Las habilidades no técnicas en la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica / Non-technical skills in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introducción: El paro cardiorrespiratorio puede revertirse con medidas de reanimación en menos de 20 por ciento de los casos, si es atendido por un equipo entrenado en el curso de soporte vital avanzado pediátrico. A pesar de la masiva implementación de este entrenamiento y actualizaciones técnicas, la supervivencia no ha mejorado en la última década. El aprendizaje de habilidades no técnicas es uno de los temas a profundizar como estrategia para mejorar la sobrevida. Objetivo: Examinar la evidencia disponible sobre la percepción de los participantes del curso como escenario de entrenamiento para las habilidades no técnicas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura entre octubre de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Se identificaron los términos utilizados en habilidades no técnicas, se convirtieron en términos MeSH. Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada en las bases de datos PUBMED y ERIC. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Se revisaron 11 artículos en los que se describen las percepciones de médicos, pediatras y enfermeras sobre las características de un líder efectivo, factores que influyen en el trabajo en equipo coordinado, la importancia de una comunicación efectiva y tener una adecuada conciencia de la situación en distintos escenarios de reanimación como trauma, urgencias y cuidado crítico. Además, las recomendaciones de los participantes sobre la simulación como herramienta de aprendizaje dichas habilidades. Conclusiones: Las habilidades no técnicas agrupadas en las categorías de liderazgo, comunicación, trabajo en equipo y conciencia de la situación, son percibidas como pilar fundamental en el funcionamiento y desenlace de la reanimación cardiopulmonar(AU)

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory arrest can be reversed with resuscitation measures in less than 20 percent of cases, if it is attended by a team trained in the pediatric advanced life support course. Despite the massive implementation of this training and technical updates, survival has not improved in the last decade. The learning of non-technical skills is one of the topics to be deepened as a strategy to improve survival. Objective: To examine the available evidence on the perception of course participants as a training scenario for non-technical skills. Methods: A literature review was conducted between October 2020 and May 2021. The terms used in non-technical skills were identified, they became MeSH terms. It was conducted an advanced search of the PUBMED and ERIC databases. Analysis and synthesis of information: 11 articles that describe the perceptions of doctors, pediatricians and nurses about the characteristics of an effective leader, factors that influence coordinated teamwork, the importance of effective communication and having an adequate awareness of the situation in different resuscitation scenarios such as trauma, emergencies and critical care were reviewed; and, the recommendations of the participants on simulation as a learning tool of these skills. Conclusions: Non-technical skills grouped in the categories of leadership, communication, teamwork and situational awareness, are perceived as a fundamental pillar in the functioning and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(AU)

Validación de un simulador para el entrenamiento de la capsulotomía posterior láser en oftalmología / Validation of a simulator for teaching posterior capsulotomy with laser in ophthalmology

Introducción: La capsulotomía láser representa el único tratamiento efectivo para tratar la opacidad de cápsula posterior -causa más común de disminución de la visión después de una cirugía de catarata-. Este proceder es sencillo, pero no exento de complicaciones. Hasta ahora su aprendizaje se realiza directamente en los pacientes. El uso de simuladores permite el aprendizaje de la técnica sin dañar al paciente y sin la obligada presencia del profesor. Objetivo: Validar la confección de un modelo de ojo artificial como simulador para el entrenamiento de residentes de oftalmología en capsulotomía posterior con láser. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", realizado desde febrero hasta marzo de 2019. Se confeccionó un modelo que simula el ojo pseudofáquico con opacidad de cápsula posterior. Se eligieron ocho residentes de oftalmología de primer año que nunca habían realizado una capsulotomía láser. Todos observaron la ejecución de la capsulotomía en pacientes reales y en el modelo docente, mientras recibían la explicación de la técnica. Posteriormente, cada estudiante efectuó el proceder sobre el simulador en tres ocasiones, y se evaluó en cuanto al completamiento de la capsulotomía y los impactos al lente. Resultados: Se obtuvo un modelo de simulación para el entrenamiento de la capsulotomía posterior láser con el uso de materiales reusables. El promedio de disparos para completar el proceder fue superior al necesario en pacientes reales. No obstante, el número de disparos e impactos de láser en el lente intraocular se redujo con las sucesivas sesiones de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: El simulador confeccionado es económico y de fácil factura. Su uso resulta funcional para el entrenamiento sistemático de la capsulotomía posterior con Nd. YAG láser, sin riesgo de daño para el paciente. Contribuye a perfeccionar el enfoque y a minimizar los impactos en la lente intraocular, por lo que se muestra como un medio didáctico útil para la formación y evaluación de habilidades de los residentes de oftalmología(AU)

Introduction: Laser capsulotomy is the only effective treatment for posterior capsule opacity, the commonest cause of decreased vision after cataract surgery. This procedure is simple, but not without complications. Until now, learning such procedure has been carried out directly on patients. Using simulators allows learning the technique without harming patients and without the professor's obligatory presence. Objective: To validate the creation of an artificial eye model to be used as a simulator for the training of Ophthalmology residents in posterior capsulotomy with laser. Methods: Observational, descriptive and prospective study carried out, from February to March 2019, at Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology. A model was made that simulates the pseudophakic eye with posterior capsule opacity. Eight first-year Ophthalmology residents who had never performed a laser capsulotomy were selected. All the participants observed the performance of capsulotomy in real patients, as well as in the teaching model, while receiving the explanation regarding the technique. Subsequently, each student performed the procedure with the simulator on three occasions, and received an evaluation based on the completion of the capsulotomy and the impacts to the lens. Results: A simulation model was obtained for training posterior laser capsulotomy with the use of reusable materials. The average number of shots to complete the procedure was higher than necessary in real patients. However, the number of shots and laser impacts on the intraocular lens decreased with successive training sessions. Conclusions: The simulator created is cheap and easy to make. Its use is functional for the systematic training of posterior capsulotomy with neodymium. Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) laser did not have any risks to the patient. It contributes to perfecting the focus and minimizing the impacts on the intraocular lens; therefore, it is shown as a useful didactic means for the training and evaluation of skills of Ophthalmology residents(AU)

Importancia de la simulación clínica en el desarrollo personal y desempeño del estudiante de enfermería

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar la importancia de la Simulación Clínica sobre el desempeño del estudiante de enfermería en campo clínico e indagar los efectos que produce la metodología para su posterior desempeño en contextos reales. Material y Método: Estudio mixto de abordaje cuantitativo transversal, de asociación y cualitativo fenomenológico. La unidad de análisis fueron estudiantes de enfermería, la población correspondió al universo de dos cohortes de cuarto año de la Universidad Austral de Chile, 106 participantes para la aproximación cuantitativa y 10 para la cualitativa, seleccionados por muestreo de conveniencia. Los criterios de inclusión en ambas aproximaciones fueron haber cursado el 7° y 8° semestre de la carrera y participado en actividades de simulación de las asignaturas. La recolección de datos fue mediante cuestionarios sociodemográfico, de percepción tipo Likert (sometido a revisión de fachada y de claridad) y entrevistas en profundidad. Se efectuaron análisis descriptivos, pruebas paramétricas o no paramétricas mediante software SPSS v.15 y análisis cualitativo con reducción fenomenológica. Para cautelar la calidad de los datos se realizó triangulación por investigadores. El rigor ético fue resguardado con los principios de Ezequiel Emanuel, consentimiento informado y autorización del Comité Ético Científico de la Universidad. Resultados: La metodología fue valorada en ámbitos académicos y personales, aumentando la seguridad, habilidades, destrezas y presencia de memoria emocional en su desarrollo, favoreciendo el aprendizaje significativo. Conclusiones: Es importante la inserción temprana curricular de la simulación clínica, para potenciar y optimizar aspectos relacionados con los usuarios del sistema al interactuar en escenarios reales.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the importance of Clinical Simulation on the performance of the nursing student in the clinical field and to explore the effects of this methodology for their subsequent performance in real contexts. Material and Method: Mixed study, cross-sectional, quantitative, associative and qualitative phenomenological approach. The unit of analysis were nursing students; the population corresponded to the universe of two fourth-year cohorts from the Universidad Austral de Chile, 106 participants for the quantitative approach and 10 for the qualitative one, selected by convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria for both approaches were having attended the 7th and 8th semester of the study program and having participated in subject simulation activities. Data collection was carried out using sociodemographic, Likert-type perception questionnaires (after face validity and clarity review) and in-depth interviews. Descriptive analyzes, parametric or non-parametric tests were carried out using SPSS v.15 software and qualitative analysis with phenomenological reduction. Researcher triangulation was performed to ensure data quality. Ethical rigor was based on the principles of Ezequiel Emanuel, informed consent and authorization of the university's Scientific Ethics Committee. Results: The methodology was valued in academic and personal areas, increasing security, abilities, skills and the presence of emotional memory, thus contributing to meaningful learning. Conclusions: Early curricular implementation of clinical simulation is important to enhance and optimize aspects related to the users of the system when interacting in real scenarios.

RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a importância da Simulação Clínica no desempenho do estudante de enfermagem no campo clínico e investigar os efeitos que a metodologia produz para seu posterior desempenho em contextos reais. Material e Método: Estudo misto, transversal, quantitativo, associativo e com abordagem fenomenológica qualitativa. A unidade de análise foi os estudantes de enfermagem, a população correspondeu ao universo de duas coortes do quarto ano da Universidade Austral do Chile, 106 participantes para a abordagem quantitativa e 10 para a qualitativa, selecionados por amostragem por conveniência. Os critérios de inclusão em ambas abordagens foram ter cursado o 7° e 8° semestres do curso e ter participado das atividades de simulação das disciplinas. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de questionários sociodemográficos, de percepção tipo Likert (submetidos a uma revisão de validade de face e clareza) e entrevistas em profundidade. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, testes paramétricos ou não paramétricos no software SPSS v.15 e análises qualitativas com redução fenomenológica. Para garantir a qualidade dos dados, a triangulação foi realizada por pesquisadores. O rigor ético foi resguardado pelos princípios de Ezequiel Emanuel, consentimento informado e autorização do Comitê de Ética Científica da universidade. Resultados: A metodologia foi valorizada no ambiente acadêmico e pessoal, aumentando a segurança, as habilidades e a presença da memória emocional no desenvolvimento pessoal, favorecendo a aprendizagem significativa. Conclusões: A inserção curricular precoce da simulação clínica é importante para aprimorar e otimizar aspectos relacionados aos usuários do sistema na interação em cenários reais.

Effect of preoperative simulation training on surgical indicators and postoperative infection in patients undergoing intestinal obstruction surgery / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the effect of preoperative simulation training on surgical indicators and postoperative infection in patients with intestinal obstruction. Methods From November 2015 to November 2016, 66 patients with intestinal obstruction who received routine nursing in the Second People's Hospital of Wuxi were selected as control group. From December 2016 to December 2017,66 patients with intestinal obstruction surgery who received preoperative simulation training in our hospital were selected. as observation group. The surgical indicators and postoperative infections were compared between the two groups. Results The incision pain time,first exhaust time,land time and the hospitalization time in the observation group were (2. 19 ± 1. 08) d,(1. 53 ± 0. 72) d, (5. 21 ± 0. 98)d,(9. 75 ± 1. 49)d,respectively,which were shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0. 05). The CRP levels at postoperative 1 d,3 d and 6 d in the observation group were (6. 36 ± 1. 57) mg/ L,(7. 36 ± 1. 21)mg/ L,(6. 38 ± 1. 19)mg/ L,respectively,the PCT levels were (0. 46 ± 0. 14)ng/ mL,(0. 60 ± 0. 11)ng/ mL, (0. 38 ± 0. 06) ng/ mL, respectively, which were all lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( all P < 0. 05). Conclusion Preoperative simulation training for patients with intestinal obstruction surgery can effectively optimize the surgical indicators and improve postoperative infection,and it is worthy of popularizing and applying.

A preliminary study of teaching effect of problem-based learning with arthroscopic simulated / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate the teaching effect of problem-based learning (PBL) for specific cases combined with arthroscopic simulated training in the clinical teaching of arthroscopy for orthopedics.Methods A total of 40 clinical interns in Department of Orthopaedics,the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical Hospital were selected and divided into experimental group and control group.The interns in the control group received traditional clinical training,and those in the experimental group received the clinical teaching of PBL for specific case combined with arthroscopic simulated training.SAS 9.2 software was used for a statistical analysis ofteaching outcomes.Results The experimental group had a significantly higher score of comprehensive professional ability than the control group [(43.00 ± 6.15) vs.(35.90 ± 4.94),P＜0.05].Compared with the control group,the experimental group had significantly better scores of all items of professional ability assessment except patients' evaluation of interns (all P＜0.05).As for the quality of teaching,compared with the control group,the experimental group had significantly higher numbers of interns who agreed to each assessment item except the item of improvement in coordination and cooperation ability.Conclusion The clinical teaching method of PBL for specific case combined with arthroscopic simulated training can improve learning enthusiasm and ability and proficiency of clinical operational skills among clinical interns,and therefore,it holds promise for application in clinical teaching.

Design of organization and commanding simulated training system for nuclear, biological and chemical medical rescue / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop an organization and commanding simulated training system for nuclear,biological and chemical (NBC) medical rescue.Methods System engineering,expert consulting,software engineering and etc were used to develop the system with considerations on the present situation of NBC medical rescue,organization and commanding as well as the requirements of the organization and commanding simulated training.The system was composed of modules for scenario establishment,direction monitoring,command practice,program direction,performance assessment,basic database and etc.The seat settings for maneuvers of medical rescue were proposed as well,and the flows of information and rear services in maneuvers were summarized and analyzed.Results The system developed in the present research was utilized in the visualized and dynamic training of medical rescue commanders.Conclusion The system developed gains advantages in safety,efficiency-cost ratio and evaluation,and contributes to enhancing the organization and commanding of NBC medical rescue.

Design of organization and commanding simulated training system for nuclear, biological and chemical medical rescue / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop an organization and commanding simulated training system for nuclear,biological and chemical (NBC) medical rescue.Methods System engineering,expert consulting,software engineering and etc were used to develop the system with considerations on the present situation of NBC medical rescue,organization and commanding as well as the requirements of the organization and commanding simulated training.The system was composed of modules for scenario establishment,direction monitoring,command practice,program direction,performance assessment,basic database and etc.The seat settings for maneuvers of medical rescue were proposed as well,and the flows of information and rear services in maneuvers were summarized and analyzed.Results The system developed in the present research was utilized in the visualized and dynamic training of medical rescue commanders.Conclusion The system developed gains advantages in safety,efficiency-cost ratio and evaluation,and contributes to enhancing the organization and commanding of NBC medical rescue.

Towards developing high-fidelity simulated learning environment training modules in audiology

Introduction: This discussion paper reviews and synthesises the literature on simulated learning environment (SLE) from allied health sciences, medical and nursing in general and audiology specifically. The focus of the paper is on discussing the use of high-fidelity (HF) SLE and describing the challenges for developing a HF SLE for clinical audiology training. Methods: Through the review of the literature, this paper discusses seven questions, (i) What is SLE? (ii) What are the types of SLEs? (iii) How is SLE classified? (iv) What is HF SLE? (v) What types of SLEs are available in audiology and their level of fidelity? (vi) What are the components needed for developing HF SLE? (vii) What are the possible types of HF SLEs that are suitable for audiology training? Publications were identified by structured searches from three major databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsychInfo and from the reference lists of relevant articles. The authors discussed and mapped the levels of fidelity of SLE audiology training modules from the literature and the learning domains involved in the clinical audiology courses. Results: The discussion paper has highlighted that most of the existing SLE audiology training modules consist of either low- or medium-fidelity types of simulators. Those components needed to achieve a HF SLE for audiology training are also highlighted. Conclusion: Overall, this review recommends that the combined approach of different levels and types of SLE could be used to obtain a HF SLE training module in audiology training.

Effects of simulated training for on-the-job physicians' electrocardiogram theory and operational learning effect / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of simulated training on in-service physicians electrocardiogram(ecg) theory and operational learning effect.Methods Sixty resident doctors were randomly divided into experiment group (n=30) and control group(n=30).The experimental group adopted teaching + simulation training mode to implement the theory and operation of ECG in continuing while the control group were taught only by lectures.Training effect of both groups was assessed by electrocardiogram theory and operation examination before and after training respectively,and by questionnaires at the end of the training as well.Data of the examination and questionnaires were analyzed by t test or x2 test.P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results After training,the score of theory examination was (90.87 ± 6.67) points in experiment group and was (85.83 ± 5.5) points in control group,with statistical difference between these two groups(t=3.201,P=0.003).Score of operation examination was(93.40 ± 4.31) points in experiment group and was(77.03 ± 7.96)points in control group,with significant differences(t=10.204,P=0.000).The satisfaction degree of enhancing learning interest,theoretical knowledge and operation skill,and strengthening the concept of humauistic care were significantly better in the experiment group than in the control group (x2=34.737,6.405,42.088,41.713,P=0.000,0.011,0.000,0.000).Conclusions Application of simulated training in the study of electrocardiogram is obviously superior in effect to the traditional teaching model.It can improve the theoretical knowledge and operation skill,which is helpful in elevating the in-service physicians' comprehensive capability.

Effect of work modeling training on returning to work for injured workers / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of work simulated training for workers suffered from work-related injuries.Methods65 injured workers joined a 2.8-month (on average) training program by applying the BTE PRIMUS work simulated training system, with six-month follow up period after discharge.ResultsDuring the six-month follow up after discharge, 29(44.62%) workers returned to the same company with the same job,24(36.92%) workers returned to the same company but changed job,6 (9.22%)works changed company and changed job ,6(9.22%)works didn't return to work.ConclusionWork simulated training program can improve injured workers'working ability and help them return to work.