Effects of glucose as carbon catabolite repressor on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production in Indonesian indigenous fungi

Aims@#The study aimed to investigate the effect of glucose on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production in some Indonesian indigenous fungi.@*Methodology and results@#Fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the presence of glucose. The strains were grown in a medium containing starch and glucose as carbon sources with glucose concentrations varying from 0 to 5% for four days, and the alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were analyzed at the end of the growth period. Most strains showed repression on the amylases production when glucose was added to the medium. However, some strains showed no repression on amylases production when glucose was supplemented to the medium. The addition of glucose repressed glucoamylase production, but no repression on alpha-amylase was noted for strain KKB4, vice versa, there was repression on alpha-amylase production but no repression on glucoamylase production for strain FIG1. Strains FNCC 6151 and MLT1J1 showed no repression on both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production when glucose was added to the medium up to 5%. The occurrence of repression in the production of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase was strain-specific.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Out of the nine indigenous fungi strains examined, strains FNCC 6151 and MLT1J1 showed no repression on both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase production when glucose was added to the medium up to 5%. Those two strains have the potential to be improved further to produce both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase.

Searching for the emotional roots of breast cancer: A cross-disciplinary analysis integrating psychology, Chinese medicine, and oncology biomarkers / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#We employed a multidisciplinary approach incorporating theoretical ideas, clinical experience, psychology, physiology, traditional Chinese medicine (CM), modern practice of CM, and oncology to explore the effect of patients' repression of negative emotions and traumatic events on breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis.@*METHODS@#BC female patients, older than 18 years of age, with available pathology reports who were treated at Rabin Medical Center were recruited. All participants completed questionnaires regarding medical history, behavioral tendencies, negative emotions, trauma, symptoms, and pathology (from a CM perspective). Data on tumor characteristics were collected from the pathology reports. The associations were examined using hierarchical binary logistic regressions.@*RESULTS@#A total of 155 BC patients were enrolled. The median age was 52 years, with a range of 26-79; 95% were mothers; 28% had estrogen receptor (ER)-negative BC, 52% had progesterone receptor (PR)-negative BC, 48% had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative BC, and antigen Ki-67 ≥ 20% was reported for 52% of tumors. Statistically significant associations were found between the emotional markers (sense of motherhood failure, and lack of self-fulfillment), avoidance behavior, and physical symptoms that are related to emotional repression based on CM. Significant associations were also found between variables associated with physical symptoms of emotional repression, which involves the production and accumulation of non-substantial phlegm (i.e., "high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm"), avoidance behavior which unconsciously uses "high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm" in order to achieve emotional repression, and tumor parameters including tumor grade, PR status, and Ki-67. Patients with higher levels of "high-lipid Qi-like microscopic phlegm" were more likely to have tumors with worse prognosis (PR-negative, higher grade, and higher Ki-67).@*CONCLUSION@#We demonstrated a relationship between emotional parameters, behavioral tendencies, CM parameters, and oncologic parameters in BC. Additional research is warranted to explore these associations and their relevance to clinical practice.

Do Protocolo de Palermo à compaixão-repressão: indefinições, vieses e idealizações da hegemonia antitráfico / From the Palermo Protocol to compassion-repression: undefinitions, biases and idealizations of anti-trafficking hegemony / Del Protocolo de Palermo a la compasión-represión: incertidumbres, sesgos e idealizaciones de la hegemonía antitrata

À escala globaltem ganhado clara ascendência um paradigma antitráfico associado ao chamado "Protocolo de Palermo", da Organização das Nações Unidas. Considerando as disposições deste protocolo, procuro caracterizar e compreender uma situação que suscita evidentes incongruências estruturais na hegemonia antitráfico: a convivência entre, por um lado, uma definição dilatada do tráfico de pessoas no texto do protocolo e das leis nacionais dele resultantes, e, por outro, a apertada seletividade ideológica que, oscilando de forma quase esquizofrénica entre a compaixão e a repressão, tende apermear os processos de operacionalização dosquadros legais, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento e proteção das vítimas.

On a global scale, the paradigm of the fight against human trafficking, associated with the so-called "Palermo Protocol" of the United Nations Organization, has acquired a clear ascendancy. Considering the provisions of this protocol, I attempt to characterize and understand a situation that poses evident structural inconsistencies in the anti-trafficking hegemony: the coexistence between, on the one hand, a broad definition of trafficking in persons in the text of the protocol and the resulting national laws, and, on the other, the iron ideological selectivity that, oscillating almost schizophrenically between compassion and repression, tends to permeate the processes of operationalization of legal frameworks, specifically with regard to the recognition and protection of victims.

A escala mundial, el paradigma de la lucha contra la trata de personas, asociado al llamado "Protocolo de Palermo", de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ha adquirido una clara ascensión. Considerando las disposiciones de este protocolo, intento caracterizar y comprender una situación que plantea evidentes incoherencias estructurales en la hegemonía antitrata: la coexistencia entre, por una parte, una definición amplia de la trata de personas en el texto del protocolo y las leyes nacionales resultantes, y, por otra, la férrea selectividad ideológica que, oscilando de forma casi esquizofrénica entre la compasión y la represión, tiende a impregnar los procesos de operacionalización de los marcos legales, concretamente en lo que se refiere al reconocimiento y protección de las víctimas.

Aportes interdisciplinarios a la represión política: el caso del ex Fuerte "El Morro" (1973-1985), región del Biobío, Chile / Interdisciplinary contributions to the notion of political repression: the case of the former Fort "El Morro" (1973-1985), Biobío region, Chile

Resumen Esta investigación aborda la noción de represión política que, atendiendo a su complejidad, requiere un enfoque interdisciplinario que considera, además de las disciplinas de la historia, las ciencias políticas o la psicología social, los aportes de la filosofía. Interesa precisar que la represión política tiene entre sus objetivos desintegrar la cohesión social y política, mediante la modificación del vínculo del sujeto con el mundo, entendida, en este estudio, como resonancia. Para ello, se investiga el caso del ex Fuerte "El Morro" (1973-1985), centro clandestino de detención y tortura instaurado durante la dictadura chilena cívico militar (1973-1990). Como método, se realizan estudios de caso que consideran entrevistas semiestructuradas, así como la revisión de fuentes de información histórica y de testimonios de sobrevivientes del lugar. Las fuentes secundarias son de tipo académicas, de prensa y audiovisuales. Los principales resultados destacan la noción de resonancia como un modelo que permite comprender, en los vínculos sociales, la relevancia de valores políticos.

Abstract This research addresses the notion of political repression which, considering its complexity, requires an interdisciplinary approach that considers in addition to the disciplines of history, political science or social psychology, the contributions of philosophy. In this regard, the complexity is linked to the semantic richness of the word repression that allows formulating some philosophical questions that can be answered from social psychology regarding the notion of trauma and violence, and from political science considering the concept of social control. Thus, the relationships and distinctions between repression and associated concepts are established in a multidimensional way and through mutual influences. It is interesting to specify that political repression has among its objectives, to disintegrate social and political cohesion, by modifying the subject's bond with the world, which has three dimensions: orientation or disposition to action towards and with the other, values personal, social and political and the nexus with the collective. In this study, resonance is understood as the mutual influence or co-variation between the subject and the world in each of these dimensions in a complementary or synchronous way. To this end, the case of the former Fort "El Morro" (1973-1985), located in the coastal zone of the Biobío region, and with an important historical antecedent of military occupation, which functioned as a clandestine detention and torture center, is being investigated during the Chilean civic-military dictatorship (1973-1990). As a method, case studies are carried out, which consider semi-structured interviews, the objective of which was to account for the experience of repression as a form of harm justified by State agents. Historical information sources that detail the background on the civic military coup in the Biobío region, mainly in the city of Concepción, and testimonies of survivors of the place that relate the repressive events of which they were direct witnesses were also reviewed. The secondary sources are academic, which in this study constitute the interdisciplinary theoretical contributions to support the notion of repression. The secondary press and audiovisual sources used are of a recent nature and reveal other historical antecedents that allowed the declaration of the site as a historical monument. The main results highlight the notion of resonance as a comprehensive model that allows a broad and complex visualization of social and political phenomena such as the case of repression, emphasizing the interactions between the subjects and institutions that make up a socio-political network. The main finding is linked to the concept of resonance, understood not only as an identification of the group with political ideology but as a proposal that, from the contributions of philosophy, articulates social ties with political values. In this regard, the resonance that considers the social ties sustained in political relationships, favors reconsidering subjectivity and social ties in relation to transcendental political principles that guide subjectivities towards the restitution of social and political cohesion. In this sense, resonance can be considered a fundamental notion since it illuminates the nexus between the social and the political from another perspective. In this way, it can be affirmed that a projection of this study consists of exploring political phenomena attending to historical, spatial and temporal dimensions from different disciplines, particularly highlighting the contribution of philosophy, whose questions can collaborate with the study of historical events from new prospects.

Homeostasis Research Model Based on Yin-Yang Theory: Five Examples / 中国结合医学杂志

In recent years, the ancient Yin-Yang theory has been gradually adopted by modern researchers, especially European and American scholars, and it has also been applied to modern scientific research on sleep, viruses, metabolism, cancer, genes, autoimmune diseases, and so on. It is very promising and fruitful results have been reported. However, the understanding of the connotations of Yin-Yang theory is not sufficient and thorough enough in these studies. If we understand and apply Yin-Yang theory more comprehensively, it may provide us with additional potential mechanisms and research directions worthy of study. On the basis of promoting a comprehensive understanding of all three connotations of Yin-Yang theory, this review attempts to illustrate this theory, summarize its applications in modern scientific research, and reveal the potential research direction of modern medicine.

Para uma nova etiologia das neuroses: notas a partir da teoria das relações objetais de Donald W. Winnicott / For a new etiology of the neuroses: notes from Donald W. Winnicott's object relations theory / Para una nueva etiología de las neurosis: notas a partir de la teoría de las relaciones objetivas de Donald W. Winnicott

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar a etiologia das neuroses em Freud e Winnicott. Para tanto, parte das principais considerações sobre os mecanismos de defesa, o recalque, a sexualidade, o complexo edípico e o conflito psíquico na psicanálise clássica freudiana, para depois propor uma nova etiologia a partir da teoria das relações objetais em Donald W. Winnicott. Os autores não consideram apenas o conflito vivido em termos da dinâmica psíquica, mas aquele vivido na dinâmica mãe-bebê, principalmente a partir dos polos opostos entre o amor e o ódio na travessia do concernimento (posição depressiva). Os autores defendem um manejo clínico de pacientes com sofrimento psíquico neurótico a partir da psicanálise transmatricial, propondo, concomitantemente à associação livre, o uso da regressão à dependência a fases primitivas de falhas ambientais (AU)

This paper aims to analyze the etiology of the neuroses in Freud and Winnicott. In order to do so, the authors build upon the main considerations on defense mechanisms, repression, sexuality, the oedipal complex, and the psychic conflict in Freudian psychoanalysis. Then they propose a new etiology based on Donald W. Winnicott's object relations theory. The authors do not only consider the conflict experienced in terms of psychic dynamics, but also the conflict experienced in the mother-baby dynamics, particularly in regards to the opposition between love and hate in the development of concern (depressive position). The authors stand for the clinical management of patients with neurotic psychic suffering based on transmatricial psychoanalysis, proposing, along with free association, the use of regression to dependence on primitive phases of environmental failures (AU)

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la etiología de las neurosis en Freud y Winnicott. Para ello, parte de las principales consideraciones sobre los mecanismos de defensa, la represión, la sexualidad, el complejo edípico y el conflicto psíquico en el psicoanálisis freudiano, para proponer una nueva etiología a partir de la teoría de las relaciones objetivas en Donald W. Winnicott. Los autores no sólo consideran el conflicto vivido en términos de la dinámica psíquica, sino el conflicto vivido en la dinámica madre-bebé, principalmente a partir de los polos opuestos entre el amor y el odio en la travesía de la concernimiento (posición depresiva). Los autores defienden un manejo clínico de pacientes con sufrimiento psíquico neurótico a partir del psicoanálisis transmatricial, proponiendo junto a la asociación libre, el uso de la regresión a la dependencia a fases primitivas de fallas ambientales (AU)

A neurose obsessiva, veredas freudianas: breves considerações / The obsessive neurosis, Freudian paths: brief considerations / Neurosis obsesiva, sendas freudianas: breves consideraciones

O artigo aborda a neurose obsessiva de acordo com a obra de Freud, usada como ponto inicial para a argumentação do autor, enfatizando a sua dinâmica metapsicológica. Com base na hipótese clínica de que o pensamento torna-se fonte de angústia, destaca o fato do recalque dos componentes sádicos da libido constituir o ponto de partida da neurose. O autor enfatiza que, como escreveu Freud, a luta defensiva é a sua principal característica, distinguindo-a das demais neuroses. Ele sugere que uma fragilidade da estrutura narcísica primária é uma das condições necessárias para a forma peculiar da apresentação da angústia e de suas defesas. Ao argumentar que o pensamento torna-se fonte de angústia, destaca as dificuldades técnicas resultantes e sustenta que o manejo da transferência representa a única solução clínica possível (AU)

Inspired by Freud's work, used as a starting point for the author's arguments, the paper addresses obsessive neurosis, emphasizing its metapsychological dynamics. It starts from the clinical hypothesis that thought turns into a source of angst. It underlines that the repression of the sadistic components of libido constitutes the starting point of neurosis. The author emphasizes that, as Freud has said, the defensive struggle is its main feature, differentiating it from the other neurosis. The author suggests that a frailty of the primary narcissistic structure is a necessary condition for the peculiar aspect on how angst and its defenses manifest themselves. Reasoning that thoughts become source of angst, he emphasizes the consequent technical difficulties, and advocates that managing transference represents the only effective clinical approach.

El artículo aborda la neurosis obsesiva inspirada en el trabajo de Freud, utilizada como punto de partida para el argumento del autor, enfatizando su dinámica metapsicológica. Partiendo de la hipótesis clínica de que el pensamiento se convierte en una fuente de angustia, destaca que la represión de los componentes sádicos de la libido constituye el punto de partida de la neurosis. El autor enfatiza que, como escribió Freud, la lucha defensiva es su característica principal, distinguiéndola de otras neurosis. Él sugiere que una debilidad en la estructura narcisista primaria es una de las condiciones necesarias para la forma peculiar de la presentación de la angustia y sus defensas. Argumentando que el pensamiento se convierte en una fuente de angustia, destaca las dificultades técnicas resultantes y sostiene que el manejo de la transferencia representa la única solución clínica posible

La pulsión en Freud ¿un concepto superado? / The drive in Freud, a concept surpassed?

Resumen El presente artículo expone un análisis crítico, intra y extratextual, del concepto de pulsión en la teoría psicoanalítica freudiana; primero, se destacan las características principales de la pulsión: la fuente, el esfuerzo (medida de trabajo), la meta y el objeto; segundo, se analiza si la pulsión es un concepto referido a una realidad biológica o a una psíquica; tercero, se estudian sus relaciones con la represión; cuarto, se interroga si es preferible hablar de tendencias (Logos, Eros, Thánatos y Ananké) y de pulsiones como aspectos de la vida psíquica sometidos a esas cuatro tendencias; y quinto, se analizan las estrechas relaciones de las pulsiones con la biología. En este recorrido, se examinan y señalan algunas contradicciones que surgen al comparar dos momentos en la conceptualización freudiana de la pulsión: primero, bajo la oposición entre pulsiones sexuales y pulsiones de autoconservación, y segundo, bajo la perspectiva de las pulsiones de vida y las pulsiones de muerte. Se concluye señalando la necesidad de un diálogo con la biología actual, así como con las investigaciones sobre las emociones en la psicología contemporánea.

Abstract The present article makes a critical analysis, intra and extratextual, of the concept of drive in the Freudian psychoanalytic theory; first, it highlights the main characteristics of the drive: the source, the effort (work measurement), the goal and the object; second, it analyzes whether the drive in a concept referred to a biological or a psychic reality; third, it studies its relations with repression; fourth, asks if it is preferable to talk about tendencies (Logos, Eros, Thánatos and Ananke) and of drives as aspects of psychic life subjected to these four tendencies; and fifth, it analyzes its close relations with biology. In this journey, we examine and point out some contradictions that arise when comparing two moments in their conceptualization: first, under the opposition between sexual and self-preservation drives, and second, under the perspective of the life and death drives. It concludes by pointing out the need for a dialogue with current biology, as well as with research on emotions in contemporary psychology.

A noção de defesa na teoria e na técnica de Sándor Ferenczi / El tema de la defensa en la teoría y la técnica de Sándor Ferenczi / Regarding the notion of defence in the theory and technique of Sándor Ferenczi

Analisamos, mediante revisão bibliográfica, o posicionamento de Sándor Ferenczi acerca da defesa, destacando o recalque, na teoria e na técnica psicanalítica, estabelecendo um contraponto com a obra freudiana. Evidenciamos que há estreita relação entre as tentativas clínicas - destacando a técnica ativa e a neocatarse - de contornar as limitações ao tratamento relativas aos mecanismos defensivos propostas pelo autor e sua forma de compreender o recalcamento. Por fim, formulamos uma crítica considerando as consequências das mudanças técnicas para o processo analítico: uma desvalorização da fala, o excesso de agressividade na relação transferencial e a localização do saber do lado do analista.

Partimos del análisis, mediante revisión bibliográfica, de la defensa en la obra de Ferenczi y sus implicaciones técnicas, estableciendo un contrapunto con la obra freudiana. Hay estrecha relación entre sus propuestas clínicas - con destaque para la técnica activa y la neocatarsis - en el intento de eludir las limitaciones al tratamiento relativas a los mecanismos defensivos y su forma de comprender el recalcamiento. Por último, formulamos una crítica considerando las consecuencias de los cambios técnicos para el proceso analítico: una desvalorización del discurso, el exceso de agresividad en la relación transferencial y la localización del saber del lado del analista.

We made an bibliographic review of Sándor Ferenczi's work to analyse his position about the notion of defence, with emphasis in the repression and its technical implications, establishing a counterpoint with Freud's work. We noticed that there is a strong relation between his clinical proposals - among them the active technique and the neocatarse are the most rewardable - and his understanding of repression. Finally, we reviewed the consequences of the technical changes promoted by Ferenczi: an excess of aggressiveness in the transferential relation, a devaluation of the patient's speech and overvaluation of the analyst's knowledge.

Function and field stresses and mourning in the context of culture: reflections on racism, the flange and the blues / Função e campo do recalque e do luto no contexto da cultura: reflexões sobre o racismo, o banzo e o blues

O presente artigo parte da concepção de memória na psicanálise freudiana, visando discutir a dialética lembrança-esquecimento mais especificamente no contexto da cultura. Desdobraremos a complexidade dos mecanismos presentes no esquecimento a partir da noção de recalque, e ainda averiguaremos a singular relação entre o esquecimento e o trabalho de luto, para daí depreender suas consequências tanto para o sujeito quanto para a cultura. Os efeitos da operação do recalcamento serão avaliados em alguns fenômenos da cultura, como o racismo, o banzo e, em contrapartida, a invenção do blues, como resultado da operação de luto, possibilitando a criação.

This article is part of the memory concept in Freudian psychoanalysis, in order to discuss the memory-oblivion dialectic more specifically in the context of culture. It discusses the complexity of the mechanisms present in oblivion from the notion of repression, and investigates further the unique relationship between forgetting and grief work to then infer its consequences for the individual, and for the culture. The effects of repression of the operation will be evaluated in some culture phenomena such as racism, the flange and, on the other hand, the invention of the blues as a result of grief operation, enabling the creation.

The transcription factor ZEB1 promotes an aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer cell lines / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

It has been reported that one of the factors that promotes tumoral progression is the abnormal activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program. This process is associated with tumoral cells acquiring invasive and malignant properties and has the transcription factor zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) as one of its main activators. However, the role of ZEB1 in promoting malignancy in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. Here, we report that ZEB1 expression correlates with Gleason score in PCa samples and that expression of ZEB1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and malignant characteristics in PCa cell lines. The results showed that ZEB1 expression is higher in samples of higher malignancy and that overexpression of ZEB1 was able to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating the mesenchymal marker Vimentin and downregulating the epithelial marker E-Cadherin. On the contrary, ZEB1 silencing repressed Vimentin expression and upregulated E-Cadherin. ZEB1 expression conferred enhanced motility and invasiveness and a higher colony formation capacity to 22Rv1 cells whereas DU145 cells with ZEB1 silencing showed a decrease in those same properties. The results showed that ZEB1 could be a key promoter of tumoral progression toward advanced stages of PCa.

Advances in epigenetic mechanism and drug research of reversing resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer / 肿瘤

Breast cancer is now the most common malignant tumor in Chinese women. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptor (ER) which plays a critical role in the development of breast cancer. Endocrine therapy has become one of the most effective treatments for ER-positive breast cancer. At present, the endocrine therapy drugs are mainly divided into three categories: selective ER modulators, selective ER down-regulators and aromatase inhibitors. The adjuvant endocrine therapy with these drugs can reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence by nearly 40%. However, the resistance of tumor cells to endocrine therapy is a major factor limiting the success of breast cancer treatment. The known mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance include the concentration of estrogen increased in tumor microenvironment, ER gene mutation, up-regulation of multiple molecular signal pathway, and epigenetic mechanisms. Overcoming endocrine therapy resistance is essential for further improving the benefit rate of endocrine therapy. In this review, the progresses of epigenetic mechanisms (including DNA methylation and histone modification) and epigenetic drugs (including DNAmethyltransferases inhibitors and histone deacetylases inhibitors) of endocrine therapy resistance in ER-positive breast cancer are introduced, in order to further understand the mechanism and therapeutics of endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer.

The transcription factor ZEB1 promotes an aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer cell lines / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

It has been reported that one of the factors that promotes tumoral progression is the abnormal activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program. This process is associated with tumoral cells acquiring invasive and malignant properties and has the transcription factor zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) as one of its main activators. However, the role of ZEB1 in promoting malignancy in prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. Here, we report that ZEB1 expression correlates with Gleason score in PCa samples and that expression of ZEB1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and malignant characteristics in PCa cell lines. The results showed that ZEB1 expression is higher in samples of higher malignancy and that overexpression of ZEB1 was able to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating the mesenchymal marker Vimentin and downregulating the epithelial marker E-Cadherin. On the contrary, ZEB1 silencing repressed Vimentin expression and upregulated E-Cadherin. ZEB1 expression conferred enhanced motility and invasiveness and a higher colony formation capacity to 22Rv1 cells whereas DU145 cells with ZEB1 silencing showed a decrease in those same properties. The results showed that ZEB1 could be a key promoter of tumoral progression toward advanced stages of PCa.

Glutamine catabolism promotes autophagy and radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the relationship between glutamine metabolism and radiotherapy resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods The glutaminase 1 (GLS1) knockout CNE1,6-10B cell lines and the control cell lines were established by lentivirus transfection technology.The CNE2 cell lines with GLS1 overexpression and control cell lines were established by liposome transfection technology.BPTES,one of Glutamine enzyme inhibitors,was used to inhibit the activity of GLS1.Glutamine/Glutamate(Gln/Glu) and Glu kits were used to detect glutamine metabolism in NPC cells;in vitro radiation clone formation experiment and flow cytometre mediated apoptosis assay were adopted to detect the effects of glutamine metabolism modulation on NPC radiosensitivity.Western blot and autophagic puncta monitor assay were carried out to detect the effects of glutamine metabolism modulation on autophagy status in NPC cells.Results Inhibiting the glutamine metabolism led to decreased clone formation,increased apoptotic rates,and decreased autophagic level in NPC cells;while activating the glutamine metabolism led to increased clone formation,decreased apoptotic rates and increased autophagic level in NPC cells.Conclusions The reduction of glutamine metabolism inhibits autophagy and increases radio sensitivity of NPC.

Effect of MIG1 and SNF1 deletion on simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae / 生物工程学报

Mig1 and Snf1 are two key regulatory factors involved in glucose repression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To enhance simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose by engineered S. cerevisiae, single and double deletion strains of MIG1 and SNF1 were constructed. Combining shake flask fermentations and transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq, the mechanism of Mig1 and Snf1 hierarchically regulating differentially expressed genes that might affect simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose were elucidated. MIG1 deletion did not show any significant effect on co-utilization of mixed sugars. SNF1 deletion facilitated xylose consumption in mixed sugars as well as co-utilization of glucose and xylose, which might be due to that the SNF1 deletion resulted in the de-repression of some genes under nitrogen catabolite repression, thereby favorable to the utilization of nitrogen nutrient. Further deletion of MIG1 gene in the SNF1 deletion strain resulted in the de-repression of more genes under nitrogen catabolite repression and up-regulation of genes involved in carbon central metabolism. Compared with wild type strain, the MIG1 and SNF1 double deletion strain could co-utilize glucose and xylose, and accelerate ethanol accumulation, although this strain consumed glucose faster and xylose slower. Taken together, the MIG1 and SNF1 deletions resulted in up-regulation of genes under nitrogen catabolite repression, which could be beneficial to simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose. Mig1 and Snf1 might be involved in the hierarchical regulatory network of genes under nitrogen catabolite repression. Dissection of this regulatory network could provide further insights to new targets for improving co-utilization of glucose and xylose.

Aniversário dos filhos: juntos ou separados? Repercussões do divórcio na perspectiva dos pais / Children's birthday: together or apart? Repercussions of divorce from parent's perspective / Cumpleaños de los hijos: juntos o separados? Repercusiones del divorcio en los hijos

Este artigo discute a percepção dos pais a respeito das repercussões do divórcio nos filhos, tendo como foco a comemoração do aniversário destes. Foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa com quatro pais e quatro mães separados, a partir da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados foram estudados de acordo com o método de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que o divórcio implica em uma ferida narcísica importante para os sujeitos envolvidos, podendo gerar uma tendência a recalcar as representações do ex-cônjuge. Esse movimento pode dificultar a elaboração do luto pelo fim da conjugalidade, trazendo dificuldades centrais para o exercício da parentalidade, uma vez que os filhos permanecem envolvidos em conflitos. Os filhos podem experimentar uma divisão em suas vivências com seus dois objetos de amor, pai e mãe, o que é ilustrado pelas comemorações de aniversários realizadas pelos genitores, em alguns casos em conjunto, e em outros, em separado. (AU)

This article seeks to discuss the repercussions of parental divorce on children from the parents' perception. The current study aims to discuss parents' perceptions about the repercussions of divorce on their children, focusing on children's birthday celebrations. The authors conducted a qualitative research with four fathers and four mothers, performing semi-structured interviews and studying the results using the content analysis method. Evidence shows that divorce inflicts a major narcissistic wound in the subjects involved, which may generate a tendency to repress representations of the former spouse. This movement may hinder the elaboration of grief caused by the end of marital relations, since the children remain involved in conflicts. The children may suffer a division in their experiences with both love objects, father and mother, a condition illustrated by birthday celebrations held by parents, in some cases together, and in other, separately. (AU)

Este artículo pretende discutir las repercusiones del divorcio en los hijos, a partir de la percepción de los padres. Em este artículo se analiza la percepción de los padres sobre el impacto del divorcio en los niños, centrándose en la celebración del cumpleaños de éstos. desarrolló una investigación cualitativa con cuatro padres y cuatro madres separados, a partir de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados fueron estudiados según el método de análisis de contenido. Se verificó que el divorcio implica en una herida narcisista importante para los sujetos involucrados, lo que puede generar una tendencia a reprimir las representaciones del ex-cónyuge. Ese movimiento puede dificultar la elaboración del luto por el fin de la relación conyugal, aportando dificultades centrales para el ejercicio de la parentalidad, una vez que los hijos permanecen involucrados en conflictos. Los hijos pueden experimentar una división en sus vivencias con sus dos objetos de amor, padre y madre, lo que es ilustrado por las celebraciones de cumpleaños realizadas por los genitores, en algunos casos juntos, y en otros, por separado. (AU)

Exílios e sublimações / Exilios y sublimaciones / Exiles and sublimation

A tese relativa a dois tempos na operação da sublimação abre uma vertente promissora de investigação, desvinculada de uma perspectiva homogeneizante e restrita, inspirada pela noção de valor e de endereçamento ao sublime, que empobrece seu potencial heurístico. Algo fundamental do trabalho sublimatório é enfatizado, no âmbito da temporalidade e do timing, já que é imperativo que seja possível conter, suspender e adiar a energia pulsional, para que esse segundo tempo se viabilize ­ na mesma linha da hipótese freudiana da necessidade de uma reserva da energia móvel e indiferente subjacente a esse destino pulsional, suporte para a circulação das sublimações, com ênfase em seu aspecto eminentemente plural e multifacetado. Na rede conceitual em que se insere a sublimação, pode-se destacar, na esfera deste estudo, sua vizinhança com o recalque, o trabalho de luto e a formação dos ideais, pano de fundo que evidencia seu alcance para a tematização das vivências subjetivas implicadas na experiência do exílio.

La tesis referente a dos tiempos en la operación de sublimación abre un aspecto prometedor de investigación, sin relación con una perspectiva homogeneizante y restringida, inspirada en la noción de valor y dirigida a lo sublime, que empobrece su potencial heurístico. Algo fundamental del trabajo sublimatorio se destaca, en el contexto de la temporalidad y el timing, ya que es imprescindible que sea posible contener, suspender y aplazar la energía pulsional, para que este segundo tiempo se viabilice ­ en el mismo sentido de la hipótesis freudiana, de la necesidad de una reserva de energía móvil e indiferente subyacente a ese destino pulsional, soporte para la circulación de las sublimaciones, con énfasis en su aspecto eminentemente plural y multifacético. En la red conceptual en que se inserta la sublimación, se destacan en el contexto de este estudio sus aproximaciones con la represión, el trabajo de duelo y la formación de los ideales, paño de fondo que muestra su alcance para tematizar las experiencias subjetivas involucradas en la experiencia del exilio.

This paper is about the process of sublimation happening in two times. This idea opens up a promising new line of research to psychoanalysts. This new line does not relate to a homogenizing and restricted perspective, inspired by both the notion of value and the orientation to the sublime, which minimizes its heuristic potential. An essential part of the sublimatory work is emphasized in the context of temporality and timing. This emphasis occurs because the instinctual energy must be contained, suspended, and deferred in order to enable this second time to happen. It follows the Freudian hypothesis, that is the "need" for reserving the mobile and indifferent (apathetic) energy, which underlies this instinctual destiny. It supports the movement of sublimation. At this point, the author emphasizes its especially pluralistic and multifaceted characteristic. This conceptual network, within which sublimation is placed, allows the author to highlight that sublimation is close to repression, work of mourning, and formation of the ideals. This background shows a scope of sublimation that includes the theme of subjective experiences related to exile

MicroRNAs recruit eIF4E2 to repress translation of target mRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) recruit the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to repress the translation of target mRNAs. While the 5' 7-methylguanosine cap of target mRNAs has been well known to be important for miRNA repression, the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we show that TNRC6A interacts with eIF4E2, a homologue of eIF4E that can bind to the cap but cannot interact with eIF4G to initiate translation, to inhibit the translation of target mRNAs. Downregulation of eIF4E2 relieved miRNA repression of reporter expression. Moreover, eIF4E2 downregulation increased the protein levels of endogenous IMP1, PTEN and PDCD4, whose expression are repressed by endogenous miRNAs. We further provide evidence showing that miRNA enhances eIF4E2 association with the target mRNA. We propose that miRNAs recruit eIF4E2 to compete with eIF4E to repress mRNA translation.

Autoritarismo y eugenesia punitiva: higiene racial y nacionalcatolicismo en el franquismo, 1936-1945 / Authoritarianism and punitive eugenics: racial hygiene and national Catholicism during Francoism, 1936-1945

Resumen Se analizan algunos de los elementos que configuraron los discursos y las prácticas eugenésicas durante las primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista. Se abordan principalmente las bases ideológicas de la higiene racial, propuestas desde la medicina y la psiquiatría franquista, analizando su vinculación con el concepto de hispanidad. Se muestra cómo la eugenesia franquista tuvo una vertiente punitiva y coercitiva y cómo participó en la represión descarnada hacia el enemigo político, construyendo su identidad como anti español. También se estudia cómo la Iglesia Católica aceptó la eugenesia siempre que no estuviese vinculada al neomaltusianismo ni propugnase la esterilización, los métodos contraceptivos y el aborto. En este sentido, se analiza su posición respecto al certificado y al consejo prematrimonial.

Abstract This paper examines some of the main elements that shaped eugenic discourse and practices during the first decades of the Franco regime. It primarily addresses the ideological basis of racial hygiene stemming from Francoist medicine and psychiatry, examining its relationship with the concept of Spanishness (Hispanidad). It shows that Francoist eugenics had punitive and coercive aspects and outlines the role it played in the brutal repression unleashed against the regime’s political enemies, constructing its anti-Spanish identity. The paper also explores how the Catholic Church accepted eugenics as long as it was not linked to neo-Malthusianism and did not propagate sterilization, contraception, and abortion. In this respect, the paper examines the Catholic Church’s position on the premarital certificate and counseling.

Tabaquismo materno como un factor posiblemente implicado en el desarrollo de la obesidad infantil / Possible effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of childhood obesity

El tabaquismo es la adicción al tabaco provocada principalmente por diversos componentes activos y tóxicos como la nicotina. El consumo de cigarrillo durante la gestación puede provocar desprendimiento de placenta, placenta previa, embarazo ectópico y aborto espontáneo, como también inducir alteraciones en el feto. En la presente revisión de la literatura se recopiló información en bases de datos como Pub-Med, Embase y Google Académico, concerniente a los posibles efectos del tabaquismo materno durante la gestación sobre el desarrollo de la obesidad infantil. Fueron seleccionados 38 artículos escritos en el idioma inglés y español, publicados a partir de año de 1988 hasta el año 2015, que incluyeron metaanálisis, artículos originales, y revisiones de tema. Se encontró que la exposición al humo del tabaco durante la gestación ha sido ampliamente descrita como un factor de riesgo para la manifestación de alteraciones en el desarrollo fetal como retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y bajo peso al nacer. Además, se ha asociado ampliamente con trastornos del desarrollo infantil en etapas avanzadas, como preescolares y escolares, manifestados en un aumento del índice de masa corporal con respecto al percentil adecuado para la edad; incremento de la incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en el infante. Se concluye que la exposición al humo del cigarrillo durante la gestación se relaciona con alteraciones en el crecimiento del niño y en el desarrollo de enfermedades prevalentes asociadas a la obesidad.

Most smokers use tobacco regularly because they are addicted to various active and toxic compounds such as nicotine. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can cause abruption, placenta previa, ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, as well as induce alterations in the fetus. In this review, information was collected in databases such as PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar, concerning the possible effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of childhood obesity. Thirty-eigth articles written in English and Spanish published from year 1988 to 2015, which included meta-analysis, original articles and reviews were selected topic. It was found that exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy has been widely described as a risk factor for alterations in fetal development such as intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. In addition, it has been widely associated with disorders of child development in advanced stages, preschool and school age: increased body mass index regarding the appropriate percentile for age, and increase in childhood overweight and obesity. It is concluded that exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy is associated with changes in child growth and development of prevalent diseases associated with obesity.