Comparison of rocuronium priming vs. standard rapid sequence intubation technique in emergency department patients requiring intubation

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In our study, we aimed to compare the effect of standard rapid sequence intubation protocol and the application of rocuronium priming technique on the procedure time and hemodynamic profile. METHODS: Patients who applied to the emergency department and needed rapid sequence intubation were included in our study, which we conducted with a randomized controlled design. Randomization in the study was made according to the order of arrival of the cases. Rapid sequence intubation was performed in the standard group. In the priming group, 10% of the rocuronium dose was administered approximately 3 min before the induction agent. Intubation time, amount of drug used, vital signs, and end-tidal CO2 level before and after intubation used to confirm intubation were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included in the study, of which 26 patients were included in the standard group and 26 patients in the priming group. While intubation time was 121.2±21.9 s in the standard group, it was calculated as 68.4±11.6 s in the priming group (p<0.001). While the mean arterial pressure was 58.3±26.6 mmHg in the standard group after intubation, it was 80.6±21.1 mmHg in the priming group (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: It was observed that priming with rocuronium shortened the intubation time and preserved the hemodynamic profile better. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT05343702.

Intubación rápida en pacientes críticos COVID-19 en Guayaquil Ecuador, 2020 / Rapid intubation in critical COVID-19 patients in Guayaquil Ecuador, 2020

La neumonía COVID-19, puede condicir a insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, en pacientes críticos se requiera de la intubación orotraqueal con la finalidad de aislar la vía aérea y permitir la protección y el con¬trol o asistencia de la ventilación, siendo la secuencia rápida una alternativa para garantizar el éxito terapéutico y seguridad del personal. Bajo estudio prospectivo de cohorte, desde junio a diciembre de 2020, en pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de SARS-CoV2, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, se incluyeron 72, 45 fueron masculino (62,50%) y 27 femeninos (37,50%), con un rango de edad entre 27 a 64 años, siendo el grupo mas vulnerable de 55 a 64 años con un 59,72% (43/72). La maniobra fue excelente en 47 ocasiones (65,28+12,28%), buena en 25 (31,94+6,04%) y en dos oportuniddes imposible, la secuencia de Fentanilo-propofol succinilcolina para la inducción rápida se ejecuto en el 50,00%, con efectividad de 100,00%; sin embargo, no hubo diferencia con las otras secuencias. Antes de proceder a la inducción farmacológica de la inconsciencia y del bloqueo neuromuscular, es necesario evaluar minuciosamente ciertos aspectos de la historia clínica y del examen físico del paciente(AU)

COVID-19 pneumonia can lead to acute respiratory failure, in critical patients orotracheal intubation is required in order to isolate the airway and allow protection and control or assistance of ventilation, the rapid sequence being an alternative to guarantee therapeutic success and staff safety. Under a prospective cohort study, from June to December 2020, in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV2, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, 72 were included, 45 were male (62.50%) and 27 were female (37, 50%), with an age range between 27 to 64 years, the most vulnerable group being 55 to 64 years with 59.72% (43/72). The maneuver was excellent on 47 occasions (65.28 + 12.28%), good on 25 (31.94 + 6.04%) and on two occasions impossible, the Fentanyl-propofol succinylcholine sequence for rapid induction was performed in 50.00%, with effectiveness of 100.00%; however, there was no difference with the other sequences. Before proceeding with the pharmacological induction of unconsciousness and neuromuscular blockade, it is necessary to carefully evaluate certain aspects of the patient's medical history and physical examination(AU)

Pupillary Response to Light is Preserved in Patients without Brain Insult Undergoing Rapid Sequence Intubation

Objective of the Study: This paper has been aimed to determine whether the pharmacological neuromuscular blockade with rocuroniumduring emergency Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI) affected pupillary response to light (PLR) in patients with brain insult as compared to patients who had non-neurological illness. Previous studies elucidated that RSI with pharmacological neuromuscular blockade does not affect PLR, except in patients with significant neurological lesion. Our objective is to examine the validity of existing but scarce literature on this subject, with further stratification of patients involved in this study into neurological and non-neurological disease groups.Methods:This was a prospective case-reference study of case group with brain insult patients compared with reference group of patients without neurological diseases undergoing RSI in emergency settings. It is single centered study, conducted from October 2019 till May 2020. A pair of a neurosurgeon and a medical officer assessed pupillary light response after administration of neuromuscular blockade and intubation, each blinded to other’s assessment of PLR. Cases without pupillary response before RSI intubation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was clinically observable Pupillary Light Response (PLR) following neuromuscular blockade with Rocuronium in each group.Results:We examined 50 patients undergoing RSIwith Rocuronium, either in emergency department or Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 25 each in index and reference group respectively. All patients in the reference group showed PLR after RSI. Of case group patients receiving RSI, only15 of 25 (60%) demonstrated PLR after RSI. This was statistically significant (p value<0.05) when compared to number of patients with intact PLR after RSI in reference group. Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient (k) for inter-observer agreement was 0.70.Conclusion: Rocuronium does not appearto affect PLR after emergent RSI in patients without brain injury. Only in patients with known brain insult showed impaired PLR, suggesting impaired pupillary light reflex mechanism may be the culprit for this aberration, rather than pharmacological neuromuscular blockade

Consideraciones sobre la intubación de secuencia rápida como alternativa para el abordaje de la vía aérea en pacientes con COVID-19 / Considerations on rapid sequence intubation as an alternative to the airway approach in patients with COVID-19

RESUMEN La COVID-19 es una afección que puede evolucionar hacia la gravedad y el paciente presentar insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, síndrome de distréss respiratorio agudo secundario a proceso neumónico desencadenado por esta afección, en el curso de la cual se puede requerir un procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico y, como consecuencia de las condiciones anteriormente descritas, una intubación de secuencia rápida. Este trabajo está dirigido a ofrecer un grupo de consideraciones válidas en el nuevo contexto, relacionado con la aparición de la COVID-19, realizando precisiones en el manejo de la vía aérea en estos pacientes. Se detallan los pasos a seguir para la realización de la intubación de secuencia rápida, considerando los fármacos a utilizar y las medidas de bioseguridad a tener presentes, además se exponen las recomendaciones para el manejo posterior al procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico en pacientes con COVID-19.

ABSTRACT COVID-19 is a condition that may evolve towards severity and the patient may presents acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to the pneumonic process triggered by this condition, in the course of which an anesthetic-surgical procedure may be required, and , as a consequence of the conditions described above, a rapid sequence intubation.This work is aimed at offering a group of valid considerations in the new context, related to the appearance of COVID-19, providing details on the management of these patients´ airway. The steps to follow for performing rapid sequence intubation are detailed, considering the drugs to be used and the biosecurity measures to be taken into account, as well as the recommendations for subsequent management of the anesthetic-surgical procedure in patients with COVID-19.

Eficacia de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida / Effectiveness of three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence induction

Introducción: La intubación de secuencia de rápida es un procedimiento que minimiza el tiempo necesario para asegurar la vía respiratoria en pacientes con alto riesgo de broncoaspiración. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida en pacientes con estómago y la calidad de la intubación, así como los efectos secundarios de dichos fármacos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, de corte transversal para evaluar la calidad de la intubación con inducción de secuencia rápida en pacientes de urgencia, con estómago lleno. Se administraron 0,4 mg/kg de succinilcolina al grupo I, 0,6 mg/kg al grupo II y 1 mg/kg al grupo III. En todos los pacientes se evaluó la vía respiratoria. El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" entre agosto de 2013 y 2016. Resultados: El tiempo de visualización de las cuerdas vocales fue rápido en los tres grupos. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el grupo III, seguido del grupo II. Las condiciones de intubación fueron excelentes en el grupo III (90 %), buenas en grupo II (80 %) y regulares en el grupo I (70 %). Las variables hemodinámicas mostraron diferencias significativas entre grupos (p=0,008). Conclusiones: Se determinó la eficacia del empleo de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida, con intubación óptima y segura cuando se empleó la succinilcolina a dosis de 1 mg/kg; pero con mayor porcentaje de alteraciones hemodinámicas como efectos adversos(AU)

Introduction: Rapid sequence intubation is a procedure that minimizes the time required to guarantee the respiratory airway in patients with high risk of bronchoaspiration. Objectives: To compare the quality of intubation with three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence induction in patients with full stomach, as well as the side effects of such drugs. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the quality of intubation with rapid sequence intubation in emergency patients and with full stomach. The group I was administered 0.4 mg/kg of succinylcholine; the group II, 0.6 mg/kg; and the group III 1 mg/kg. The respiratory airway was assessed in all patients. The study was carried out in Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital, between August 2013 and 2016. Results: The time of visualization of the vocal folds was fast in the three groups. The best results were obtained in the group III, followed by the group II. The intubation conditions were excellent in the group III (90%), good in the group II (80%), and fair in the group I (70%). The hemodynamic variables showed significant differences among the three groups (p=0.008). Conclusions: The effectiveness was determined of using three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence intubation, with optimal and safe intubation when succinylcholine was used at doses of 1 mg/kg, but it had a higher percentage of hemodynamic alterations as adverse effects(AU)

Rapid sequence induction (RSI) in trauma patients:Insights from healthcare providers / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND@# We aimed to describe the current practice of emergency physicians and anaesthesiologists in the selection of drugs for rapid-sequence induction (RSI) among trauma patients.@*METHODS@# A prospective survey audit was conducted based on a self-administered questionnaire among two intubating specialties. The preferred type and dose of hypnotics, opioids, and muscle relaxants used for RSI in trauma patients were sought in the questionnaire. Data were compared for the use of induction agent, opioid use and muscle relaxant among stable and unstable trauma patients by the intubating specialties.@*RESULTS@#A total of 102 participants were included; 47 were anaesthetists and 55 were emergency physicians. Propofol (74.5%) and Etomidate (50.0%) were the most frequently used induction agents. Significantly higher proportion of anesthesiologist used Propofol whereas, Etomidate was commonly used by emergency physicians in stable patients (P=0.001). Emergency physicians preferred Etomidate (63.6%) and Ketamine (20.0%) in unstable patients. The two groups were comparable for opioid use for stable patients. In unstable patients, use of opioid differed significantly by intubating specialties. The relation between rocuronium and suxamethonium use did change among the anaesthetists. Emergency physicians used more suxamethonium (55.6% vs. 27.7%, P=0.01) in stable as well as unstable (43.4 % vs. 27.7%, P=0.08) patients.@*CONCLUSION@# There is variability in the use of drugs for RSI in trauma patients amongst emergency physicians and anaesthesiologists. There is a need to develop an RSI protocol using standardized types and dose of these agents to deliver an effective airway management for trauma patients.

Duración del bloqueo neuromuscular con succinilcolina y su relación con niveles de colinesterasa plasmática en pacientes sépticos: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda / Neuromuscular blockade duration with succinylcholine and its correlation with levels of plasma cholinesterase in septic patients: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda

La succinilcolina es un fármaco neuromuscular despolarizante generalmente utilizado en el contexto de protocolo de intubación de secuencia rápida indicada en pacientes en los cuales es necesario asegurar la vía aérea en menos de sesenta segundos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de determinar la duración del bloqueo neuromuscular con succinilcolina y los niveles de colinesterasa plasmática en pacientes sépticos intervenidos en el Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con sepsis con un promedio de edad de 49,6 ± 17,4 años y predominio del sexo masculino (70%); la principal indicación de cirugía abdominal fue obstrucción intestinal (36,6%) y peritonitis secundaria (23,3%). Los valores de colinesterasa plasmática se registraron disminuidos en 42,8% de los hombres y 33,3% de las mujeres encontrándose valores promedios de 5554,1 ± 1220,5 U/L y 4770,1 ± 1627,4 U/L, respectivamente. La duración del bloqueo neuromuscular fue mayor de 14 minutos en 66,6% de las mujeres; el promedio de duración fue de 14,4 ± 5,1 min (mujeres) y 9,4 ± 4,3 min en hombres. Hubo una pobre correlación entre los niveles de colinesterasa plasmática y la duración así como el tiempo de recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular. En conclusión, el bloqueo neuromuscular prolongado debido a la baja actividad de la colinesterasa después de la administración de succinilcolina se presenta en menos de la mitad de los pacientes sépticos estudiados(AU)

Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular drug generally used in the context of rapid sequence intubation indicated in patients in whom it is necessary to secure the airway in less than sixty seconds. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in order to determine the duration of neuromuscular blockade with succinylcholine and plasma cholinesterase levels in septic patients admitted at Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio Maria Pineda. A sample of 30 patients with sepsis were studied, with a mean age of 49.6 ± 17.4 years, predominantly male (70%). The main indication for abdominal surgery was intestinal obstruction (36.6%) and secondary peritonitis (23.3%). Diminished values of plasma cholinesterase were recorded in 42.8% of men and 33.3% of women; mean plasma levels were 5554.1 ± 1220.5 U/L and 4770.1 ± 1627.4 U/L, respectively. Duration of neuromuscular blockade was longer in women (66.6%) with an average duration of 14.4 ± 5.1 min and 9.4 ± 4.3 min for men. A poor correlation between cholinesterase plasmatic levels and duration as well as time of recovery of neuromuscular blockage was found. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade is due to low cholinesterase activity after administration of succinylcholine and occurs in less than half of septic patients studied(AU)

Anesthetic Management of Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage with Hemorrhagic Shock and Impending Cardiac Arrest for Emergency Peripartum Hysterectomy.

Postpartum hemorrhagic complication is a critical situation for an anesthesiologist. This situation requires timely and skilful anesthetic management. A massive postpartum bleeding leading to severe hypovolemic shock may result in life-threatening cardiopulmonary arrest. The treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) has two components: First, resuscitation and control of bleeding and second, identification and management of underlying cause. Here is a case report of a 20-year-old with atonic PPH resulting in hypovolemic shock and impending cardiac arrest and successful anesthetic management for emergency peripartum hysterectomy to save the life of the patient.

Quadriplegia Following Epileptic Seizure : Things to Keep in Mind

People with epilepsy are believed to be at a higher risk of incurring accidental injury than people who do not have seizures. The incidence of injury, either due to seizure or accident as a consequent of seizure is also high and varies from 0.03% to 3%. The most common injuries are head contusions, lacerations, burns and fractures. In this article, we present a case of quadriplegia after a generalized epileptic seizure.

The effects of dexmedetomidine as a pre-anesthesia medication in rapid sequence induction / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamics and tra-cheal intubation facility in general anesthetized patients.Methods Forty gynecological patients of se-lective operation under general anesthesia were randomly arranged into 2 groups:group D and group C.With high flow mask oxygen inhalation(5 L/min),dexmedetomidine was intravenously pumped in-to the patients in group D at 0.6μg/kg in 10 minutes while in group C saline were given instead.Both groups were then proceeded with rapid sequence induction (RSI)immediately.The values of MAP, HR,PaO2 and PaCO2 were recorded every minute from pumping start till 15 minutes,the bucking, intubation time and glottis exposure were evaluated as well.Results No significant differences were found in intubation time or glottis exposure between these two groups.After tracheal intubation group D showed higher MAP value than group C at 14,15 minutes,and a lower HR value (P <0.05).Even no significant differences were found in values of SpO2 and PaO2 ,the group D showed less bucking than the group C (P<0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine administration at 0.6μg/kg in RSI can diminish the variation in hemodynamics and facilitate the tracheal intubation by less buc-king,but no affect the oxygen reserve.

The incidence of oxygen desaturation during rapid sequence induction and intubation / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Rapid sequence induction and intubation (RSII) is an emergency airway management technique for patients with a risk of pulmonary aspiration. It involves preoxygenation, administration of predetermined doses of induction and paralytic drugs, avoidance of mask ventilation, and laryngoscopy followed by tracheal intubation and keeping cricoid pressure applied till endotracheal tube cuff be inflated. Oxygen desaturation has been seen during RSII. We assessed the incidence of oxygen desaturation during RSII. METHODS: An institution-based observational study was conducted from March 3 to May 4, 2014 in our hospital. All patients who were operated upon under general anesthesia with RSII during the study period were included. A checklist was prepared for data collection. RESULTS: A total of 153 patients were included in this study with a response rate of 91.6%. Appropriate drugs for RSII, equipments for RSII, equipments for difficult intubation, suction machine with a catheter, a monitor and an oxygen backup such as ambu bag were not prepared for 41 (26.8%), 50 (32.7%), 51 (33.3%), 38 (24.8%) and 25 (16.3%) patients respectively. Cricoid pressure was not applied at all for 17 (11.1%) patients and 53 (34.6%) patients were ventilated after induction of anesthesia but before intubation and endotracheal cuff inflation. A total of 55 (35.9%) patients desaturated during RSII (SPO2<95%). The minimum, maximum and mean oxygen desaturations were 26%, 94% and 70.9% respectively. The oxygen desaturation was in the range of <50%, 50%–64%, 65%–74%, 75%–84%, 85%–89 % and 90%–94% for 6 (3.9%), 7 (4.6%), 5 (3.3%), 10 (6.5%), 13 (8.5%) and 14 (9.2%) patients respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of oxygen desaturation during RSII was high in our hospital. Preoperative patient optimization and training about the techniques of RSII should be emphasized.

Techniques of rapid sequence induction and intubation at a university teaching hospital / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND:Rapid sequence induction and intubation (RSII) is a medical procedure involving a prompt induction of general anesthesia by using cricoid pressure that prevents regurgitation of gastric contents. The factors affecting RSII are prophylaxis for aspiration, preoxygenation, drug and equipment preparation for RSII, ventilation after induction tillintubation and patient condition. We sometimes saw difficulties with the practice of this technique in our hospital operation theatres. The aim of this study was to assess the techniques of rapid sequence induction and intubation. METHODS:Hospital based observational study was conducted with a standardized checklist. Allpatients who were operated upon under general anesthesia during the study period were included. The techniques of RSII were observed during the induction of anesthesia by trained anesthetists. RESULTS:Altogether 140 patients were included in this study with a response rate of 95.2％. Prophylaxis was not given to 130 patients (92.2％), and appropriate drugs were not used for RSII in 73 patients (52.1％), equipments for difficult intubation in 21 (15％), suction machines with catheter not connected and turned on in 122 (87.1％), ventilation for patients after induction and before intubation in 41 (29.3％), cricoid pressure released before cuff inflation in 12 (12.1％), and difficult intubation in 8 (5.7％), respectively. RSII with cricoid pressure was applied appropriately in 94 (67.1％) patients, but cricoid pressure was not used in 46 (32.9％) patients. CONCLUSIONS:The techniques of rapid sequence induction and intubation was low. Training should be given for anesthetists about the techniques of RSII.

Anesthetic management for reentry sternotomy in a patient with a full stomach and pericardial tamponade from left ventricular rupture.

A 57-year-old man presented with chest pain and shortness of breath 1 month after left ventricular aneurysmectomy and ventricular septal defect closure for post-infarct left ventricular aneurysm and ventricular septal defect. Echocardiography revealed a large recurrent ruptured inferior left ventricular aneurysm with high-velocity flow into a 5 cm posterolateral pericardial effusion. Thirty minutes earlier, the patient had eaten a full meal. Rapid sequence induction was performed with midazolam, ketamine, and succinylcholine. Moderate hypotension was treated effectively and the patient tolerated controlled transition to cardiopulmonary bypass. The ventricular defect was oversewn and reinforced with bovine pericardium. The patient had a difficult but ultimately successful recovery. Options for anesthetic management in the setting of tamponade and a full stomach are discussed, with a brief review of the evidence relating to this clinical problem.

Pretreatment of magnesium sulphate improves intubating conditions of rapid sequence tracheal intubation using alfentanil, propofol, and rocuronium: a randomized trial / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effects of a magnesium sulfate pretreatment on intubating conditions and cardiovascular responses during rapid sequence tracheal intubation (RSI) in this double-blind randomized study. METHODS: Adult patients (n = 154) were randomly allocated to a rocuronium-0.6, rocuronium-0.9, or magnesium group. The magnesium group was pretreated with 50 mg/kg MgSO4, and the other two groups received the same volume of isotonic saline. Anesthesia was induced with alfentanil, propofol, and either 0.6 mg/kg (rocuronium-0.6 and magnesium groups) or 0.9 mg/kg (rocuronium-0.9 group) rocuronium. An anesthesiologist, blinded to the group assignments, performed RSI and assessed the intubating conditions. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before the magnesium sulfate or normal saline was administered, before anesthesia induction, before intubation, and every minute after intubation for 5 min. RESULTS: Airway features were similar among the three groups. The intubating conditions were improved significantly in the magnesium group (P 0.05). No hypertensive episode occurred during the immediate post-intubation period in the magnesium group (P = 0.001), and tachycardia occurred most frequently in the rocuronium-0.6 group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MgSO4 administered prior to RSI using alfentanil, propofol, and rocuronium may improve intubating conditions and prevent post-intubation hypertension.

Intubação orotraqueal e a técnica da sequência rápida: uma revisão para o clínico / Orotracheal intubation and rapid sequence technique: a review for the internist

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O médico clínico frequentemente se depara com a necessidade do acesso a via aérea em situações de urgência e emergência. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever as principais publicações sobre acesso às vias aéreas nessas situações descrevendo as melhores evidências para a execução deste procedimento.CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados artigos na base de dados Medline (1950-2010), por meio das palavras-chave: intubação orotraqueal, sequência rápida, laringoscopia. Adicionalmente,referências desses artigos, capítulos de livros e artigos históricos foram avaliados. Foram identificados e revisados 68 artigos. Foram considerados ensaios clínicos da língua inglesa, estudos retrospectivose de revisão. Os artigos foram avaliados por análisede método e determinação de limitações de desenho. Por se tratar de uma revisão narrativa, foram apresentadas as conclusões mais relevantes dos principais estudos e metanálises, sem a interferência direta da análise pessoal dos autores deste estudo.CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de acesso a via aérea é indispensável para o clínico. Os conhecimentos sobre sua anatomia, condição ideal para a laringoscopia envolvendo o melhor posicionamento e técnicas que podem ser utilizadas deve ser rotineiro ao clínico. O clinico pode se deparar muitas vezes com o paciente com risco de aspiração pulmonar e deve conhecer também a técnica de sequência rápida envolvendo todas as suas particularidades e aspectos de segurança.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The internist frequently comes across with the necessity for emergency airway access.The objective of this study was to review the major publications about airway access in these conditions describing the best evidencesto execute this procedure.CONTENTS: We selected articles in Medline (1950-2010), by means of keywords: orotracheal, rapid sequence intubation and laryngoscopy. Additionally, references to these articles, chapters of books and historical articles were evaluated. We identified and reviewed 68 articles. We considered clinical trials, retrospective studies and clinical reviews in English. Articles were analyzing basedin methods and determination of design limitations. As a narrative review, we presented the most relevant findings of major studiesand meta-analyses without involving our personal point of view.CONCLUSION: The technique of airway access is a vital procedureto the internist. Knowledge of the airways anatomy and ideal scenario for laryngoscopy involving the best positioning and techniques,that can should be used as a routine for the clinical practice. The internist many times may get with the patient at risk for pulmonary aspiration and should know the technique of rapid sequence intubation,involving all its particularities and safety aspects.(AU)

Is the rapid sequence induction possible with 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium in pediatric patient? / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the possibility of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg and timing principle application with the same dose for rapid sequence induction (RSI) in 65 children, aged 4-8 yr. METHODS: Sixty five patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups; Group A (n = 31, timing principle application) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) followed by administration of propofol (2.5 mg/kg), and group B (n = 36) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) after administration of propofol. Intubation was assessed at 60 seconds just after administration of last injectants. Intubating conditions (jaw relaxation, vocal cord movement, and response to tracheal intubation) were evaluated as excellent, good, fair and poor. RESULTS: Excellent intubation conditions were obtained in 87% in group A and 61% in group B. However, clinically acceptable intubation conditions which means excellent and good did not show any significant difference as 100% (group A) and 99% (group B). CONCLUSIONS: In cases of pediatiric patients undergoing elective surgery, RSI was possible irrespective of the use of timing principle.

Effect-site concentration of remifentanil to blunt the hemodynamic changes during rapid sequence intubation

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect-site concentration of remifentanil to blunt the hemodynamic changes during rapid sequence intubation. METHODS: Eighty patients were enrolled and divided into four groups being assigned with different effect-site concentrations (Ce)of remifentanil of 0, 2, 3, or 4 ng/ml. Patients arrived at the operating room without premedication and their baseline vital signs were recorded. With preoxygenation of 100% O2, remifentanil was infused by target controlled infusion according to patient group. After achievement of a stable level of Ce, propofol 2 mg/kg and rocuronium 1.2 mg/kg were injected and the trachea was intubated one minute later. Hemodynamic changes were recorded at 1, 2, and 3 min after remifentanil infusion, immediately before and after endotracheal intubation, and 1 and 2 min after endotracheal intubation. RESULTS: The 50% effective Ce of remifentanil was 1.4 ng/ml (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.9-1.8) to blunt the increase of mean blood pressure and was 2.4 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.6-3.1) to blunt the increase of heart rate. The 50% Ce for the decrease of mean blood pressure was 2.8 ng/ml (95% CI: 2.2-3.4). CONCLUSIONS: During the rapid sequence intubation, the 50% effective effect site concentration of remifentanil to prevent hemodynamic changes is between 2.4 and 2.8 ng/ml.

Effect of mixed administration of propofol and rocuronium on intubating conditions / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether the intubating condition change acoording to the methods of administration of propofol and rocuronium. METHODS: Ninety adult patients (ASA physical status I or II) undergoing elective surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups; Group I (n = 30) received rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) after administration of propofol (2 mg/kg), Group II (n = 30) received propofol and rocuronium simultaneously via different intravenous routes, and Group III (n = 30) received a mixture of propofol and rocuronium via same intravenous route. Intubation was attempted at 60 seconds after administration of rocuronium. Hemodynamic parameters (mean blood pressure, heart rate) were measured before and after propofol administration with 20 seconds interval. Intubating conditions (jaw relaxation, vocal cord movement, and response to tracheal intubation) were evaluated as excellent, good, fair and poor. Train of four counts were recorded at 60 seconds after administration of rocuronium. RESULTS: Excellent intubating conditions were obtained in 13% in group I, 60% in group II, 77% in group III. Mean train of four counts were 3.7 in group I, 3.4 in group II, and 3.5 in group III. Mean blood pressures were decreased gradually after propofol administration in all groups. However, heart rates were not changed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: At induction of anesthesia, simultaneous or mixed administration of propofol and rocuronium provides excellent or good intubating conditions 60 seconds after rocuronium administration. It could be an effective alternative to succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia.

The Effects of Remifentanil on Hemodynamic Changes in Endotracheal Intubation during Rapid Sequence Induction using Thiopental-succinylcholine or Propofol-succinylcholine / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of remifentanil on hemodynamic changes in endotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction using thiopental or propofol and succinylcholine. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients were divided into 4 groups (30 patients in each group).Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg or thiopental 5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1 mg/kg followed by remifetanil 0.5microgram/kg (group PR), remifentanil 1microgram/kg (group TR) or normal saline as control (group PC, group TC).An endotracheal intubation was performed 90 s later, and vecuronium 0.08 mg/kg was given for neuromuscular block.Anesthesia was maintained using 1-3 vol% enflurane with 2 L/min N2O and 2 L/min O2.Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before induction, just before intubation, and at 1 min intervals for 5 min after intubation.The incidence of hypertension, hypotension, tachycardia, and bradycardia were recorded. RESULTS: ABP in group PR was lower than in group TR, but HR was not different.The incidence of hypotension in group PR was higher than group TR or group PC.ABP in groups using remifentanil was lower than in control groups.The incidence of hypertension and tachycardia in groups using remifentanil were lower than control groups. CONCLUSIONS: During administration of propofol or thiopental and succinylcholine, remifentanil as a bolus for rapid sequence induction attenuated cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation effectively, but with a higher incidence of hypotension following propofol.

Hemodynamic Responses to Rapid Sequence Endotracheal Intubation Using Propofol and Rocuronium at Three Different Doses of Remifentanil Infusion / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: This study compared the effect of the three different infusion doses of remifentanil on the hemodynamic response to rapid sequence anesthesia induction and tracheal intubation. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized double-blind study, 60 ASA I or II patients without any airway abnormalities, who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation, were allocated to receive remifentanil 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 microgram/kg/min. Anesthesia was induced with a remifentanil infusion and propofol 2.0 mg/kg. Rocuronium 1.0 mg/kg was given after a loss of consciousness and endotracheal intubation was performed 1 min after the rocuronium injection. The remifentanil infusion was stopped immediately before intubation. The noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before induction (baseline), immediately before intubation, and at 1 min intervals until 5 min after intubation. RESULTS: The HR and BP measured immediately before intubation decreased significantly in the three doses. The HR was similar in the three doses, and the BP was significantly different only between the 0.25 and 1.0 microgram/kg/min doses (P < 0.05). The hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation was very well blunted in 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/kg/min, but not in 0.25 microgram/kg/min. The HR and BP increased significantly 1 min after intubation in the 0.25 microgram/kg/min (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/kg/min doses until 5 min after intubation. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil 0.5 microgram/kg/min infusion without a bolus provides excellent hemodynamic stability for a rapid sequence endotracheal intubation using propofol and rocuronium. There are no advantages in using remifentanil doses higher than 0.5 microgram/kg/min.