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Objective: Heavy metal and harmful element contamination are frequently reported in Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), and roots and rhizomes parts showed a higher content than other parts. To investigate the residue level and assess the potential human health risk of heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes, 720 batches of the sample representing 20 species of herbs from different sources were collected. Methods: The content of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in the digests was determined using ICP-MS. The chronic hazard index estimate based on non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) was applied for potential health risk assessment of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu via consumption of CHMs. Results: Compared with the Chinese limit standard (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2020 edition) of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, the exceedance percentage of Pb in total samples was 14.1%, which were generally far higher than Cd, As, Hg, and Cu. Health risk assessment results based on hazard quotient calculating showed that total HQ of Cu, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg in Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma exceeded 1, with the value of 1.543 and 1.235. Besides, Arsenic had the highest HQ value (0.957) in Pulsatillae Radix. Conclusion: Consuming raw materials of Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma may pose a potential risk and Arsenic residues in Pulsatillae Radix deserved special attention.
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Objective::To evaluate the effects of Valeriana amurensis roots and rhizomes extract and its active constituents on the activities of six major cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes in human liver microsomes. Method::Coumarin, bupropion, tolbutamide, omeprazole, dextromethorphan and testosterone were used as probe substrates for CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, respectively. Taking their specific metabolites of hydroxylation or demethylation (7-hydroxycoumarin, hydroxybupropion, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, 5-hydroxyomeprazole, dextromethorphan, 6β-hydroxytestosterone) as indicators of enzyme activities. The analytical indexes were used to establish an in vitro model of human liver microsomes of Cocktail probe substrates. This method was applied to evaluate the effects of V. amurensis roots and rhizomes extract and its active constituents on human liver microsomal enzymes. Result::The V. amurensis roots and rhizomes extract had different inhibitory effects on CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, their half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 87.49, 1.73, 68.29, 2.80 mg·L-1, respectively. Among the 9 lignans, (-)-massoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside had a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2A6 with an IC50 value of 8.51 μmol·L-1, 8, 8′-dihydroxypinoresinol-4, 4′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside had a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2D6 with an IC50 value of 8.73 μmol·L-1, (+)-medioresinol-4, 4′-O-di-β-D-glucopyranoside had a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 with IC50 values of 5.41 μmol·L-1 and 8.20 μmol·L-1. Conclusion::The V. amurensis roots and rhizomes extract and its active constituents have inhibitory effects on liver CYP450 enzymes. Therefore, in the clinical study of new drugs, it is necessary to fully evaluate the risk of drug interactions caused by combination therapy.
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Objective:To identify the quality differential markers of different processed products of Glycyrrhiza uralensis dry roots and rhizomes. Method:Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE) was used to collect high-precision mass-charge ratio and ion response strength information of the components in G. uralensis dry roots and rhizomes before and after processing by negative ion mode. The data set collected after pretreatment was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to quickly search the differential components in different processed products of G. uralensis dry roots and rhizomes. Differential components were identified according to the relative molecular weight, fragment ion, mass spectrum database and related literature information, then the migration of components before and after processing was studied. Result:A total of 10 quality differential markers were searched from raw products, roasted products and honey-roasted products of G. uralensis dry roots and rhizomes, mainly derivatives of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid. Among them, the contents of 6''-O-acetylliquiritin apioside, 6''-O-acetylliquiritin apioside isomer, 6''-O-acetylliquiritin, formononetin and 11-deoxo-18β-glycyrrhetic acid were the highest in the raw products, the contents of 6''-O-acetylisoliquiritin apioside, 6''-O-acetylisoliquiritin, isoliquiritin and glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-glucuronide were the highest in the roasted products, the content of liquiritin was the lowest in the honey-roasted products. Conclusion:There are some chemical differences among the three products. This study can provide material basis for the quality control and pharmacodynamic research of processed products of G. uralensis dry roots and rhizomes.
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Objective: To investigate the lignans of the roots of Diphylleia sinensis. Methods: The chemical components were isolated and purified by chromatographic techniques (silica gel, sephadex LH-20 and semi preparative-HPLC) and the chemical structures were determined by spectral data analysis (1D/2D NMR, MS, and IR). Results: Seven lignans were obtained and identified as diphyllin A (1), (1S,2R,5S,6R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo [3.3.0] octane (2), (7S,8R,7’S,8’R)-3,4,3’,4’-tetramethoxy-9,7-dihydroxy-8.8’,7.O.9’-lignan (3), (-)-lariciresinol (4), vladinol D (5), podophyllotoxone (6), and justicidin A (7). Conclusion: Diphyllin A (1) is a new compound and 2-4 are obtained from D. sinensis for the first time.
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Objective To determine the water absorption coefficient of single-flavor root and rhizome Chinese herbal medicine pieces at room temperature, and guide the water addition in the decoction process of decocting machine of Chinese herbal.Methods The water absorption coefficient of 222-flavor root and rhizome Chinese herbal medicine pieces were studied, the simulated prescriptions were decocted according to the recommended formula of the decocting machine manufacturer and the water absorption coefficient, and the amount of liquid were obtained by the two methods which were compared with the amount of liquid required.Results The water absorption coefficients of roots and rhizomes with different textures were quite different.The amount of liquid obtained according to the manufacturer′s recommended formula was quite different from the amount of liquid required and there was no rule to follow.The error of the amount of liquid obtained according to the water absorption coefficient and the amount of liquid required was small and regular.Conclusion The experimental determination of the water absorption coefficient of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces could guide the amount of water added to the decoction machine.
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Phenolic acids with significant biological activity and pharmacological effects are a class of active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With increasing the demand of clinical and market, enhancing the contents and utilization efficiency of phenolic acids in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza has the important practical significance for sustainable development. In this paper, the research progress in study on genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics in recent years was carried out to summarize the biosynthesis pathway, key enzymes genes, regulation mechanism, and bioconversion and utilization of phenolic acids in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza, which lays the scientific foundation for the efficient production and comprehensive utilization of phenolic acids resources in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi in Valeriana Linn., Valerianaceae. Methods: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by silica gel, medium pressure column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were determined by 1D, 2D NMR, HRMS, and IR spectroscopic analyse. Results: An iridoid ester was isolated from the dichloromethane extract from the roots and rhizomes of V. jatamansi, which was named as valerjatadoid C. Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new iridoid ester.
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Objective: To separate the saponins from the roots and rhizomes of Caulophyllum robustum and determine their chemical structures. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated silica gel chromatography, medium pressure column chromatography, and semi-preparative liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by the data of NMR and MS. Results: Ten compounds were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of C. robustum and the structures of compounds 1-10 were identified as echinocystic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside (1), 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin-28-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), HN-saponin H (3), ciwujianosides A1 (4), glycoside L-K1 (5), 3-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-gluco-pyranoside (6), leonticin F (7), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3) [β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)] α-L-arabinopyranosyl-echinocystic acid-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), leonticin A (9), and morroniside (10). Conclusion: Compound 10 is a iridoid. Compounds 1 and 10 are firstly isolated from the plants of Caulophyllum Maxim., compouds 2-9 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Methods: The roots and rhizome of G. uralensis were extracted with 95% EtOH. Then the extract was partitioned with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol successively. The n-butanol fraction was isolated by silica gel and ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structures of compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods (UV, MS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR). Results: Fourteen compounds were obtained from the n-butanol fraction. They were macedonoside E (1), 22β-acetyl-uralsaponin C (2), glycyrrhizic acid (3), uralsaponin F (4), licorice-saponin G2 (5), 22β-acetoxyl-glycyrrhaldehyde (6), 3β-O-[β-D-(6-methyl)-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-glycyrrhizic acid (7), liquiritigenin (8), naringenin (9), isoliquiritigenin (10), ononin (11), liquiritin (12), isoviolanthin (13), and liquiritin apioside (14). Conclusion: Macedonoside E (1) and 22β-acetyl-uralsaponin C (2) are new compounds.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the dried roots and rhizomes of Physochlaina infundibularis. Methods: Repeated chromatography with silica gel, macroporous resin, MCI, and Sephadex LH-20 columns was used to isolate the chemical constituents and their structures were elucidated based on physicochemical properties and spectral data. Results: Seventeen compounds were isolated and identified as hyoscyamine (1), scopolamine (2), anisodamine (3), scopoletin (4), scopolin (5), umbelliferone (6), 6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin (7), 3-methoxyquercetin (8), isoquercitin (9), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (10), syringarenol (11), protocatechuic acid (12), methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (13), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (14), tropic acid (15), 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (16), and palmitic acid (17). Conclusion: Compounds 7-17 are firstly obtained from the plants in Physochlaina G. Don, and compound 5 is firstly obtained from P. infundibularis.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the ethanol extract from the roots and rhizomes of Helleborus thibetanus. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization. The structures of the compounds were identified on the basis of chemical and spectral methods. Results: A new compound was isolated from the ethanol extract in the roots and rhizomes of H. thibetanus and identified as 14β-hydroxy-3β - [(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-5α-bufa-20, 22-dienolide (1). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound named as hellebocoside A, which belongs to bufadienolide of cardiac glycosides.