Effect of Malted African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Seed Flour Inclusion on In-vitro Glycemic Index, Starch and Protein Digestibility of Fibre Rich Snack Bars

The study was carried out to elucidate the suitability and utilization of malted African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed flour in snack bars production. Malted African breadfruit seeds, maize and coconut were processed to flour and evaluated of their proximate composition, phytochemical composition and particle sizes. Six (6) products were developed from the flour blends in the respective ratio of 0:95:5 (T0), 20:75:5 (T20), 25:70:5 (T25), 30:65:5 (T30), 35:60:5 (T35) and 95:0:5 (T95). Soluble dietary fibre (SDF = 5.15 – 3.15%) decreased while insoluble (IDF = 7.23 – 19.23%) and total dietary fibre (TDF = 12.33 – 22.39%) increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing malted African breadfruit inclusion. In vitro glycemic index (IVGI) and starch digestibility (IVSD) decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 57.30 – 45.65% and 57.48 – 31.44% respectively, with increasing substitution of malted African breadfruit seed flour. A negative correlation was observed between the TDF and IVGI content of the snack bars. In vitro protein digestibility ranged from 68.19 to 87.45%. With reference to standard classifications, the formulated malted African breadfruit seed based snack bars could be referred to as ‘high fibre’ and ‘low glycemic’ foods, and may have positive health benefit to the consumers, especially the diabetics and those interested in weight management.

Soy flour snack bars lower glycaemic response in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: A randomised cross-over design

@#Introduction: Low glycaemic snacks may help to improve blood glucose control. However, data on the effect of soybean snack bars on postprandial glucose levels of the diabetic population is scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the effect of consuming soy flour snack bars on glycaemic response (GR) over a 180-minute period in individuals with diabetes by estimating postprandial glucose levels variation and total area under the curve (AUC). Methods: Nine subjects (age: 54.6±4.0 years; BMI: 25.0±2.5 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnoses without complication enrolled in this randomised, open-label, cross-over trial. On three separate sessions, they consumed glucose standard solution, soy flour snack bar (SF), and wheat flour snack bar (WF) containing 25 g of available carbohydrate, respectively. Finger prick capillary method was executed to measure blood glucose levels at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes after test product ingestion. Results: Overall, significantly lower postprandial glucose levels were observed at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes (122.3±17.6, 136.3±24.9, 125.7±25.3, and 107.2±24.1 mg/dL; p<0.001) in those who consumed SF snack bars than WF snack bars (147.9±41.3, 168.0±43.6, 152.6±30.0, and 140.6±33.4 mg/dL). The AUC level after the ingestion of SF snack bar was 2044.8±503.1 mg.min/dL, >20% lower compared to ingestion of WF snack bar (4735.0±666.8 mg.min/dL), p<0.001. These glycaemic control benefits can be explained due to the high fibre and protein content linked to the physicochemical properties of SF. Conclusion: With high nutritional properties, SF snack bar has a low GR and might help control blood glucose in T2DM subjects.

Capacidad saciante y tamaño de porción para comida y snack en universitarios mexicanos / Satiating capacity and portion size for food and snacks in Mexican university

Un snack es una porción pequeña de alimentos consumida entre comidas principales con el fin de obtener energía. Su presencia en la dieta de adultos ha incrementado en la última década. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el tamaño de porción ingerida y la percepción de la capacidad saciante esperada (CSE) de diferentes alimentos si son ofrecidos como "comida" o "snack". Se diseñó y validó la encuesta para evaluar las elecciones de tamaño de porción ingerida y la CSE de 12 alimentos seleccionados a través del Análisis Descriptivo Cuantitativo (QDA). Participaron 453 estudiantes de 22±4,0 años, los resultados se evaluaron mediante análisis de varianza (ANOVA) con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En la mayoría de los alimentos (83,3%) la CSE fue mayor cuando eran "snack" que en "comida". El tamaño de porción elegido en 5 alimentos fue menor cuando eran "snack" (p<0,05); para el resto de los alimentos no se mostraron diferencias significativas. Respecto al contenido energético ingerido en los dos tiempos de comida, únicamente dos productos, ampliamente reconocidos como snacks, no presentaron diferencias. La densidad energética ingerida de los alimentos estudiados sería mayor si lo consumieran como comida vs snack (p<0,05). Los resultados concuerdan con la evidencia previa sobre los determinantes para consumo de alimentos: los ingredientes del alimento y su complejidad, la saciedad percibida y sus características orosensoriales. Se puede concluir que el contenido energético y nutrimental no fue tomado en cuenta al elegir la cantidad de alimento independientemente de si se ingiriera en "comida" o "snack"(AU)

'Snack' is a small portion of food consumed between main meals to obtain energy. Its presence in the diet of adults has increased in the last decade. The objective of the study was to determine the size of the ingested portion and the perception of the expected satiating capacity (ESC) of different kinds of food if they are offered as 'meals' or 'snacks'. A survey was conducted to evaluate the ingested portion size choices and the ESC of 12 selected foods through QDA methodology. 453 students aged 22±4.0 years participated in the study, results were analyzed with ANOVA (95% as confidence level). In most of the given choices of food (83.3%) the ESC was greater when they were offered as 'snacks' compared to 'meals'. The portion size chosen for five food options was smaller when they were considered 'snack' (p<0.05); for the rest of the food options, no significant differences were shown. Regarding the energy content ingested at the two mealtimes, only two products, widely recognized as snacks, did not present statistical differences. The consumed energy density of the food choices studied was higher when they were chosen to be consumed as meals vs snacks (p<0.05). The results correspond with previous evidence about the determinants for food consumption: ingredients and complexity of the foods, perceived satiety, and its sensorineural characteristics. It can be concluded that energy and nutritional content was not considered when choosing the amount of food regardless of whether it was ingested as a 'meal' or as 'snack'(AU)

Preparing multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and regional fruits / Preparación de barras multicomponentes a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de brasil y frutos regionales

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and assess the physicochemical, sensory parameters, and shelf life estimation of multicomponent snack bars based on tapioca flour, Brazil nut, and açaí or cupuassu pulp. The physicochemical composition of açaí- and cupuassu-flavored snack bars had, respectively, 0.92 and 0.99% ash, 19.22 and 17.02% lipids, 3.02 and 3.03% protein, 1.06 and 1.69% fiber, and 448 and 436 kcal/100 g energy value. The shear stress test showed the consumer needs to bite more strongly to break the açaí-flavored bar. The opposite was observed in the hardness test, in which the bite compression force during mastication was greater for the cupuassu-flavored bar. The bars had water activity below 0.6, which denotes microbiological stability. The sensory analysis ranked the bars between "liked slightly" and "liked very much," which was confirmed by the acceptability index above 75% for all attributes assessed. According to the results a significant increase in water activity over storage was observed suggest the packaging used in the tests did not present a satisfactory barrier to water vapor permeability. Only water activity was used to estimate shelf life, which was determined as 58 days and 49 days for the açaí- and cupuassu-flavored bars, respectively. Thus, the snack bars represent an alternative for athletes as well as individuals with celiac disease since they are gluten free.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar y evaluar los parámetros físicos, físico-químicos, microbiológicos, sensoriales y la vida útil en estante de barras a base de harina de tapioca, castaña de Brasil y pulpa de açaí o cupuaçu. En cuanto a la composición físico-química, las barras multicomponentes sabor açaí y cupuaçu presentaron, respectivamente, 0,92 y 0,99% de cenizas, 19,22 y 17,02% de lípidos, 3,02 y 3,03% proteínas, 1,06 y 1,69% de fibras y 448 y 436 kcal/100g de valor energético. La prueba de cizallamiento y dureza mostraron que el consumidor necesita una fuerza de mordida mayor para romper la barra sabor açaí. El comportamiento contrario fue observado en la prueba de dureza donde la fuerza de compresión de la mordida, durante la masticación, fue mayor en la barra sabor cupuaçu. Para el análisis sensorial se observó que las barras evaluadas recibieron notas situadas entre las categorías "me gustó ligeramente" y "me gustó mucho", resultado comprobado por el índice de aceptabilidad con valores superiores al 75% para todos los atributos evaluados. De acuerdo con los resultados, se observó un aumento significativo en la actividad de agua durante el almacenamiento, lo que sugiere que el embalaje utilizado en las pruebas no presentó una barrera satisfactoria para la permeabilidad al vapor de agua. Para la estimación de vida de estante sólo la actividad de agua fue utilizada para los cálculos, siendo el tiempo de vida de estante determinado en 58 días para la barra sabor açaí y 49 días para la barra sabor cupuaçu. Así, las barras multicomponentes elaboradas representam una alternativa para atletas, así como para portadores de la enfermedad celíaca, visto la ausencia de gluten en su composición.

Composición de los alimentos incorporados en la merienda escolar en niños preescolares / Composition of Food Incorporated to the School Snack of Preschool Children

RESUMEN Introducción: Según la alta incidencia de desnutrición en el país, se realizan estudios que evidencian un bajo rendimiento físico y mental en el niño, relacionado a una inadecuada merienda escolar. Objetivo: Evaluar la composición de la merienda escolar y los factores determinantes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal correlacional, realizado en preescolares de 10 centros de educación inicial de la provincia de Santa Elena, en 2017. El universo quedó constituido por 785 niños, con una muestra de 150 binomios padres/preescolares. Se utilizó el método observacional y la encuesta aplicada, las variables estudiadas fueron: edad de los padres, sexo, nivel de instrucción, peso y talla (evaluadas según las Tablas de Valoración Nutricional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud), alimentos incluidos en la merienda y capacitación sobre alimentación saludable. En el análisis de los datos se utilizó el software SPSSS versión 21 y las medidas de tendencia central, de dispersión e intervalos de confianza. Resultados: El 84,44 por ciento de los padres incorporan alimentos saludables, 81,14 por ciento entre 21 a 25 años de edad. En la escuela "Carmen Montenegro" suministran en la merienda escolar alimentos saludables a diferencia del centro de educación "Luz Esmeralda Valdivia" en la cual añaden alimentos de bajo nivel proteico y donde 58,73 por ciento manifestó no haber recibido capacitación sobre alimentación saludable. Conclusión: Los alimentos más incorporados en la merienda escolar fueron: frutas, lácteos, legumbres y jugos naturales; y los menos añadidos fueron: dulces, jugos envasados, gaseosas y snacks(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: With respect to the high incidence of malnutrition in the country, studies are being carried out that show a low physical and mental performance in the child, associated with inadequate school snack. Objective: To evaluate the composition of the school snack and the determining factors. Methods: A descriptive, correlation, cross-sectional study was carried out in preschools children from 10 education centers in Santa Elena Province, in 2017. The study population was made up of 785 children, with a sample of 150 parent/ preschool binomials. The observational method and the applied survey were used, the variables studied were age of the parents, sex, level of instruction, weight and height (evaluated according to the Nutritional Assessment Tables of the World Health Organization), foods included in the snack, and training on healthy eating. The software SPSS v. 21 and the measures of central tendency, dispersion and confidence intervals were used in the data analysis. Results: 84.44 percent of the parents incorporate healthy foods, 81.14 percent between 21 and 25 years of age. At Carmen Montenegro School, they provide healthy food in the school snack, unlike Luz Esmeralda Valdivia Education Center, in which they add low-protein foods and where 58.73 percent said that they had not received training on healthy eating. Conclusion: The most incorporated foods in the school snack were fruits, dairy products, legumes, and natural juices; while the least added were sweets, packaged juices, soda, and snacks(AU)

La estructura y las características socio-demográficas de los eventos alimentarios en Santiago de Chile / The structure and the socio-demographic characteristic of eating events in Santiago de Chile

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo fue caracterizar y describir la estructura socio-demográfica de los eventos alimentarios efectuados por adultos en Santiago de Chile. A partir de datos de la Encuesta de Comensalidad en Adultos de la Región Metropolitana y de un análisis estadístico descriptivo, se observó que la gran mayoría de los encuestados declara tomar desayuno (94,4%) y almuerzo (93,5), mientras que 56,9% toma once y sólo un 39,4% de la muestra declara comer al menos un snack durante el día. El consumo de estos distintos tipos de comidas se diferenció según variables socio-demográficas. A su vez se identificó que los adultos declararon mayormente comidas estructuradas, realizadas en "lugares para comer", en compañía y con una implantación horaria importante. Este artículo contribuye a la discusión sobre la modernidad alimentaria, mostrando evidencia en contra de esta teoría según la cual habría una disminución de las regulaciones sociales que pesan sobre la alimentación.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to characterize and describe the socio-demographic structure of eating events carried out by adults in Santiago, Chile. Based on data from the Survey of Commensality in Adults of the Metropolitan Region and a descriptive statistical analysis, it was observed that the majority of adults report eating breakfast (94.4%) and lunch (93.5%), while only 56.9% have a teatime and 39.4 % declare eat snacks in the day. Eating these different types of meals differed according to socio-demographic variables. In addition, it was observed that adults report having structured meals, in places designated for eating, with others during specific times. This article contributes to the discussion on alimentary modernity, showing evidence against this theory according to which there would be a decrease in social regulations that influence eating habits.

Study on the snack menu pattern, food diversity and satisfaction of parent provided by Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Jeonbuk area / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the menu pattern, food diversity, and satisfaction of parents with the snack menus of childcare centers provided by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFM) in Jeonbuk area. METHODS: Data from 2,432 snack menus (1,321 for morning snacks and 1,111 for afternoon snacks) of March, June, September, and December 2017 from 13 CCFM in Jeonbuk area were analyzed. In addition, the participants for the survey were 247 parents in Jeonju and Kunsan. The data were analyzed using a t-test, χ²-test, and hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS v. 24.0. RESULTS: Differences in the menu pattern and food diversity were observed between morning and afternoon snack menus. The majority of snack menus (61.6%) were one menu item. The percentage of ‘G’ (20.0%) was highest in the food group patterns. The morning snacks served mainly porridge, raw fruits, and milk, and the afternoon snacks served mainly flour-based foods, juices, and milk. The awareness level of parents about the snack menus of daycare centers was 4.09±0.82, and its overall satisfaction was 4.06±0.69. In the snack-quality attribute analysis, the hygiene of foods was the most important factor, and parents judged that they were doing well. Regression analysis showed that the hygiene of personnel was the most influential variable on the overall satisfaction, followed by balance with the main meal and the portion size. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is important to establish snack menu guidelines considering the eating behaviors of the children and to strengthen hygiene for the increasing the satisfaction of various stakeholders in daycare centers.

Current status of meal and snack service in elementary care classes in Gyeonggi area / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the current status of food service management in elementary care classes. METHODS: A focus group interview with seven care class managers and a survey with 101 care class managers using a self-administered questionnaire in Gyeonggi province were conducted. RESULTS: In the focus group interview, purchased meals and snacks were evaluated as low quality by the care class managers. Frequent use of frozen or processed food and products with low prices were also reported as problems. Care class managers were in charge of meal and snack planning without any guidelines or expert advices. The results of the survey show that most schools serve purchased snacks and meals. The average unit costs of one meal and snack were 4,062 and 1,463 Won, respectively. The average unit costs of snacks during semester (p = 0.015) and vacation (p = 0.039) were significantly lower in rural than urban areas. The percentages of schools that prepared nutrition standards for meal and snack planning in elementary care classes were only 7.4% and 10.9%, respectively. The meal menus were mostly provided by catering service companies, and the snack menus were planned mostly by the care class managers. Menu planning by the care class managers was more usual in rural than urban areas (p = 0.054 for meal planning and p = 0.008 for snack planning). Just 33.7% of schools introduced safety standards for food service in elementary care classes, and more than half of the respondents (56.4%) did not do a regular medical check-up. Only 33.7% of the respondents received education for food safety. CONCLUSION: These results show the necessity for establishment of detailed guidelines for food service in elementary care classes and for the introduction of a food safety and nutrition education program customized for care class managers.

Comparison of nutrients and food intakes of young children according to lunch places: based on the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined whether there was a difference in the nutrients and food intake of young children depending on their lunch places. METHODS: The dietary survey data of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010 ~ 2012) were used. The children were grouped into either a child care center lunch group (n = 728) or home lunch group (n = 592) and their nutrients and food intakes were compared. RESULTS: No differences in the 24-hr energy intake and energy intakes from lunch and dinner according to the lunch places were observed. The percentage of breakfast energy was lower in the child care center lunch group, whereas the percentage of snack energy was higher. In children aged 3 ~ 5 years, the sodium, potassium, and vitamin C intakes were high in the child care center lunch group. The 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 year old children's vegetable intake from lunch was significantly higher in the child care center lunch group than in the home lunch group. Children aged 3 ~ 5 years in the child care center lunch group consumed more beans and fish at lunch. The adequacy of nutrients and food diversity of child care center lunch appear better than home lunch. CONCLUSION: Parents and care providers need to make efforts to use diverse foods, such as vegetables and fish, in children's meals to provide balanced diets and promote healthy eating behaviors to their children.

Effect of Spirulina addition on the physicochemical and structural properties of extruded snacks

Abstract Nowadays the demand for practical food like snacks increases worldwide, however the nutritional value in most these formulations is reduced. Due to its chemical composition with high protein concentration, the microalga Spirulina has been used on the production of enriched foods. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 addition on snacks formulations and extrusion conditions on the physicochemical and structural properties of snacks. Protein concentration and physical properties such as expansion index, bulk density, hardness, water absorption index, water solubility index and color were determined. The results showed that the addition of Spirulina sp. LEB 18, temperature in the last zone of the extruder and feed moisture influenced the product responses. The increase in feed moisture increased the hardness, bulk density and water absorption index of the snacks. Higher concentrations of microalga produced snacks with higher protein content, total color difference (ΔE) and compact structure. The addition of 2.6% Spirulina produced snacks with up to 11.3% protein and with adequate physical and structural properties for consumption. Thus, snacks containing Spirulina are an alternative to the demand for healthy food of practical consumption.

Does food advertising influence snacks consumption in Chilean children? Results from an experimental ad libitum study

The present study aimed at assessing the impact of food advertising on snack consumption in Chilean children using an experimental, ad libitum, design. Forty children were enrolled in urban, middle class, school setting. They underwent anthropometric assessment, brand awareness evaluation, and their lifestyle and habits were recorded through a validated questionnaire administered to their parents. A 5-arm design was adopted, consisting in the exposure to five different levels of TV spots and advertising. No significant differences were identified in caloric intake among children randomized to different levels of TV spots and commercials exposure. No significant effects on caloric intake, caloric intake per BMI, and or glycemic load were detected, even after adjustment for confounding factors. This study suggests the need for a better analysis of the contribution of non-traditional factors to obesity onset in children, which can provide high-quality evidence in order to develop effective public health strategies to face childhood obesity epidemic(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la publicidad de alimentos en el consumo colaciones en los niños chilenos mediante la utilización de un diseño experimental basado en la voluntad de los participantes (ad libitum). Se realizó la inscripción de cuarenta niños en el contexto de una escuela urbana de clase media. Se les realizó una evaluación antropométrica, un examen de reconocimiento de marca y se procedió a registrar información sobre su estilo de vida y hábitos mediante un cuestionario validado que fue entregado a los padres y firmado por los mismos. Se adoptó un diseño de 5 grupos, que consistía en evaluar la exposición a cinco niveles diferentes de publicidad y clips televisivos. No se identificaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la ingesta calórica entre los niños asignados aleatoriamente a diferentes niveles de exposición a clips televisivos y a anuncios publicitarios. No se detectaron efectos significativos en tanto a la ingesta calórica, ingesta calórica por IMC, o la carga glucémica, incluso después de realizar el ajuste por factores de confusión. El presente estudio sugiere la necesidad de un mayor análisis respecto de la incidencia de factores no tradicionales en la aparición de la obesidad en los niños, que proporcione evidencia de alta calidad con el fin de desarrollar estrategias eficaces en materia de salud pública ante la epidemia de obesidad infantil(AU)

Relationship between Snack Intake and Oral Health Behavior of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to investigate the relationship between snack intake and oral health behavior in middle school students in Gyeonggi-do area. METHODS: The survey questionnaire was recorded by middle school students from July 6 to August 24, 2011. The questionnaire included items on general characteristics, snack intake status, and oral health behavior. Among collected survey questionnaire, a total of 620 questionnaires (320 males and 300 females) were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 program. RESULTS: Frequencies of snack and beverage intakes were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). Oral health behavior was significantly higher in students with lower snack intake compared to those with higher or average snack intake (p < 0.05). Oral health behavior for tooth brushing and toothbrush care were significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oral health behavior score that reflected better oral health of the subjects were higher as the snack intake was lower. Oral health behavior score was higher in females than in males. We conclude that the contents for oral health and nutrition education focused on snack intake need to be developed to induce changes in oral health behavior in middle school students.

Snack Consumption Patterns and Its Nutritional Significance in Korean Elderly Population: from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the importance of snacks to a balanced diet by assessing snack consumption patterns and factors associated with eating snacks of Korean elders of 60 years or more. METHODS: This analysis is based on participants from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Meal or snack consumption was based on a 24 hours recall data, and the adequacy of each nutrient intake was based on the Dietary Reference Intakes by the Korea Nutrition Society. The cutoff for snack consumption valued as meaningful was more than 200 kcal/day of snack energy intake. RESULTS: Korean male elders of age 60 years or more are consuming 333.6±11.1 kcal of snack and 271.7±7.4 kcal for females. When consumed together with meals, snack consumption increased the adequacy of all nutrients intake, except sodium. Based on energy contribution, male Korean elders are consuming snack food group in order of beverage and alcohols, grains, and fruits, while for females the order was grains, fruits, and dairy. Older age (men and women), joblessness (men), and chronic disease (women) were positively associated with having snack of 200 kcal or more per day, whereas ‘living with a partner (men)’, alcohol intake frequency of more than twice per week (men), and ‘doing regular aerobic physical activity (women)’ showed negative association. CONCLUSIONS: Snack consumption of Korean elders contributed to more adequate nutritional status, but improvement of food groups is needed because they were mainly concentrated on grains.

Study on snack intakes in obese elementary students in Jeju city / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate dietary habits related to weight reduction and snack intake habits of 4th to 5th grade elementary students located in Jeju-si, Jeju, South Korea. METHODS: The 4(th) and 5(th) grade elementary school students (total n = 234, equally matched numbers of normal weight children and overweight/obese children (n = 117/group)) were surveyed using a questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall method in Oct 2015. RESULTS: The percentage of students who experienced reduced food intake to control weight was 26.3% in the normal weight group (NG) and 77.6% in the obese group (OG). Most frequently answered meal for reduced intake was snacks in the NG and dinner in the OG. Percentages of daily calorie intake among subjects were 17.2% for breakfast, 33.8% for lunch, 29.7% for dinner, and 19.3% for snacks. Frequency of snack intake was 2.1 times a week in NG and 1.6 times a week in OG, which showed a statistical difference between body weight groups. Types of snack foods were distinctly different depending on where children consumed them, although no difference was observed between NG and OG. In addition, snack intake level of low energy and nutrient-dense foods was significantly lower in the OG compared to the NG, whereas snack intake level of energy dense and low-nutritive foods was not different between the OG and NG. CONCLUSION: Taken together, snack intake level with consideration of frequency and amount of snack intake showed that children in the OG consumed significantly less low energy and nutrient-dense foods compared to the NG. Therefore, nutritional education for choosing healthy snack foods for children regardless of body weight status is crucial based on family-school links.

Lifestyle, Dietary Behavior and Snack Preference of Upper-grade Elementary School Students in Cheongju according to the Usage Time of Smartphones / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to examine the length of exposure to smartphone and its association with dietary behavior toward snacks, lifestyle, and nutrition knowledge in elementary school students. METHODS: Subjects were 372 5th and 6th grade schoolchildren in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups by the time spent using smartphone: moderate (< 2 hours/day) and overexposure (≥ 2 hours/day). Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, χ²-test, and independent t-test as well as analysis of covariance when necessary. RESULTS: Approximately half of subjects (41.4%) reported spending ≥ 2 hours/day using smartphone. That habit was more frequent among students in the 6th grade, those who received more monthly allowance, and who has a working mother. 63.4% of the subjects reported that they consumed snacks while watching television, using a computer and/or a smartphone and 48.1% said that they consumed snacks while they use a smartphone. Both situations were most prevalent among those with overexposure to smartphone (≥ 2 hours/day). We also observed that a higher percentage of subjects from the overexposure group spent more money on snack foods with the preference for ice cream, fast food, and carbonated drinks. Further, those in the overexposure group consumed more ice cream, cookies, and carbonated drinks. In addition, they had less desirable dietary behavior and health-related lifestyle (sleep duration and frequency of regular exercise) compared to those with moderate smartphone usage (< 2 hours/day). However, there was no statistical difference in nutrition knowledge among children with different degrees of smartphone usage. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that longer smartphone use was associated with less desirable snack preference/consumption and other dietary behavior in elementary school students. Thus interest and positive attitudes towards healthy snacks and diet should be reinforced in nutrition education programs, especially for those who are prone to use smartphones.

Comparação da qualidade microbiológica de sanduíches comercializados em estabelecimentos do tipo fast food franqueados e não franqueados / Comparison of the microbiological quality of commercialized sandwiches in franchised and non-franked fast food establishments

Este trabalho objetivou comparar a qualidade microbiológica e higienicossanitáriade sanduíches comercializados por restaurantes do tipo fast food, franqueados e não-franqueados. Sanduíches de mesmo padrão foram adquiridos, sob a forma de consumidor, em 4 estabelecimentos franqueados e 4 não-franqueados, em três dias diferentes durante a semana, incluindo o final de semana. As temperaturas dos lanches foram aferidas no momento da compra e, em laboratório, as amostras foram analisadas para contagem de colônias e identificação das bactérias com os testes Enterokit B e Staphy Test da Probac do Brasil. Os estabelecimentos franqueados apresentaram mais sanduíches contaminados por coliformes fecais e S. aureus. Quanto à temperatura no momento da compra, por vários dias, ambos os tipos de estabelecimento não atenderam à legislação, apresentando valores inferiores a 60ºC, mas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre franqueados e não-franqueados. Estabelecimentos não-franqueados são mais contaminados, mas as lojas franqueadas também não conseguem colocar em prática o que a legislação preconiza para Boas Práticas higienicossanitárias.

This study aimed to compare the microbiological and sanitary conditions between sandwiches sold by fast food restaurants, franchised and nonfranchised. The same standard sandwiches were purchased by consumers on 4 franchised restaurants and 4 non-franchised, on three different days of the week, including the weekend. Temperatures were measured at the time of purchase, and in the laboratory, the samples were immersed in BHI broth and subsequently inoculated in Agar MacConkey, Agar Salmonella Shigella and Agar BairdParker for colony counting and identification of bacteria with Enterokit B and Staphy tests Test the Probac Brazil.The franchised outlets had more sandwiches contaminated by fecal coliforms and S.aureus. When it comes to temperature at the time of purchase, in several days, both types of establishment did not comply the legislation, presenting values inferior than 60° C, but there wasn't statistically significant difference between franchised and non-franchised. Nonfranchised outlets are more contaminated, but the franchised stores also fail to put into practice what the legislation proposes for Best Practice Sanitary Hygienic.

Study on snack-eating behaviors after sc hool among school aged children in four cities / 上海预防医学

Objective To understand the present situation of school aged children's snack-eating behaviors after school , and to provide a basis for guiding children's reasonable snacks consumption .income exceeding 15 000 yuan was higher than that from the families monthly income falling in 8 001-15 000 yuan (χ2 =74.703, P =0.000 ) .The favorite snacks include potato and puffed food (83.3%), beans and its products (83.0%), vegetables and fruits (78.4%), meat, seafood and eggs (76.2%).The reasons for choosing snacks mainly include taste (38.2%), external packaging (29.7%), food safety(28.1%), and nutrition (23.6%).The snack-eating time were different between different genders and among different aged children .The source of snacks were mainly from family prepared(81.4%) and bought by themselves (16.1%). Conclus ion Some problems were still existed in snack-eating behaviors after school among school aged children , which needs to be guided and improved .

Dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in Korea: a pooled study of 2,599 children and adolescents aged 9-14 years

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary sugar intake, particularly added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, has received worldwide attention recently. Investigation of dietary behaviors may facilitate understanding of dietary sugar intakes of children and adolescents. However, the relationship between dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in the Korean population has not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to estimate dietary sugar intake and food sources according to sex as well as examine the relationship of dietary sugar intake with frequent snacking and dietary patterns among Korean children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We pooled data from five studies involving Korean children and adolescents conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 2,599 subjects aged 9-14 years were included in this study. Each subject completed more than 3 days of dietary records. RESULTS: Mean daily total sugar intake was 46.6 g for boys and 54.3 g for girls. Compared with boys, girls showed higher sugar intakes from fruits (7.5 g for boys and 8.8 g for girls; P = 0.0081) and processed foods (27.9 g for boys and 34.9 g for girls; P < 0.0001). On average, 95.4% of boys and 98.8% of girls consumed snacks during the study period, and total sugar intake showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing energy intake from snacks (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). Two dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: Traditional and Westernized patterns. Total sugar intake was higher in the Westernized pattern (56.2 g for boys and 57.2 g for girls) than in the Traditional pattern (46.5 g for boys and 46.3 g for girls). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that multilateral and practical development of a nutrition education and intervention program that considers dietary behaviors as well as absolute sugar intake is required to prevent excessive sugar intake in Korean children and adolescents.

Perception of sugar reduction, nutrition education, and frequency of snacking in children by the self-perceived sweet dietary habits of mothers in Busan

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of sugar reduction, nutrition education, and frequency of snacking in children according to the self-perceived dietary preferences for sweet taste by mothers in Busan. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 277 mothers were surveyed, and their perceptions of sugar reduction and the frequency of snacking in children were assessed using a questionnaire. The subjects were classified into either a sweet (n = 91) or an unsweet (n = 186) group according to their self-perceived preferences for a sweet taste. RESULTS: In the sweet group, the results for sweet products were sweetened ice (86.8%), confectionery (74.7%), processed milk (73.6%), carbonated beverages (71.4%), and fermented milk (53.9%). In the unsweet group, the results were sweetened ice (88.7%), carbonated beverages (78.5%), processed milk (75.8%), confectionery (69.4%), and fermented milk (50.5%). The necessity of sugar intake reduction was high in both groups (sweet = 89.0%, unsweet = 82.8%). Beverage purchases after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.05). The reasons for the beverage purchases instead of water were "habitually" (50.5%) and "like sweet taste" (25.3%) in the sweet group (P < 0.01). Snacking in children was significantly higher in the sweet group based on the increased frequencies of carbonated drinks (P < 0.01), fast food (P < 0.001), candy and chocolate (P < 0.05), crackers (P < 0.01), ramen (P < 0.01), and fish paste/hotdogs (P < 0.01). The frequency of purchase education after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a perception of sugar reduction and practical nutrition education aimed at reducing the sugar intake are necessary to improve dietary habits.

The amelioration of plasma lipids by Korean traditional confectionery in middle-aged women: A cross-over study with western cookie

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether plasma lipid profiles are affected differently by snack kinds with equal calorific values. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We compared a Korean traditional confectionery (dasik) with Western confectionery (cookie) in this regard. Controlled cross-over study consisted of two 3-week snack intake phases and for separating, a 2-week washout period (3–2–3) was carried out with 30 healthy women aged between 40-59 years old. Brown rice based Korean traditional confectionery and wheat flour based Western confectionery were used. The participants consumed either dasik or cookie every day for 3 weeks, providing 93 kcal a day. RESULTS: The total cholesterol (TC) in the dasik group had decreased significantly after 3 weeks (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the dasik group, reduction in TC and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were greater than those in the cookie group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prioritizing functional snacks like dasik improves plasma lipid profiles; this may be useful information for individuals who cannot refrain from snacking.