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This study was carried out to assess the influence of post-mortem processing methods on quality and shelf life of two breeds of sheep meat. A total of twelve sheep, six each from Balami and Ouda (two prominent breed of Sheep in Nigeria) were weighed, slaughtered and allotted to three processing methods which are scalding, singeing and skinning in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (2 breeds and 3 post-mortem processing methods). The carcass characteristics, primal cuts, physico-chemical properties, sensory and microbial counts were assessed. The results showed that Ouda breed gave the highest (p<0.05) dressing % (36.43%), preferred (p<0.05) primal cuts in rounds (15.13%), Marbling score, lipid profile (Total cholesterol, LDL), and Lipid peroxidation, Balami sheep was however rated higher (p<0.05) in juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability. The Scalded sheep had the highest dressing % (35.45%), with preferred marbling score (5.80), and microbial counts. The scalded samples were also the lowest (p<0.05) for crude Fiber, CF, total cholesterol (276.40 mg/dL) and LDL (183.89 mg/dL). Minimal exudate loses (cooking loss and drip loss) were recorded in singeing samples and was rated highest (p<0.05) with organoleptic properties. The microbial and fungi loads increased with the storage days. Conclusively, Ouda breed and Scalding method of post-mortem dressing gave the preferred values for optimum nutrients and shelf-life of sheep meat.
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OBJECTIVE To study the protective effects o f valproic acid on cardiac and cerebral injury in rats subjected to severe scalding combined with seawater immersion injury with delayed fluid replacement. METHODS The rats were divided into scalding+delayed fluid replacement group （group S ），scalding+seawater immersion+delayed fluid replacement group （group SS ）， scalding+seawater immersion+valproic acid+delayed fluid replacement group （group SSV ）according to random number table ，with 60 rats in each group. All groups were subjected to 35％total body surface area third-degree full-thickness scalding with boiled water. Group SS and group SSV were immersed in artificial ；seawater（30 min）immediately after scalding ，and group SSV was subcutaneously injected with valproic acid 300 mg/kg immediately after out of water. Sodium lactate Ringer ’s 0314-2279277。E-mail：125467374@qq.com injection was injected intravenously within 30 minutes according to 1/2 Parkland formula at 2 h after scalding in each group for delayed fluid replacement. The death time of rats was recorded ，and the average survival time and 24 h survival rate of rats in each group were calculat ed. Mean arterial pressure （MAP），heart rate （HR），respiration rate （RR），rectal temperature （RT），arterial blood pH ，arterial partial pressure of oxygen （PaO2），arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide （PaCO2），HCO3－，creatine kinase MB isoenzyme （CK-MB）and neuron specific enolase （NSE）were detected before scalding ，at 0，2，5 h after scalding. The pathological changes of cardiac and cerebral tissue were observed. RESULTS The 24 h survival rate of group SS （55％）was significantly lower than that of group S （90％）， while that of group SSV （75％）was increased significantly ，compared with group SS （P＜0.05）. Compared with group S ，the levels of MAP ，RT，HR，pH，PaO2 and HCO 3－ in group SS were significantly lowered ，while the levels of CK-MB and NSE were increased significantly at 0，2，5 h after scalding ；the levels of PaCO 2 were increased significantly at 2，5 h after scalding ， while the levels of RR were decreased significantly at 0，2 h after scalding （P＜0.05）. Compared with group SS ，the levels of MAP，RT，HR，pH，PaO2 and HCO 3－ in group SSV were significantly increased ，while the levels of PaCO 2，CK-MB and NSE were decreased significantly at 2，5 h after scalding ；the level of RR was increased significantly at 2 h after scalding （P＜0.05）. At 2，5 h after scalding ，cardiac and cerebral injury of rats in group SS were aggravated significantly than that in group S ；cardiac and cerebral injury of rats in group SSV were relieved significantly than that in group SS. CONCLUSIONS After severe scalding combined seawater immersion injury ，hypodermic injection of sodium valproate could protect cardiac and cerebral function of rats ， improve vital signs and blood gas index ，prolong survival time and improve survival rate in rats.
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PURPOSE: Instant noodle is one of the most popular noodle and its consumption is increasing annually. So scalding burns caused by Instant noodle are comparatively common. Instant noodle can lead to contact burn caused by noodle as well as scalding burn by soup. Because the depth of the burn can be deeper than general scalding burn, it can cause physical or psychological disability and the medical and social expense is not a few. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and clinical features of the scalding burn caused by Instant noodle. METHODS: Retrospective research was conducted 165 patients with scalding burn by Instant noodle among patients admitted to our burn medical center from May 2011 to April 2016. Subjects were classified by age, gender, affected site and degree and treatment method. RESULTS: For 6 years, 165 subjects went through hospital treatment because of the scalding burn by Instant noodle. It consisted of 48 infants, 74 children and adolescence, and 43 adults. The average TBSA (total body surface area, %) was 3.43. The number of patients exceeding 10% were 3. The most common affected site was thigh in 35.5% and there was no big differences between each age group. 8 patients did operations and 6 did dermabrasion. CONCLUSION: From May 2011 to April 2016, about 7% of total scalding burn patients was injured by Instant noodle. Considering the characteristics of scalding burn by Instant noodle, conservative treatment was preferred to surgical treatment. 149 of total 165 patients were done conservative treatment using cultured allogenic keratinocytes.
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Adolescent , Adult , Child , Humans , Infant , Body Surface Area , Burns , Dermabrasion , Epidemiology , Keratinocytes , Methods , Retrospective Studies , ThighABSTRACT
Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of a combination cream of aqueous extracts of leaves of Morus alba (MA) and Azadirachta indica (AI) in scalding type burn wound injury in rats. Methods: Plant material was successively extracted and aqueous extracts were selected. Three extract based cream formulations viz. 20% w/w (MA), 20% w/w (AI), and combination cream containing 10%+10% w/w (MA+AI) were prepared. Cream base and standard anti-burn cream containing silver sulfadiazine were also used for comparison. Scalding type burn was given by pouring water at 90°C on a shaved dorsal area of 20 mm2. Deep second-degree burn injury was produced which was evaluated for next 21 days for a percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelialization. On 21st day, animals were sacrificed and histopathological slides were prepared using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Burned tissue was also screened for levels of oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) estimation. Results: There was a significant increase in the percentage of wound contraction and significant decrease in period of epithelialization in MA, AI, and MA+AI combination cream treated group as compared with control group. However, most significant results were obtained with MA+AI combination cream. Histologically, MA+AI cream treatment resulted in almost complete re-epithelialization and restructuring of the wound tissue. There was a significant rise in TBARS and decrease in GSH levels in burn injury group which was reversed to a major extent by the application of combination cream. Conclusions: The results indicate toward the possible role of free radical scavenging potential of extracts in the Burn wound tissue healing.
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O pão de queijo é um produto da culinária brasileira de origem mineira, amplamente consumido e conhecido até mesmo internacionalmente. Apesar de ser um produto largamente consumido no mercado, não possui padronização de produção, e qualidade bem definidos. Trabalhos a seu respeito são raros, faltando informações sobre o produto e seus padrões de qualidade, tornando-se necessário um melhor conhecimento dos efeitos da operação de escaldamento nas propriedades reológicas e tecnológicas da massa e do pão de queijo, como também dos ingredientes utilizados nas etapas de sua produção. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais e um dos objetivos foi estudar o comportamento reológico da massa de pão de queijo em função dos métodos de preparo empregado, com ou sem escaldamento, utilizando leite ou água na formulação. Outro, foi avaliar o comportamento da massa durante as etapas subsequentes de adição e incorporação de ovo e queijo na massa. De acordo com os resultados, o escaldamento demonstrou ser de grande importância na produção de massa de pão de queijo influenciando diretamente na qualidade física e de textura.
Cheese bread is a Brazilian cuisine specialty originated in the Minas Gerais region. It is widely produced and consumed, and even known internationally. In spite of being widely consumed, there is no production standard, identity and defined quality. Research on the subject is rare, lacking information on the product and its quality patterns, making it necessary to have a better understanding of the effect of scalding on the rheological properties and technology of the cheese bread dough, as well as of the ingredients in the production stages. This work was carried out in the Department of Food Science at the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais and one of the objectives was to study the rheological behavior of the cheese bread dough according to the methods used in preparation - with or without scalding, and using milk or water in the formulation. Another objective was to evaluate the behavior of the dough during the subsequent stages, when egg and cheese are added to the dough. The results have shown that scalding is very important in the production of cheese bread dough, having a direct influence on the physical quality and the texture of cheese bread dough.
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Objective: To investigate the changes of the small G protein RhoB expression in scalded rat livers and heat-stressed human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, so as to discuss the influence of heat stress on expression of RhoB in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Third degree burns of 30% total body surface area (TBSA) model was established with SD rats on the back. The expression of RhoB mRNA and protein in the liver was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot 2 h, 4 h, 8 h and 16 h (n=6) after scalding; the liver tissues of normal rats were taken as control (n=6). PC-3 cells were allowed to recover for 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 8 h in a cellular heat stress model and the expression of RhoB in mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively; untreated PC-3 cells were taken as control. Results: The expression of RhoB mRNA in the livers peaked 4 h after scalding, being about 3.2 folds that of the control group (P<0.01); the expression began to decline 8 h after scalding. The expression of RhoB protein peaked 8 h after scalding, significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.01). RhoB mRNA level began to increase 2 h after heat stress treatment and peaked at 4 h, being about 2. 8 folds that of the control (P<0.01). The expression of RhoB protein reached its maximum at 8 h after heat stress treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: Heat stress can up-regulate the expression of RhoB mRNA and protein in vivo and in vitro.
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Objective To study the expression and change of neuropeptide substance P (SP) during the wound healing of deep partial thickness scalding in diabetic rats. Methods Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into diabetes mellitus group (n=42) and control group (n=42). Diabetic rat models were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetes mellitus group, and those in control group were intraperitoneally injected with aseptic citrate buffer solution. Deep partial thickness scalding with diameter of 2 cm on the back were prepared in all the rats. The pre-scalding and post-scalding wound specimens of different time points were obtained, and the percentages of wound closure were calculated. The wound specimens were also obtained for immunohistological staining to compare the areas with positive staining of SP, and ELISA was employed to detect the expression of SP in the wound tissues. Results The percentage of wound closure was significantly lower in diabetes mellitus group than that in control group from 7 days post-scalding (P< 0.01). The areas with positive staining of SP in diabetes mellitus group were much smaller than those in control group at different time points, which was most significant on the seventh day post-scalding[(1 350.93±99.28) μm2 vs(1 715.86± 103.41) μm2](P < 0.01). The expression of SP in the wound tissues was significantly lower in diabetes mellitus group than that in control group at different time points, which was most significant on the seventh day post-scalding[(114.04±9.96) vs(143.39±8.94)](P<0.01). Conclusion The significantly lower expression of SP in wound site may be one of the causes of delayed wound healing in diabetic rats.
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Background: The treatment of burn injuries with Silver Sulfadiazine is used in many burn centers. Objective: Determine the duration of clinical reepithelization in children treated with enriched Silver Sulfadiazine, according to sex, age, neutral zone burned (thorax - abdomen - limbs without joint damage), extention, presence of infections, bandage adherence and derivation to rehabilitation. Method: Retrospective review of 263 clinical records during 2004 that fulfilled the items for inclusion (children age under 15 years-old, with burn injuries of partial thickness caused by scalding liquids, treated at COANIQUEM Acute Unit with Silver Sulfadiazine plus Lidocaine plus Vitamin A and not needing grafts). Normal and median position between period of clinical reepithelization and variables considered with p < 0.05 were proven. Results: The median for clinical reepithelization was 10 days (range 5 - 23); if rehabilitation was required: 15 days and not required: 9 days (p < 0.0001). Lower limbs, children under 5 years-old and girls need longer reepithelization time. 0.4%> cases presented infections and 1.1% gauze adherence. Conclusions: Duration of clinical reepithelization with enriched Silver Sulfadiazine, associated to low infection rate and few adverse effects make it highly efficient for ambulatory treatments.
Introducción: Tratamiento de quemaduras con sulfadiazina de plata, sigue siendo de uso frecuente en muchos centros. Objetivo: Determinar el tiempo de re-epitelización clínica en niños con quemaduras por líquidos calientes, tratados con sulfadiazina de plata, su variación según sexo, edad, zona neutra (tórax-abdomen, extremidades sin compromiso articular) extensión, presencia de infecciones, adherencia de aposito y derivación a rehabilitación. Metodología: Revisión retrospectiva de 263 fichas que cumplieron con requisitos de inclusión (niños < 15 años, con quemaduras causadas por líquidos calientes, de espesor parcial, ingresados al Policlínico de Agudos de COANIQUEM en 2004, tratados con sulfadiazina de plata más lidocaína y vitamina A, que no fueron injertados). Se probó normalidad y posición de medianas entre período de reepitelización y según las distintas variables, se utilizó distribución percentilar como medida de tendencia central y prueba de Kruskal Wallis para la comparación de los grupos considerando p < 0,05 significativo. Resultados: Mediana de reepitelización clínica fue de 10 días (rango 5-23) para grupo total; 15 días para los con derivación a rehabilitación y de 9 días para los que fueron dados de alta (p < 0,0001). Demoró más la reepitelización en extremidades inferiores, niños menores de 5 años y mujeres. 0,4% presentó infección y 1,1% gasa adherida. Conclusiones: Duración de reepitelización clínica con sulfadiazina de plata, sumada a la baja tasa de infección y escasos efectos adversos, aporta alta confiabilidad a este método en curaciones ambulatorias.
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Epidural block is one of the most effective methods of intrapartum pain relief in current practice. This is a case of a scalding burn resulting from a sitz bath long enough after epidural block for vaginal delivery. The patient received 7 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine mixed with 1 : 300,000 epinephrine and fentanyl 50 microgram for epidural block. Following delivery, the patient started complaining of voiding difficulty without any motor weakness 6 hours after the epidural block occured. At that time, the patient did not feel any hot or pain sensations during the 15 minutes of unintentional hot water application for sitz bath. Consequently, an approximately 5~10% superficial second degree burn developed on her perineal and inner thigh region.
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Humans , Baths , Bupivacaine , Burns , Epinephrine , Fentanyl , Sensation , Thigh , WaterABSTRACT
In the 30-day period after the rats were inflicted with 30% TBSA full thickness scalding, the main pathological changes of the testes were various degrees of degeneration and necrosis of the spermatogenic cells, Sertoli's cells, lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules and Leydig's cells. The damages on spermatogenic cells, spermatocytes and spermatids were quite severe while spermatogonial cells exhibited little damages. On the 30th day after scalding, the spermatogenic cells restored their normal morphology. The activity of 3?-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase was rapidly reduced and remained at a relatively low level on the 30th day after scalding. The serum level of testosterone was decreased and remained at a comparatively low level on the 30th day after scalding. No significant changes of serum luteinizing hormone was observed.It is believed that the damages on the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules and Sertoli's cells espercially the latter could change the microenvironment of the development and differentiation of the spermatogenic cells and the decrease of serum testosterone might result from the increase of glucocorticoids after scalding.
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Full thickness scalding of 37% TBSA was inflicted io rats. Three days later, the liver of the animals was isolated and the changes of the protein metabolism in the liver and the effects of insulin on the changes were evaluated.It was found that the protein and DMA levels of the liver showed no obvious changes after scalding, but the RNA content increased by 24% and the rate of leucine incorporation by 31%. After the addition of insulin, the leucine content increased by 23.% and 25.8% in the controls and the injured animals respectively. The results indicate that the rate of protein synthesis in the liver of the scalded animals increases, which is likely to be related to the increase of RNA content, and the liver protein synthesis remains to be sensitive to insulin.
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In the present study we measured the lipid peroxide content in plasma and lung homogenate by Yagi's method, and analyzed the composition of surfactant phospholipid and surface activity of pulmonary surfactant by thin layer chrom-otography and by Wilhelmy's film balance.The results showed that the lipid peroxide level was increased in plasma and lung homogenate; licithine,tysopho-spholipidcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were decreased in bronchial-alveolar lavege fluid; and pulmonary surfactant surface activity was lowered.The findings suggest that decreased surface activity may result from the decrease of disaturated phospholipidcholine, which may be due to its impaired synthesis.
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With the immunocytochemical PAP-floating method we studied the effects of foot-shock, cold and scalding on Dynorphin B (Dyn B) neurons in the rat hypothalamus. The results showed that in the foot-shock condition, the anteroposterior diameter of PVH (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus) and PVM (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, medial part) with Dyn B neurons, the total number of Dyn B neurons in PVH and the number of thick fibers in SON (supraoptic nucleus) and PVH were increased obviously; in the cold condition there was declining tendency of the total number of Dyn B neurons in PVH; and in the scalding condition the staining density of median eminence was much deeper than that in normal condition. These results imply that Dyn B neurons in the rat hypothalamus is associated with these stress responses.
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The dynamic changes of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system ( MDMS) and lipoperoxidation were studied in scalded rats.The effects of treatment with vitamin E and silybin were also evaluated.The results showed that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, and p-nitroanisole demethylase (p-NOD) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activity decreased markedly postburn.On the contrary, liver lipoperoxide and microsomal lipoperoxidation increased significantly after scalding.Both the increase of liver lipoperoxide and microsomal lipoperoxidation and the decrease of MDMS activity were prevented by vitamin E and silybin treatments.
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The enriched soybean high branched chain amino acid mixture (II) was a special hydrolytic soybean protein enriched with a small amount of individual amino acids. The content of its essential amino acids was 68.89% and branched chain amino acids 42.85%.The results of this experiment show that the mixture (II) can improve negative nitrogen balance and elevate the level of serum albumin, and is a good nitrogen source for elemental diet after trauma.
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The back of rats was immersed in 95℃ water for 10 seconds to produce 10% and 30% TBSA full thickness burn injury. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in plasma, erythrocytes, the liver and the lungs, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSSG-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the blood, liver and lungs, and the activity of liver xanthine oxidase (XO) were determined 4 hours postburn. It was found that MDA level and SOD activity in rat tissues, XO and CAT activity in the liver, and GSSG-Px activity in the lungs and blood increased significantly aftfe injury. The severity of these changes positively correlated with the area of scalding except the SOD activity in the liver and lungs which showed no significant difference in those animals with 10% and 30% TBSA scalding. However the CAT activity in the blood and lungs decreased postburn and the liver GSSG-Px activity in 10% and 30%TBSA scalding-injured rats was higher and lower than that of the control respectively.The results imply that when scalding involves less area of body surface, the function of anti-peroxidation system of the body will be enhanced by inducing the synthesis of antioxidases; when severe scalding covers larger body surface, the induction of enzyme synthesis will be deficient in some tissues of the body.
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Effect of scalding on secretory function of beta-endorphin neuron in the arcuate nucleus of the rat hypothalamus was studied semiquantitatively using immunocytochemistry and image analysis. The results showed that the number of beta-endorphin neurons and area of positive products reduced significantly (P
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There was no significant increase of serum glucocorticoid in partial adrenalectomized rats after scalding, whereas glucocorticoid receptor in hepatic cytosol of those rats tended to increase. And 6 h after scalding, the difference between scalded and controlled rats was highly significant. Hepatic glucocorticoid receptor mRNA was also determined by the method of dot blot. It was found that hepatic gluco corticoid receptor mRNA of partial adrenalectomized rats was increased 6h after scalding. Those results suggest that the decrease of hepatic cytosol glucocorticoid receptor in scalded intact rats was dependent on the rise of serum glucocorticoid.
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Previous work in our laboratory showed that, after scalding, there was not only a decrease of rat liver cytosol [3H]-Dexamethasone specific binding sites but also an increase of apparent dissociation constant of [3H]-Dex and a change of sedimentation coefficient of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR).The present study was carried out using photoaffinity labeling of GCR in rat liver cytosol.It was found that there was no significant difference between molecular weights of . GCR in normal and scalded rats determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Our result suggests that change of sedimentation coefficient is not due to alteration of molecular weight of GCR binding subunit.