81.8% of cases of IPD in the pre-PCV13 era and decreased to 56% in the 4 years after PCV13. The penicillin and ceftriaxone (for meningitis) resistance rates were 48.5% and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusions. This is the first study about the changing pattern of the incidence of IPD in Turkish children after the implementation of the PCV7 and PCV13 in Turkish national vaccine schedule and a prominent decrease in incidence of IPD has seen after the implementation of PCV13.

Deficiencia de anticuerpos específicos: inmunodeficiencia primaria asociada a alergia respiratoria / Specific antibody deficiency: primary immunodeficiency associated to respiratory allergy

La deficiencia de anticuerpos específicos con inmunoglobulinas séricas y linfocitos B normales (SAD) es una inmunodeficiencia primaria caracterizada por una capacidad alterada de responder a antígenos específicos, especialmente polisacáridos. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas de pacientes con SAD y destacar la asociación entre una inmunodeficiencia primaria y enfermedades alérgicas. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo en enfermos con SAD atendidos en un hospital público entre agosto de 2007 y julio de 2015. Se descartó otra inmunodeficiencia primaria o secundaria. El diagnóstico se basó en infecciones recurrentes y una respuesta anormal a la vacuna neumocócica polisacárida con medición de IgG específica para 10 serotipos de neumococo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 12 pacientes, 4 varones, con una edad promedio de 6 años; predominaron las neumonías recurrentes (91,7%) y otras infecciones respiratorias e invasivas. Los 12 enfermos con SAD tenían asma asociada; 11, rinitis alérgica y otras alergias. Tres pacientes no respondieron a ninguno de los 10 serotipos contenidos en la vacuna neumocócica polisacárida y la mayoría de los que lo hicieron fue a títulos bajos. El tratamiento con vacuna neumocócica conjugada fue favorable en 11/12 enfermos. CONCLUSIÓN: En niños mayores de 2 años con infecciones respiratorias recurrentes o infecciones invasivas por S. pneumoniae con inmunoglobulinas normales recomendamos investigar SAD, más aún si tienen enfermedad alérgica asociada.

Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) with normal immunoglobulin and normal B cells is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by reduced ability to produce antibodies to specific antigens especially polysaccharides. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients diagnosed with SAD emphasizing the association between primary immunodeficiency and allergic diseases. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive study showing patients with SAD treated at a public hospital between August 2007 and July 2015. Other secondary or primary immunodeficiency was discarded. The diagnosis of SAD was based on recurrent infections and abnormal response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine assessed by specific IgG to 10 pneumococcal serotypes. Results: Twelve patients were included, 4 males, mean age 6 years, recurrent pneumonia predominated (91.7%) as well as other respiratory and invasive infections. All patients with SAD had associated asthma, 11 had allergic rhinitis, and other allergies. Three patients did not respond to any of the 10 serotypes contained in pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and those who responded were with low titers. Treatment with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine was favorable in 11/12 patients. CONCLUSION: In children older than 2 years with recurrent respiratory infections or invasive S. pneumoniae infections with normal immunoglobulin we recommend to investigate SAD, especially if they have a concurrent allergic disease.

Pneumococcal vaccine promotes the proliferation of CRTH2 (CD4+CD294+ Th2)cells / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study the proliferation of CRTH2 (CD4+ CD294+ Th2)cells promoted by pneumococcal vaccine through antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs),so as to provide a new approach for amplification and sorting of Th2 cells.Methods CDs induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with T lym-phocytes after loading pneumococcal vaccine antigen,mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)was detected by cell count-ing kit-8(CCK8),DCs and CRTH2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results Pneumococcal vaccine could promote the maturation of DCs,together with TNF-a,it was adjuvant for maturation of DCs.Pneumococcal vaccine antigen-loaded DCs could increase the rate of subsets of CRTH2 cells on day 5([0.93±0.10]%)compared with day 1([0.70±0.02]%),and absolute number also increased (both P <0.05).Conclusion Amplification of CRTH2 cells can be greatly promoted by pneumococcal vaccine antigen-loaded DCs,which might be one of the effective way to induce amplification of Th2 cells.

Pneumococcal vaccine promotes the proliferation of CRTH2 (CD4+CD294+ Th2)cells / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study the proliferation of CRTH2 (CD4+ CD294+ Th2)cells promoted by pneumococcal vaccine through antigen presentation of dendritic cells (DCs),so as to provide a new approach for amplification and sorting of Th2 cells.Methods CDs induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with T lym-phocytes after loading pneumococcal vaccine antigen,mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)was detected by cell count-ing kit-8(CCK8),DCs and CRTH2 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results Pneumococcal vaccine could promote the maturation of DCs,together with TNF-a,it was adjuvant for maturation of DCs.Pneumococcal vaccine antigen-loaded DCs could increase the rate of subsets of CRTH2 cells on day 5([0.93±0.10]%)compared with day 1([0.70±0.02]%),and absolute number also increased (both P <0.05).Conclusion Amplification of CRTH2 cells can be greatly promoted by pneumococcal vaccine antigen-loaded DCs,which might be one of the effective way to induce amplification of Th2 cells.

Impact of the pneumococcal 10-valent vaccine on reducing hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in children / Impacto da vacina antipneumocócica 10-valente na redução de hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças

Abstract Objective: To describe and analyze the occurrence of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia in children before and after the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine implementation into the National Immunization Program. Methods: This is an ecological study that includes records of children younger than one year old, vaccinated and not vaccinated with the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine in the periods pre- and post-inclusion of the vaccine in the National Immunization Program in the area covered by the Regional Health Superintendence of Alfenas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Vaccination was considered as the exposure factor and hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia as the endpoint, using secondary annual data by municipality. The prevalence ratio and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to verify the association between variables. The Z test was used to calculate the difference between proportions. Results: Considering the 26 municipalities of the Regional Health Superintendence of Alfenas, there was a significant reduction in hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than one year of age, with prevalence ratio (PR)=0.81 (95%CI: 0.74-0.89; p<0.05), indicating a 19% lower prevalence of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia in the post-vaccination period. Conclusions: The results suggest the effectiveness of the pneumococcal 10-valent conjugate vaccine in preventing severe cases of community-acquired pneumonia in children younger than one year of age.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a ocorrência de internações por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças antes e após a implantação, no Programa Nacional de Imunização, da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (conjugada). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que incluiu registros de crianças menores de um ano, vacinadas e não vacinadas com a vacina antipneumocócica 10-valente conjugada, no período pré e pós-inclusão da vacina no Programa Nacional de Imunização na área de abrangência da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Alfenas, MG, Brasil. A vacinação foi considerada como fator de exposição e a hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade como desfecho, com o uso de dados anuais secundários por município. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis foi empregada a razão de prevalência e seu intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%). Para o cálculo de diferença entre proporções empregou-se o teste Z. Resultados: Considerando os 26 municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Alfenas, houve redução significativa do número de hospitalização por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças abaixo de um ano, com razão de prevalência (RP)=0,81 (IC95% 0,74-0,89; p<0,05), o que indica uma prevalência de internação por pneumonia adquirida na comunidade 19% menor no período pós-vacinal. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem a efetividade da vacina pneumocócica 10-valente (conjugada) na prevenção de casos graves da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade em crianças menores de um ano.

Opinión del Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones Sociedad Chilena de Infectología: Vacuna neumocóccica conjugada en niños y la emergencia de serotipo 19A / Statement of the Advisory Immunization Committee of the Chilean Society of Infectious Diseases on the emergence of serotype 19A pneumococcal infection and the use of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine in Chilean children

La incorporación de la vacuna conjugada antineumocóc-cica 10 valente (PCV10) en lactantes en Chile el año 2011 ha permitido reducir las hospitalizaciones y muertes por neumonía en este grupo etario. Sin embargo, se ha observado desde entonces un aumento progresivo de los aislados de Streptococcus pneumoniae del serotipo 19A no incluido en la vacuna en uso (de < 5% del total de cepas recibidas en el Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional del Instituto de Salud Pública para vigilancia de infecciones invasores causadas por S. pneumoniae hasta el año 2010, a 12-23% en los años 2014-2015). En lactantes, el serotipo 19A representaba 4 a 8% de los aislados en la era pre vacuna, porcentaje que se incrementa a 25% el 2014. Este aumento ha ocurrido en dos terceras partes de las regiones administrativas del país. Cepas del serotipo 19A de pacientes menores de 5 años, muestran 25% de resistencia a penicilina para aislados extra-meníngeos y casi 100% para aislados de meningitis. El análisis genético de las cepas del serotipo 19A ha demostrado que 48% pertenecen al complejo clonal 320 de carácter pandémico y asociado a resistencia antimicrobiana. Además, casi todas las infecciones invasoras por serotipo 19A en niños se han dado en pacientes con esquema completo de vacunación PCV10. Los cambios epidemiológicos presentados indican la emergencia de infecciones invasoras por el serotipo 19A y la necesidad de controlar este problema con el cambio de la vacuna PCV10 a la vacuna PCV13 que contiene el serotipo 19A.

Inclusion of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV10) in the Chilean infant vaccination Program in 2011 was followed by a reduction of hospital admissions and pneumonia-related deaths in this age group. However, a progressive increase of serotype 19A pneumococcal isolates (not included in PCV10) has been observed. According to the analysis of pneumococcal strains performed by the national reference laboratory of the Institute of Public Health as part of a national surveillance on invasive pneumococcal infections, the relative proportion of serotype 19A isolates increased from <5% before 2010 to 12-23% in years 2014-2015. Serotype 19A represented 4-8% of the isolates in the pre-vaccine era among children less than 2 years, increasing to 25% during 2014. This increase has been documented in two-thirds of the national territory. Aimong children <5 years of age, 25% of 19A serotype isolates from non-meningeal infections were penicillin resistant wheras from meningeal infections near 100% were penicillin resistant. Genetic analysis indicates that 48% of these 19A strains belong to clonal complex 320, recognized for its pandemic potential and high antimicrobial resistance. Among children, most invasive infections secondary to serotype 19A have occurred in patients fully vaccinated with PCV10. These epidemiological changes indicate an increase in invasive pneumococcal infections by serotype 19A in Chile and the need to control this problem by changing the current PCV10 for the PCV13 vaccine containing serotype 19A.

Síndrome urémico hemolítico atípico asociado a neumococo / Pneumococcal hemolytic uremic syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) es una entidad caracterizada por la tríada de insuficiencia renal aguda, anemia hemolítica no inmune y trombocitopenia. Se distinguen 2 tipos: el SUH típico o D (+) asociado a toxina Shiga y el atípico o D(-) entre los que se encuentra el SUH asociado a neumococo. Ésta es una patología poco común con alta morbimortalidad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante que desarrolló un SUH asociado a neumococo en el marco de enfermedad neumocóccica invasiva

ABSTRACT Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an entity characterized by the triad of acute renal failure, nonimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Two types are distinguished: the typical HUS or D (+) related to Shiga toxin and the atypical or D (-) among which the HUS associated with pneumococcus. This is an uncommon pathology with high morbidity and mortality. We present the case of an infant who developed an HUS associated with pneumococcus in the contex of invasive pneumococcal disease