Mortalidade por Covid-19 em hospitais públicos e privados de Florianópolis/SC / Covid-19 mortality in public and private hospitals of Florianópolis/SC

Introdução: O acesso ao tratamento hospitalar adequado é importante para amenizar o impacto causado pelas questões socioeconômicas, auxiliando no combate às iniquidades em saúde. Objetivo: Analisar a diferença da atenção hospitalar pública e privada na mortalidade por Covid-19 em Florianópolis/SC. Métodos: Coorte histórica com dados de pacientes confirmados para Covid-19 entre 22 de fevereiro de 2020 e 09 de novembro de 2020. Utilizou-se abordagem de dupla-robustez. Na primeira etapa, parearam-se indivíduos notificados em hospitais públicos e privados por algoritmo genético. A seguir, estimou-se a probabilidade de óbito em hospitais públicos e privados, por meio de regressão logística. Analisou-se, então, a diferença entre as densidades de probabilidade de óbito dos dois tipos hospitalares. Resultados: Analisaram-se 2.497 pessoas, 1.244 de hospitais públicos e 1.253 de privados. A diferença entre a probabilidade condicional de óbito assumindo que todos os pacientes fossem notificados em hospitais públicos ou que todos fossem notificados em hospitais privados foi de -0,0002 (IC 95% -0,0013; 0,0005). Conclusão: A probabilidade de óbito por Covid-19 mostrou-se semelhante entre pacientes de hospitais públicos e privados.

Introduction: Access to adequate hospital treatment is important to alleviate the impact of socioeconomic issues, helping in the fight against health inequities. Objective: To analyze differences between public and private hospital care regarding COVID-19 mortality in Florianópolis/SC. Methods: This is a historical cohort study with data from patients who had a COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed between February 22, 2020 and November 9, 2020. We used a doubly robust approach. In the first stage, we paired individuals reported by public and private hospitals through a genetics algorithm. Subsequently, we estimated the probability of death in public and private hospitals using a logistic regression. We then analyzed the difference between probability densities of death in both hospital types. Results: This study analyzed 2,497 people, 1,244 public hospitals, and 1,253 private institutions. The difference between conditional probabilities of death assuming that all patients were reported by public hospitals or that all of them were reported by private hospitals was -0.0002 (95%CI -0.0013; 0.0005). Conclusion: The probability of death due to COVID-19 was shown to be similar between patients of public or private hospitals.

A dinâmica capitalista no setor hospitalar privado no Brasil entre 2009 e 2015 / The private health sector's capitalist dynamic in Brazil from 2009 to 2015 / La dinámica capitalista en el sector hospitalario privado en Brasil entre 2009 y 2015

Os hospitais apresentam mudanças em seu papel nos sistemas de saúde. No Brasil, os hospitais privados sempre tiveram destaque, com os filantrópicos voltando a ganhar maior importância no século XXI. Observa-se uma tendência, em especial nos Estados Unidos, de consolidação de hospitais, concentrando grande poder de mercado, consonante com o fenômeno capitalista de financeirização. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever, no contexto brasileiro, o movimento em curso nos hospitais e grupos hospitalares privados, identificando suas principais características e tendências à luz das dinâmicas atuais do capital. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório, descritivo, que teve como eixo de análise as dimensões patrimonial, contábil-financeira e política. O estudo cobriu o período entre 2009 e 2015, analisando 10 hospitais e três grupos hospitalares selecionados de modo intencional. Foram criados bancos de dados oriundos de diversas fontes a partir dos quais foram calculados indicadores e analisadas informações sobre cada uma das dimensões de análise. Observou-se que o setor hospitalar privado no Brasil já apresentava estratégias características de processo de financeirização, inclusive nos filantrópicos, tal como a formação de oligopólios por meio de fusões e aquisições e da dinâmica de diversificação para outras áreas como ensino e gestão de unidades públicas, foco em alta renda e internacionalização, apoiada por uma agenda política própria do setor. Trata-se de movimento intrinsecamente excludente, concentrador de riqueza, incompatível com os princípios constitucionais da universalidade e do direito à saúde, que requer a adoção de políticas públicas, regulamentação e controle social para sua contenção.

Hospitals have shown changes in their role in health systems. In Brazil, private hospitals have always stood out, with charitable hospitals gaining increasing importance in the 21st century. Especially in the United States, there has been a trend towards consolidation of hospitals, concentrating great market power, in keeping with the capitalist phenomenon of financialization. This study aims to describe the current evolution in the Brazilian context in private hospitals and hospital groups, identifying the principal characteristics and trends according to the current capital dynamics. A descriptive exploratory study was performed, focused on dimensions of net worth, accounting-finance, and policy. The study covered the period from 2009 to 2015, analyzing 10 hospitals and 3 hospital groups selected intentionally. Datasets were created from different sources, used to calculate indicators and to analyze information on each of these dimensions. The private hospital sector in Brazil, including charitable hospitals, already displayed strategies that are characteristic of financialization, such as the formation of oligopolies through mergers and acquisitions and diversification to other areas such as teaching and management of public units, a focus on high profit, and internationalization, backed by the sector's own policy agenda. The trend is intrinsically exclusionary, concentrating wealth, inconsistent with the constitutional principles of universal care and the right to health, and it requires the adoption of public policies, regulation, and social control to contain it.

Los hospitales presentan cambios en su papel dentro de los sistemas de salud. En Brasil, los hospitales privados siempre tuvieron relevancia, con los filantrópicos volviendo a ganar mayor importancia en el siglo XXI. Se observa una tendencia, en especial en los EE.UU., de consolidación de hospitales, concentrando un gran poder de mercado, consonante con el fenómeno capitalista de financiarización. El objetivo de este estudio es describir en el contexto brasileño el movimiento en curso en los hospitales y grupos hospitalarios privados, identificando sus principales características y tendencias a la luz de las dinámicas actuales del capital. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, que tuvo como eje de análisis las dimensiones patrimoniales, contable-financiera y política. El estudio cubrió el período entre 2009 y 2015, analizando 10 hospitales y 3 grupos hospitalarios seleccionados de modo intencional. Se crearon bancos de datos procedentes de diversas fuentes, a partir de los cuales se calcularon indicadores y analizó información sobre cada una de las dimensiones de análisis. Se observó que el sector hospitalario privado en Brasil ya presentaba estrategias características de proceso de financiarización, inclusive en los filantrópicos, tales como la formación de oligopolios mediante fusiones y adquisiciones, así como la dinámica de diversificación hacia otras áreas como formación y gestión de unidades públicas, enfocadas en rentas altas e internacionalización, apoyadas por una agenda política propia del sector. Se trata de un movimiento intrínsecamente excluyente, concentrador de riqueza, incompatible con los principios constitucionales de la universalidad y del derecho a la salud, y que requiere la adopción de políticas públicas, regulación y control social para su contención.

Experiencia de un servicio de pediatría del ámbito privado del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Experience at the Department of Pediatrics of a private facility in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción. A fin de 2019 se identificó una nueva variedad de coronavirus causante de COVID-19 que alcanzó categoría de pandemia. En Argentina, el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) concentra alrededor del 37 % de la población total y el mayor número de casos diagnosticados. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes con COVID-19 y describir el impacto en el funcionamiento del Servicio de Pediatría de una institución privada de la zona. Métodos. Diseño retrospectivo, observacional, desarrollado en una institución de la zona oeste del AMBA entre el 12 de marzo y el 31 de agosto de 2020. Se incluyeron todos los menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Se registraron características demográficas, epidemiológicas, clínicas, indicación de internación/control ambulatorio, número de consultas externas, internación por infecciones virales estacionales, licenciamiento del personal, modificación del número de camas y de las actividades de los profesionales. Resultados. Hubo 5454 consultas ambulatorias pediátricas totales, sospecha de COVID-19 en 753/5 454 (13,8 %), se confirmaron 152/753 (20,2 %). Mediana de edad 82 meses (rango intercuartílico: 20,5-147 m), el 50 % fueron varones. La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente. Se internaron 22/152 (14,5 %). Las consultas disminuyeron el 87 %, no hubo internación por infecciones virales estacionales y el 52,9 % (91/172) del personal fue licenciado. Conclusiones. La mayoría de los casos fueron leves y la fiebre fue el principal síntoma. Observamos un notable impacto en el funcionamiento del servicio en cuanto al recurso humano. Destacamos la necesidad de la organización logística del servicio para enfrentar esta contingencia.

Introduction. Towards the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 was identified and became a pandemic. In Argentina, approximately 37 % of the total population lives in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (AMBA), where most cases have been diagnosed. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients and the impact on the operations of the Department of Pediatrics of a private facility located in the AMBA. Methods. Retrospective, observational study conducted at a facility in the west of AMBA between March 12th and August 31st, 2020. All patients younger than 16 years diagnosed with COVID-19 were included. Demographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics; indication for hospitalization/outpatient follow-up; number of outpatient visits; hospitalization due to seasonal viral infections; staff on leave; changes in bed availability and health care providers' activities were recorded. Results. There were 5454 pediatric outpatient visits, COVID-19 was suspected in 753/5454 (13.8 %) and 152/753 (20.2 %) were confirmed cases. Their median age was 82 months (interquartile range: 20.5-147 months); 50 % were males. Fever was the most common symptom. In total, 22/152 (14.5 %) patients were hospitalized. Outpatients visits decreased by 87 %; there were no hospitalizations due to seasonal viral infections; and 52.9 % (91/172) of staff took a leave. Conclusions. Most cases were mild, and fever was the main symptom. The department operations were considerably affected in terms of human resources. It is worth noting the need for a logistic organization at the Department of Pediatrics to face such contingency.

A qualitative approach to understanding the need for better pay: Perspectives of Albayano nurses employed in private hospitals

@#PURPOSE: Scholarly works have reported about the nurses' salary and its impact on job satisfaction, nurse turnover, retention, work condition, and provision of nursing care. However, studies are either focused on the nurses in government hospitals or nurses working outside the country. Thus, the study aims to explore and describe the lived experience of nurses employed in private hospitals in Albay province, the Philippines, and explicate the need for better pay. DESIGN: The study used a qualitative design, specifically a descriptive phenomenology approach. METHODS: Purposive sampling and in-depth interviews were conducted among seventeen (17) nurse informants. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed following the seven-stage process as described by Colaizzi (1978) for data coding and identifying themes. The same process of analysis performed among the responses or data gathered through electronic communication platforms. FINDINGS: Four themes and nine sub-themes were identified. The first theme is 'Over but under,' which includes three sub-themes: (1) Over-worked, underpaid working conditions, (2) Finding an additional source of income as a result of low-wages, (3) More nurses are produced, but less are staying in the country, (4) Required by law in the country but not permitted by low salary. The second theme is 'Same but different,' which includes three sub-themes: (1) The Nursing profession is akin to others, yet uncompensated, (2) Work demands are comparable to government hospitals. The third theme is 'Caring but uncared-for,' which includes two sub-themes: (1) Psychologically upsetting, (2) Stimulates nurses transition. The fourth theme is 'Selfless foresight,' which include only one sub-theme (1) Increasing the salary attracts nurses to stay in the country. CONCLLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The study results showed that nurses in private hospitals need better remuneration as they experience poor work conditions. Also, it described a low salary that impacts the nurses' workload, their physical and mental health, their socio-economic being, their ability to avail professional development, the retention or turnover, and the provision of nursing care. The study findings suggest data triangulation of the study in some other private hospitals outside the region and explore strategies for increasing nurses' retention and satisfaction. Nonetheless, these efforts will robust the empirical data about the need for better pay among nurses in the private sector.

Cross-Sectional Study on the Profiles and the Degree of Burnout among Resident Physicians in Private Tertiary Hospitals in Bacolod City: Proposed Life-Skills Program

@#RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the profiles and the degree of burnout among resident physicians in private tertiary hospitals in Bacolod City? BACKGROUND: Exhaustion from work may result into negative effects not only to the medical staff and patients. Systematic reviews revealed an association in physician burnout and suboptimal quality of care, patient safety and patient satisfaction. However, the prevalence of burnout among resident physicians in Bacolod City has not been established. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine the profiles and the degree of burnout among resident physicians in private tertiary hospitals in Bacolod City. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey PARTICIPANTS: We invited all resident physicians in private hospitals in Bacolod City. OUTCOME MEASURE: This study used the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey. ANALYSIS: IBM SPSS version 22 was used in the data analysis. Mean and frequency distribution were utilized. Analysis of percentage of distribution was used to determine their difference. RESULTS: From December 2019 to January 2020, ninety-three resident physicians consented to participate in the study. The majority of the participants were young adults, females and single. Only a minority of the residents exercised regularly. The majority were practicing their religion. Most of the residents are in their early years of training. Residents in Internal Medicine comprised the majority of the respondents. Among the respondents, in the Emotional Exhaustion (EE) domain: 24.7% were low, 37.6% were moderate, and 37.6% were high. While in the Depersonalization (DP) domain: 43% were low, 34.4% were moderate, and 22.6% were high. Lastly, in the Personal Achievement (PA) domain: 33.3% were low, 35.5% were moderate, and 31.2% were high. High burnout was present in 22.6% among the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: High burn out was seen among young adults, male, single, and more senior resident physicians. Furthermore, residents who exercise regularly and practice their religion have lower burnout. And Internal Medicine residents were seen to have high burnout compared to other training specialization. Organizational- and physician-directed interventions have an essential role in preventing and reducing burnout in training institutions.

Opportunities and challenges for the development of the old-age care model of medical and nursing combination in Chinese medical institutions / 国际中医中药杂志

With the aggravation of aging and the increasing demand of the elderly for pension and medical services,the old-age model of medical care combined with nursing emerges as the times required.Traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions have the advantages and opportunities in the process of developing integrated medical and nursing services,such as the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases,the increasing demand of the elderly for integrated medical and nursing institutions,and the strong support of the state for integrated medical and nursing institutions.However,they are also facing challenges and difficulties such as imperfect team,weak market competition and low payment ability.Through the analysis of opportunities and challenges for TCM medical institutions,this paper provides corresponding counter measures and suggestions for their development.

The effect of private hospitals development on the operational efficiency of public hospitals in Chi-na:An empirical analysis based on the Malmquist-Tobit method / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective: To analyze the effect of private hospitals development on the operational efficiency of public hospitals. Methods: The effect was performed using the Malmquist-Tobit Method. Results: The results found that from 2010 to 2015, the average factor of Total Productivity Index ( TPI) of the Chinese public hospitals was 1. 036 and the contribution rates of technological progress and technical efficiency were 66. 7% and 33. 3% , respec-tively. The coefficients of correlation between total productivity index, technological progress and technical efficiency were 0. 328, 0. 742. The structure optimization of private hospitals exerted a very significant inhibitory effect on the operating efficiency of public hospitals. The core resources of private hospitals were significantly promoted, and the number of public hospitals and scale of industries were not significant as per results revealed. Conclusion: The opera-tional efficiency of the public hospitals in China was in the overall improvement stage, but there was a threat of irreg-ular negative growth associated with regional and inter-provincial differentiation. The operational efficiency was driven by the technical progress and efficiency double paths. The effect of private hospitals on operational efficiency of pub-lic hospitals was characterized by heterogeneity, asymmetry and threshold characteristics under the framework of structural competition between private and public hospitals.

Quality assessment of primary healthcare institutions entrusted to private hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To evaluate the quality of primary healthcare institutions entrusted to private hospitals as seen by the consumers. Methods The vertical integrated model between Renhe Hospital and Lixian township health center was selected as the case study. Consumer survey data of both November 2016 and September 2017 were collected by using Primary Care Assessment Tool(PCAT) (n=376). Stata 14.0 and Excel 2013 were used for descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Results Scoring in such key domains as continuity, comprehensiveness and coordination, and the derivative domains was higher in 2017 than those of 2016. And the differences were significant except for the domain of continuity and coordination (referral). PACT total score in 2017 was 21.28,higher than 19.83 in 2016 and the difference was significant(P<0.01). Conclusions Under the vertical integrated model between Renhe and Lixian, the quality of primary healthcare institutions was improving from 2016 to 2017 from the perspective of consumers. First contact (accessibility), comprehensiveness (services availability) and community orientation of primary healthcare institutions need to be strengthened in the future.

Analysis on medical service and regional differences of private hospitals in China since the new healthcare reform / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze problems in the development of medical service at private hospitals, and provide references for promoting the development of these hospitals and implementing policies for encouraging this sector′s growth. Methods The data were collected from the statistical yearbook published by the National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China, and descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the medical service workload and medical service efficiency of private hospitals in China since the new healthcare reform. Results Private hospitals accounted for 56. 39％ of the total number of hospitals in China, accounting for 21. 69％ of beds by the end of 2016. From the perspective of medical service workload, the service volume of these hospitals had increased yet at a small pace. The number of patients and inpatients received accounted for 12. 90％ and 15. 84％ respectively of all the hospitals in China. From the point of service efficiency, by the end of 2016, the bed utilization ratio was 62. 8％, the daily medical visits to their doctors were 5. 5 persons-times, and the daily number of hospitalized beds per doctor was 2. 2 beds. These numbers lag far behind public hospitals. The development of private hospitals varied with regions in imbalance. Conclusions Improving the social image, attracting talents and improving service quality are key to improving the medical service capacity of private hospitals.

Diferenciais dos aglomerados de nascidos vivos no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, 2010 / Differences in live birth clusters in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010 / Diferenciales de los aglomerados de nacidos vivos en el municipio de São Paulo, Brasil, 2010

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi identificar aglomerados de nascimentos segundo o tipo de hospital (SUS e não SUS) e a existência de diferenciais quanto a características socioeconômicas, materno-infantis e de acesso, medidos pela distância entre as residências maternas e os hospitais onde se deram os partos. Os nascimentos ocorridos de mães residentes no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, em 2010 foram georreferenciados e alocados nas 310 áreas de ponderação do censo demográfico, além de classificados segundo hospital de nascimento (SUS e não SUS). Foram identificados aglomerados espaciais por meio da técnica de varredura espacial para dependência espacial dos nascimentos SUS e não SUS, com a formação de dez aglomerados SUS e sete não SUS. Os nascimentos em hospitais não SUS formaram aglomerados situados na área central, onde há menor proporção de domicílios de baixa renda. Os aglomerados de nascidos vivos SUS localizaram-se nas bordas da cidade, onde são mais frequentes domicílios em aglomerados subnormais. Os aglomerados tanto SUS como não SUS não são homogêneos entre si, visto que há diferenças em relação a idade das mães, escolaridade, número de consultas de pré-natal e recém-nascidos muito prematuros. A distância média teórica percorrida pelas mães até o hospital foi 51,8% menor nos aglomerados SUS (5,1km) que nos não SUS (9,8km). A formação de aglomerados de nascimentos mostrou diferenciais das características maternas, gestação, parto e recém-nascidos, além de ter apresentado distribuição espacial radial-concêntrica, refletindo os diferenciais socioeconômicos existentes na cidade. A menor distância nos nascimentos SUS indica a regionalização da assistência ao parto no Município de São Paulo.

Abstract: This study aimed to identify birth clusters according to type of hospital (SUS vs. non-SUS) and the existence of differences in socioeconomic, maternal, neonatal, and healthcare access characteristics, measured by the distance between the mothers' homes and the hospitals where they gave birth. Births to mothers residing in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2010 were georeferenced and allocated in 310 weighting areas from the population census, in addition to classifying them according to hospital of birth (SUS vs. non-SUS). Spatial clusters were identified through the spatial sweep technique for spatial dependence of SUS and non-SUS births, leading to the formation of ten SUS clusters and seven non-SUS clusters. Births in non-SUS hospitals formed clusters in the city's central area, with a lower proportion of low-income households. The SUS birth clusters were located on the outskirts of the city, where there are more households in subnormal clusters. Both SUS and non-SUS clusters were not internally homogeneous, showing differences in maternal age, schooling, and number of prenatal visits and very premature newborns. The theoretical mean distance traveled by mothers to the hospital was 51.8% lower in the SUS clusters (5.1km) than in the non-SUS clusters (9.8km). The formation of birth clusters showed differences in maternal, pregnancy, childbirth, and neonatal characteristics, in addition to displaying a radial-concentric spatial distribution, reflecting the city's prevailing socioeconomic differences. The shorter distance in SUS births indicates regionalization of childbirth care in the city of São Paulo.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue identificar aglomerados de nacimientos, según el tipo de hospital (SUS y no SUS), y la existencia de diferenciales en cuanto a características socioeconómicas, materno-infantiles y de acceso, calculados por la distancia entre las residencias maternas y los hospitales donde se produjeron los partos. Los nacimientos que se produjeron con madres residentes en el municipio de São Paulo, Brasil, en 2010 fueron georreferenciados y asignados a las 310 áreas de ponderación del censo demográfico, además de clasificados según el hospital de nacimiento (SUS y no SUS). Se identificaron aglomerados espaciales mediante la técnica de barrido espacial para la dependencia espacial de los nacimientos SUS y no SUS, formando diez aglomerados SUS y siete no SUS. Los nacimientos en hospitales no SUS constituyeron aglomerados, situados en el área central, donde existe una menor proporción de domicilios de baja renta. Los aglomerados de nacidos vivos SUS estaban ubicados en el extrarradio de la ciudad, donde son más frecuentes domicilios en aglomerados por debajo de los estándares normales. Los aglomerados tanto SUS, como no SUS, no son homogéneos entre sí, debido a que existen diferencias referentes a la edad de las madres, escolaridad, número de consultas prenatales y recién nacidos muy prematuros. La distancia media teórica recorrida por las madres hasta el hospital fue un 51,8% menor en los aglomerados SUS (5,1km) que en los no SUS (9,8km). La formación de aglomerados de nacimientos mostró diferenciales en las características maternas, gestación, parto y recién nacidos, además de haber presentado distribución espacial radial-concéntrica, reflejando los diferenciales socioeconómicos existentes en la ciudad. La menor distancia en los nacimientos SUS indica la regionalización de la asistencia al parto en el municipio de São Paulo.

Analysis on the Medical Service Management at Private Hospitals based on the Investigation of Patient Satisfaction / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To investigate and analyze the current status of patient satisfaction and the influencing factors at private hospitals in Guizhou Province,and thus to provide a scientific basis for the management of medical service at private hospitals.Methods:The satisfaction scores were statistically described and analyzed by the factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.Results:The overall satisfaction score of patients was (3.87 ± 0.85),of which the satisfaction of medical technology,drug price,inspection fee,and medical facilities was lower.The factor analysis showed that satisfaction of patients at private hospitals could be classified into the environment,the quality of service,medical expense,and service flow.Multivariate linear regression results showed that its standardized partial regression coefficient by the parameter descending order followed as medical expense,the environment,the quality of service,and then service flow.Conclusions:Private hospitals should set up a fair medical expenditure mechanism,improve the environment and quality of medical services,and optimize service flow in order to improve patient satisfaction.

Percepção da enfermagem frente ao clima de segurança do paciente em instituições públicas e privadas / Percepción de la enfermería frente al clima de seguridad del paciente en instituciones públicas y privadas / Perception of nursing regarding patient safety climate in public and private institutions

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a percepção da equipe de enfermagem frente ao clima de segurança que permeia a assistência entre profissionais de instituições públicas e privadas. Método Estudo quantitativo, transversal, desenvolvido com 235 profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital privado e um público, da região de Campinas, entre outubro de 2014 e outubro de 2015. Para a coleta foi utilizado o Questionário Atitudes de Segurança - Short Form. Na análise, foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais, com realização do teste de Mann Whitney, para comparar as instituições. Resultados A instituição privada apresentou médias superiores às da pública, com diferenças significantes nos domínios clima de segurança (p=0,00), gestão da unidade (p<0,0001), gestão do hospital (p<0,0001), condições de trabalho (p<0,0001) e trabalho em equipe (p=0,00). Conclusão Apesar da instituição privada ter demonstrado melhor desempenho, o clima de segurança percebido pelos profissionais foi considerado insatisfatório em ambas as instituições.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la percepción del equipo de enfermería sobre el clima de seguridad que permea la asistencia entre los profesionales de instituciones públicas y privadas. Método Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, desarrollado con 235 profesionales de enfermería de un hospital privado y uno público en la región de Campinas entre octubre de 2014 y octubre de 2015. Para la recolección se utilizó el Cuestionario Actitudes de Seguridad - Short Form. En el análisis, se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y inferenciales, con realización de la prueba de Mann Whitney para comparar las instituciones. Resultados La institución privada presentó promedios superiores a los de la pública, con diferencias significativas en las áreas de seguridad (p=0,00), gestión de la unidad (p <0,0001), gestión del hospital (p <0,0001), condiciones de trabajo (p <0,0001) y trabajo en equipo (p = 0,00). Conclusión Aunque la institución privada mostró un mejor desempeño, el clima de seguridad percibido por los profesionales fue considerado insatisfactorio en ambas instituciones.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the perception of nursing staff regarding the safety climate among healthcare professionals from public and private institutions. Method This is a cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted with 235 nursing professionals from a private hospital and a public hospital in Campinas, between October 2014 and October 2015. The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire - Short Form was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis, and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the institutions. Results The private institution had higher averages than the public institution, and significant differences in the areas of safety climate (p=0.00), unit management (p<0.0001), hospital management (p=<0.0001), working conditions (p=<0.0001), and teamwork (p=0.00). Conclusion Although the private institution performed better, the professionals perceived the safety climate as unsatisfactory in both institutions.

Economic analysis of private hospitals:172 hospitals′experience,2011-2013 / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To make recommendations on the development of private hospitals,by means of investigation and analysis of their business operations.Methods Quantitative and descriptive analysis were used to study business operation data from 2011 to 2013 of the 172 private hospitals,in order to learn their present status and development trends.These data were compared with public hospitals in average to identify problems.Results The revenue and expenditure of theses private hospitals increased at a fast pace,with a revenue growth rate of 22.0% and an expenditure growth rate of 15.7% in 2013.Number of visits gradually improved,with an increase of 12.9%.But the rate of bed occupancy was only 68.1%,lower than the average of public hospitals.Conclusions In view of the low resource utilization,the authors recommend such hospitals to improve hospital management systems,and uphold the integrity of business,so as to compete with public hospitals differentially.

Healthcare waste management in selected government and private hospitals in Southeast Nigeria

Objective: To assess healthcare workers' involvement in healthcare waste management in public and private hospitals. Methods: Validated questionnaires (n = 660) were administered to randomly selected healthcare workers from selected private hospitals between April and July 2013. Results: Among the healthcare workers that participated in the study, 187 (28.33%) were medical doctors, 44 (6.67%) were pharmacists, 77 (11.67%) were medical laboratory scientist, 35 (5.30%) were waste handlers and 317 (48.03%) were nurses. Generally, the number of workers that have heard about healthcare waste disposal system was above average 424 (69.5%). More health-workers in the government (81.5%) than in private (57.3%) hospitals were aware of healthcare waste disposal system and more in government hospitals attended training on it. The level of waste generated by the two hospitals differed significantly (P = 0.008. 6) with the generation level higher in government than private hospitals. The materials for healthcare waste disposal were significantly more available (P = 0.001) in government than private hospitals. There was no significant difference (P = 0.285) in syringes and needles disposal practices in the two hospitals and they were exposed to equal risks (P = 0.851. 0). Fifty-six (18.5%) and 140 (45.5%) of the study participants in private and government hospitals respectively were aware of the existence of healthcare waste management committee with 134 (44.4%) and 19 (6.2%) workers confirming that it did not exist in their institutions. The existence of the committee was very low in the private hospitals. Conclusions: The availability of material for waste segregation at point of generation, compliance of healthcare workers to healthcare waste management guidelines and the existence of infection control committee in both hospitals is generally low and unsatisfactory.

The impact of dean's characteristics on the competitiveness of private hospitals：Based on a study of 100 private hospital data / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper selects the characteristics of hospital deans as a starting point to study the influence of private hospital competitiveness .According to the competitiveness of the private hospitals 100 list in Hong Kong , Eric Peter Hospital Management Research Center released in 2014 , regard the list derived competitiveness evaluation score as the independent variable , and according to the manual excerpt from hospital official website and publicly available information ,the Author has calculated the sample characteristics data of the list of 100 private hospitals and other con-trol variables .Research results demonstrate that private hospital deans 'age distribution structure is too large , and the average years of work in the health care practice is higher , with a higher proportion of senior professional titles and o-verseas study and work backgrounds .Through the establishment of multiple linear regression models for further study showed that the private hospital deans 'age , professional , technical titles and work experience has affected the com-petitiveness of the evaluation of the hospital .Therefore , this paper recommends that private hospitals should give full play to the advantages of expert dean and dean of the decision-making for core position should be clear , and the intro-duction and training of personnel presidency as a priority work .

Healthcare waste management in selected government and private hospitals in Southeast Nigeria

Objective: To assess healthcare workers' involvement in healthcare waste management in public and private hospitals. Methods: Validated questionnaires (n = 660) were administered to randomly selected healthcare workers from selected private hospitals between April and July 2013. Results: Among the healthcare workers that participated in the study, 187 (28.33%) were medical doctors, 44 (6.67%) were pharmacists, 77 (11.67%) were medical laboratory sci-entist, 35 (5.30%) were waste handlers and 317 (48.03%) were nurses. Generally, the number of workers that have heard about healthcare waste disposal system was above average 424 (69.5%). More health-workers in the government (81.5%) than in private (57.3%) hospitals were aware of healthcare waste disposal system and more in government hospitals attended training on it. The level of waste generated by the two hospitals differed significantly (P = 0.0086) with the generation level higher in government than private hospitals. The materials for healthcare waste disposal were significantly more available (P = 0.001) in government than private hospitals. There was no significant difference (P = 0.285) in sy-ringes and needles disposal practices in the two hospitals and they were exposed to equal risks (P = 0.8510). Fifty-six (18.5%) and 140 (45.5%) of the study participants in private and government hospitals respectively were aware of the existence of healthcare waste man-agement committee with 134 (44.4%) and 19 (6.2%) workers confirming that it did not exist in their institutions. The existence of the committee was very low in the private hospitals. Conclusions: The availability of material for waste segregation at point of generation, compliance of healthcare workers to healthcare waste management guidelines and the existence of infection control committee in both hospitals is generally low and unsatisfactory.

Occupational Stress among Emergency Department (ED) Staff and the Need for Investment in Health Care; a View from Pakistan.

Aims: To identify the frequency of occupational stress and its contributing factors (stressors) existing among healthcare providers working in the Emergency Department (ED) of tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. Study Design: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Emergency Department of public and private tertiary care hospitals located in Karachi. The study was conducted for a period of five months from February to June 2013. Methodology: A sample of 120 health care providers in Emergency Departments including doctors and nurses were included in the study (60 doctors, 60 nurses 30 each from public and private tertiary care hospitals). Self administered questionnaire with three parts was used to collect data. The first part pertained to demographics, the second part was adopted from Workplace Stress Scale (WSS) while the third part contained an inventory of Emergency Worker Stress. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 16 (SPSS) and MS excel software 2010 were used for data analysis and presentation. Results: Of the 120 participants including doctors and nurses, 35.8% had ‘Moderate’ level of occupational stress as per Work Stress Scale (WSS). 28.3% were found to have ‘Severe’ level of occupational stress. Significant association was found between levels of stress & hospital status (P- value 0.002) & Work hours in ER (P- value 0.0001). Among the association between occupational stress and ER related stressors, significant moderate association was found with overall stress score and wok responsibility category (r=0.697 & r=0.675 respectively) Conclusion: Health care providers from Emergency Department are under immense stress and workload. This level of stress is likely to lead to more mistakes by the ED staff and general dissatisfaction at workplace. It is important to reassess the system’s flaws and minimize workload and stress among Emergency care providers for a better health care experience.

Influencing factors on the choice of public or private hospitals by middle:Aged and elderly pa-tients / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper uses the binomial logistic regression model and the 2011 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study ( CHALRS) to analyze the influencing factors on the choice of public or private hospitals by mid-dle-aged and elderly patients. The study finds that rural residents are significantly influenced by the self-evaluation of health, on-demand clinic consultation, and the use of basic medical insurance systems. There is a higher probability that patients that are not as healthy and that require clinical consultation or the use of the basic medical insurance sys-tem will choose public hospitals. The study concludes that elderly patients have greater trust in public hospitals when they seek treatment for disease risks. Moreover, the fixed points of medical insurance are concentrated in public hos-pitals, thereby prompting patients to choose public hospitals. It is suggested that the prevention and control of senile diseases be strengthened, the level of hospital consulting services be improved, and the access mechanisms of medi-cal insurance fixed point hospitals be adjusted.

Estresse no trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados segundo o modelo demanda-controle / Stress in nurses working in private hospitals that operate according to the demand-control model

O objeto de estudo foi os níveis de demanda psicológica e controle sobre o trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados. O objetivo geral avaliar os níveis de demanda psicológica e controle sobre o trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados de acordo com o Modelo Demanda-Controle. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 69 enfermeiros (n=69) que atuam em diversos hospitais privados. Para caracterização da amostra utilizou-se o Questionário Sociodemográfico e para avaliar os aspectos psicossociais do trabalho o “Job Content Questionnaire”. A coleta de dados foi entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2014. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o programa SPSS 18.0 e o programa Microsoft Excel Office 2010. Os principais resultados encontrados na amostra estudada foram a predominância do sexo feminino (78,3%), com idade entre 24 e 47 anos de idade sendo maioria com a idade entre 20 e 29 anos, 50,7% relataram ser casados. Quanto à exposição ao estresse o estudo demonstrou que a amostra possui trabalho de alta exigência (56,5%) e trabalho ativo (53,6%). Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a amostra é de trabalhadores que possuem Alta exigência e Alto controle caracterizando trabalho ativo, o que seria o ideal no trabalho do enfermeiro, embora nem todos os âmbitos de atuação deste profissional permita tal liberdade, dado a aspectos inerentes da profissão, por exemplo, a fragmentação dos processos de trabalho, a burocratização, rotinização, hierarquia rígida dentre outros. Entende-se que novos estudos utilizando este modelo de instrumento podem contribuir para o conhecimento das reais condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros, com foco nos aspectos psicossociais, que são potenciais estímulos para o estresse no trabalho...

The study focused on levels of psychological demands and control over the work of nurses working in private hospitals. The general objective to evaluate the levels of psychological demand and control over the work of nurses working in private hospitals according to the demand-control model. This is a cross-sectional study of 69 nurses (n=69) operating in various private hospitals. To characterize the sample used the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and to assess the psychosocial aspects of work the "Job Content Questionnaire". Data collection was between the months of September and October 2014. For data analysis we used SPSS 18.0 and Microsoft Excel Office 2010 program. The main findings in the study sample were predominantly female (78,3%), aged between 24 and 47 years old with most between the ages of 20 and 29, 50.7% reported being married. Regarding exposure to stress the study showed that the sample had high strain (56.5%) and active work (53.6%). Given the above, it is concluded that the sample is of workers with high demand and high control featuring active work, which is ideal in nursing work, although not all of this professional performance scopes allow such freedom, because the aspects of the profession, for example, fragmentation of work processes, bureaucratization, routinization, rigid hierarchy among others. It is understood that further studies using this instrument model can contribute to the knowledge of the real working conditions of nurses, focused on psychosocial aspects, which are potential stimuli for stress at work...

Analise espacial dos aglomerados de nascimentos ocorridos em hospitais SUS e nao SUS do municipio de Sao Paulo, Brasil / Spatial analysis of live birth clusters in Unified Health System (SUS) and private hospitals in the municipality of Sao Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a distribuição espacial de nascidos vivos (NV) do município de São Paulo (MSP), verificar se há dependência espacial, identificar possíveis diferenças no perfil dos nascimentos e avaliar as distâncias percorridas entre os domicílios e os hospitais do parto. Foram estudados os NV ocorridos em hospitais de alta complexidade, quatro SUS e quatro da rede não SUS no MSP em 2008. Foram georreferenciados 46.190 NV: 48,8% em hospitais SUS e 51,2% não SUS, estes representaram 27,9% do total de NV do MSP. Os NV de hospitais SUS formaram dois aglomerados com elevada proporção de domicílios com renda de 1/2 a 2SM, concentração de favelas e altas taxas de natalidade. Os NV de hospitais não SUS formaram um aglomerado na região central do MSP, onde há elevada proporção de domicílios com renda > 10 SM e baixa natalidade. Foram encontradas diferenças estaticamente significantes das características maternas, da gestação e do parto entre os NV de hospitais SUS e não SUS e da frequência de gemelaridade. Não houve diferença na prevalência de baixo peso e pré-termo. Os resultados mostraram existir diferenciais no perfil dos aglomerados de NV, que refletem as desigualdades das condições de vida do MSP. .

The scope of this study is to evaluate the spatial distribution of live births (LB) in the Municipality of São Paulo (MSP), verify if there is spatial dependence, identify possible differences in birth profiles and evaluate the distances between homes and delivery hospitals. LB occurring in high complexity hospitals were studied, namely 4 from the Unified Health System (SUS) and 4 from the private network in MSP in 2008. 46,190 LB were geocoded: 48.8% from SUS hospitals and 51.2% from private hospitals, accounting for 27.9% of total live births in MSP. LB in SUS hospitals formed two clusters, with a high proportion of households with incomes of 1/2 to 2MW and a marked number of shantytowns and high birth rates. LB in private hospitals formed a cluster in the central region of MSP, where there is a high proportion of households with > 10 MW income and a low birth rate. Differences in maternal, pregnancy and childbirth characteristics were statistically significant in SUS and non-SUS hospitals, as well as the frequency of multiple births. There was no difference in the prevalence of low birth weight and pre-term births. The results showed differences in the LB cluster profile reflecting the current inequalities in living conditions. .