A rare case of multiple visceral vascular variations around the kidneys: morphological and clinical aspects / Um caso raro de múltiplas variações vasculares viscerais ao redor dos rins: aspectos morfológicos e clínicos

Abstract Knowledge of the anatomical variations of the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta is important information for planning any surgeries in the region. We present here a rare constellation of variations of visceral vessels around the kidneys with a brief review of the recent literature. On the right side, an accessory renal artery was observed originating just distal to the main renal artery. The middle suprarenal artery was absent on the right side and there were two inferior suprarenal arteries originating from a branch of the main right renal artery. On the left side, the testicular artery had an arched course anterior to the left renal vein mimicking an unusual variety of nutcracker phenomenon. The right kidney was drained by two renal veins into the inferior vena cava. Knowledge of the coexistence of such complex anatomical variations might be helpful for clinicians during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Resumo O conhecimento das variações anatômicas dos ramos viscerais da aorta abdominal é uma informação importante para o planejamento de qualquer cirurgia nessa região. Neste relato, apresentamos um raro conjunto de variações de vasos viscerais ao redor dos rins, bem como uma breve revisão da literatura recente. No lado direito, foi observada uma artéria renal acessória originando-se distal à artéria renal principal. Não havia artéria suprarrenal média no lado direito, e havia duas artérias suprarrenais inferiores originando-se de um ramo da artéria renal direita. No lado esquerdo, a artéria testicular apresentava um curso arqueado anterior à veia renal esquerda, simulando uma variedade incomum do fenômeno do quebra-nozes. O rim direito era drenado por duas veias renais para a veia cava inferior. O conhecimento da coexistência de tais variações anatômicas complexas pode ser útil para os clínicos durante os procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos.

Carcinoma suprarrenal. Presentación de caso clínico

El carcinoma suprarrenal es una enfermedad muy poco frecuente de presentación clínica poco específica, donde los síntomas por la propia neoplasia son los predominantes. El objetivo de esta publicación es presentar un caso clínico jerarquizando los estudios de imagen para el diagnóstico y la planificación de la táctica para la cirugía.

Adrenal carcinoma is a very rare disease with nonspecific clinical presentation, where symptoms from the neoplasia itself are predominant. The aim of this publication is to present an uncommon clinical case, emphasizing the role of imaging studies in diagnosis and surgical strategy planning.

O carcinoma adrenal é uma doença muito rara, com apresentação clínica inespecífica onde predominam os sintomas decorrentes da própria neoplasia. O objetivo desta publicação é apresentar um caso clínico infrequente priorizando exames de imagem para diagnóstico e planejamento de táticas cirúrgicas.

Clinically important left superior polar artery giving rise to a left inferior suprarenal artery and an aberrant left inferior polar artery: a case report / Artéria polar superior esquerda de importância clínica dando origem à artéria suprarrenal inferior esquerda e artéria polar inferior esquerda aberrante: relato de caso

Abstract The renal arteries arise from the lateral side of the abdominal aorta at the L2 vertebral level, just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. Multiple aberrant renal arteries can pose difficulties in renal transplantation, interventional radiological and urological procedures, renal artery embolization, angioplasty, or vascular reconstruction for congenital and acquired lesions. We present a case of a left kidney supplied by the left renal artery along with superior and inferior polar arteries, arising from the aorta and inferior mesenteric artery respectively. The inferior mesenteric artery was crossed by the left ureter and inferior mesenteric vein. The superior polar artery gave rise to an inferior suprarenal artery making the variation important for clinicians and surgeons.

Resumo As artérias renais originam-se do lado lateral da aorta abdominal, no nível da vértebra L2, logo abaixo da origem da artéria mesentérica superior. A presença de múltiplas artérias renais aberrantes pode representar dificuldades para transplante renal, procedimentos radiológicos e urológicos intervencionistas, embolização da artéria renal, angioplastia e reconstrução vascular para lesões congênitas e adquiridas. Apresentamos um caso de rim esquerdo vascularizado pela artéria renal esquerda e pelas artérias polares superior e inferior, as quais se originavam da aorta e da artéria mesentérica inferior, respectivamente. A artéria mesentérica inferior era cruzada pelo ureter esquerdo e pela veia mesentérica inferior. A artéria polar superior dava origem à artéria suprarrenal inferior, o que torna essa variação importante para clínicos e cirurgiões.

Obesidad abdominal y perfil lipídico en pacientes con hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita por déficit de 21 hidroxilasa / Abdominal Obesity and Lipid Profile in Patients with 21-Hydroxylase-Deficient Congenital Suprarenal Hyperplasia

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen discrepancias en relación con el aumento de la adiposidad abdominal de los pacientes con hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita (HSC) y la influencia sobre ella de factores clínicos, hormonales y relacionados con la dosis y el tiempo de uso del tratamiento esteroideo. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre la obesidad abdominal, la dosis, el tiempo de tratamiento esteroideo los niveles de andrógenos circulantes y el perfil lipídico en los pacientes tratados por este padecimiento. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó a todos los niños y adolescentes con hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita por déficit de 21 hidroxilasa que recibían tratamiento esteroideo sustitutivo, atendidos en el departamento de endocrinología pediátrica del Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología durante el periodo 2000-2015. Se estudiaron variables clínicas, bioquímicas y hormonales. Para las variables cualitativas se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, media y desviación estándar para las variables cuantitativas. Se evaluaron asociaciones utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y la prueba chi cuadrado para evaluar la significación estadística de la posible asociación, considerada cuando p < 0,05. Resultados: Fueron estudiados 29 pacientes, 24 (82,8 por ciento) con sexo social femenino, una edad promedio de 10,9 ± 6,27 años, edad al diagnóstico de 1,9 años ± 2,7 años y edad de inicio del tratamiento 2,03 ± 2,7 años. Las formas clásicas predominaron con 23 pacientes (79,3 por ciento), 11 perdedoras de sal (47,8 por ciento) y 12 formas virilizantes simples, solo 6 correspondieron a las formas no clásicas (20,7 por ciento). En los tres grupos se comprobó adiposidad abdominal incrementada según el índice abdomen/talla (0,52 vs. 0,51 vs. 0,51). La utilización de mayores dosis de esteroides se correlacionó de manera positiva con mayor circunferencia de cintura (p < 0,05) y abdomen (p < 0.01). En 13 (44,8 por ciento) pacientes se comprobó obesidad abdominal y el perfil lipídico mostró valores normales en todos los casos estudiados. Conclusiones: La obesidad abdominal constituye un signo frecuente en los pacientes con HSC. Es preciso monitorear con precisión las dosis de esteroides empleadas, establecer estrategias de seguimiento más completas y estimular estilos de vida saludables, lo que redundará a largo plazo en menores consecuencias cardiometabólicas(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Some disagreement exists concerning the increase in abdominal adiposity in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and the influence of clinical, hormonal and dose-related factors and the time of steroid treatment use. Objective: To identify the presence of abdominal obesity and its relationship with the dose and time of steroid treatment, as well as with the levels of circulating androgens, and describe the lipid profile of these patients. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study that included all the children and adolescents with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia and who received steroid replacement treatment, treated at the pediatric endocrinology department of the National Institute of Endocrinology, in the period 2000-2015. Clinical, biochemical and hormonal variables were studied. For the qualitative variables, absolute frequencies and percentages; mean and standard deviations were calculated for the quantitative variables. Associations were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the possible association, considered when p < 0.05. Results: Twenty-nine patients were studied: 24 (82.8 percent) with female social sex, an average age of 10.9 ± 6.27 years, age of diagnosis at 1.9 ± 2.7 years, and age of treatment beginning at 2.03 ± 2.7 years. The classical forms predominated in 23 patients (79.3 percent): 11 salt losers (47.8 percent) and 12 simple virializing forms; only six corresponded to non-classical forms (20.7 percent). In the three groups, increased abdominal adiposity was found, according to abdomen/height index (0.52 vs. 0.51 vs. 0.51). The use of higher doses of steroids was correlated positively with greater circumference of waist (p < 0.05) and abdomen (p < 0.01). In 13 (44.8 percent) patients, abdominal obesity was found, while the lipid profile showed normal values in all the cases studied. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity is a frequent sign in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It is necessary to monitor accurately the doses of steroids used, establish more comprehensive follow-up strategies, and encourage healthy lifestyles, which will result in fewer long-term cardiometabolic consequences(AU)

Salud sexual y reproductiva en pacientes con hiperplasia adrenal congénita asignadas como femeninas / The Reproductive Future of Female-Assigned Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

RESUMEN Introducción: Si bien en la mujer con hiperplasia adrenal congénita la consecución de una función gonadal y fertilidad normales requiere de una adhesión estricta al tratamiento sustitutivo, no siempre esto es suficiente y, desde la adolescencia, aparece algún grado de hiperandrogenismo ovárico que influye de manera negativa. Objetivos: Describir algunos aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad, la salud sexual y reproductiva en pacientes con hiperplasia adrenal congénita asignadas como femeninas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal y observacional, que incluyó todas las pacientes con diagnóstico de hiperplasia adrenal congénita asignadas como femeninas, que fueron atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología durante el periodo 2000-2019. Exploró aspectos demográficos, historia familiar y aspectos relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva. Resultados: La muestra quedó constituida por 47 pacientes, con una media de edad actual de 14,76 ± 7,04 años y una edad promedio de inicio del tratamiento de 5,9 años. Se comprobó un predominio de las formas clínicas clásicas en 25 pacientes (53,19 por ciento), y 22 (46,80 por ciento) formas no clásicas. Presentaron algún grado de virilización genital 22 pacientes, de este grupo 14 (68,1 por ciento) habían recibido cirugía genital, 5(10,6 por ciento) clitoroplastia con una media de edad 2,8 ± 0,8 años y 9 (19,1 por ciento) combinado con vaginoplastia. De las 36 pacientes en edad reproductiva, 11 (37,9 por ciento) refirieron haber iniciado relaciones sexuales a los 17,8 ± 3,9 años, como promedio. Conclusiones: Es importante considerar que la subfertilidad de las mujeres con hiperplasia adrenal congénita tiene su origen desde los años peripuberales, por lo que debe ser de interés permanente del endocrinólogo pediatra para mejorar su futuro reproductivo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the achievement of normal gonadal function and fertility requires strict adherence to substitution treatment, this is not always sufficient and some degree of ovarian hyperandrogenism appears with a negative effect, which is evident since adolescence. Objective: To characterize some factors related to sexual and reproductive health in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and assigned as female. Methods: A cross-sectional and observational-descriptive study was carried out, including all female-assigned patients with a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and who were treated at the Institute of Endocrinology from 2000 to 2019. The study explored demographic aspects, family history, as well as aspects related to sexual and reproductive health Results: The sample was made up of 47 patients, with current mean age of 14.76 ± 7.04 years and average age for starting treatment of 5.9 years. Predominance of classic clinical forms was verified in 25 patients (53.19 percent), while 22 patients (46.80 percent) presented nonclassical forms. Some degree of genital virilization manifested in 22 patients; of this group, 13 (59.1 percent) had received genital surgery, four (8.5 percent) received clitoroplasty at mean age of 2.8 ± 0.8 years, and nine (19, 1 percent) received an approach combined with vaginoplasty. Of the 36 patients at reproductive age, 11 (37.9 percent) reported having started sexual intercourse relations at an average age of 17.8 ± 3.9 years old. Conclusions: It is important to consider that subfertility of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia starts in the peripubertal years, a reason why it should be of permanent interest to the pediatric endocrinologist in order to improve their reproductive future(AU)

Anatomical variant origin of suprarenal arteries from coeliac trunk development, and its clinical significance

Background: One of the most vascular organ in the body Adrenal gland being highly variant in vasculature and tough to approach, its knowledge needs to be updated regularly. Anatomists, Surgeons and Radiologists will be benefitted with this study and improves the quality of care provided to patients by reducing morbidity and mortality.Methods: This study was done on 48 formalin fixed cadavers (33 males, 15 females) in the department of anatomy, between 2014-2019. Coeliac trunk was skeletonized, and branches traced looking for suprarenal arterial branches.Results: Superior Suprarenal Artery originated from Inferior phrenic artery in 13(27%) cases, and these Inferior phrenic arteries were arising from the Coeliac trunk, and in one (2.03%) case Superior suprarenal artery was arising directly from Coeliac trunk and which had even replaced the Middle Suprarenal Artery. None of the Middle and Inferior Suprarenal Artery came from coeliac trunk.Conclusions: Knowledge of Superior Suprarenal Arterial variations while doing surgeries, and during radiological interventions in and around the lesser sac, and involving the Coeliac trunk helps the clinicians in reducing the morbidity and mortality.

Anatomical investigation of the vascular supply of the suprarenal glands in fetuses / Investigación anatómica del suministro vascular de las glándulas suprarrenales en los fetos

The suprarenal glands are bilaterally supplied by three suprarenal arteries and drained by a single suprarenal vein. Variable vascular origins of the fetal suprarenal gland have been documented in different population groups viz. Indian, Polish and Argentinian. However, there is lack of a detailed description regarding the course, relations, number of branches and vertebral levels of the origins of the vasculature of the suprarenal glands in fetuses. This study aimed to identify and document the vascular supply of the suprarenal glands in fetuses in a South African setting. Fifty fetal specimens (26 males; 24 females) with a gestational age ranging between 12 and 20 weeks, were bilaterally micro-dissected (n=100) using a Zeiss Stemi DV4 microscope. Data was recorded and the frequencies of the origin, course, relations, number of branches and vertebral levels of the suprarenal vascular supply were determined. Arterial supply: Origin: (i) The superior suprarenal artery (SSA) bilaterally arose from the inferior phrenic arteries in 98 % of the fetuses; (ii) the middle suprarenal artery (MSA) frequently arose from the renal artery (RA) on the right side (46 %) and the abdominal aorta on the left side (34 %); while (iii) the inferior suprarenal artery (ISA) predominantly arose from the RA in 91 % of the specimens, bilaterally. Course and relations: The suprarenal arteries followed a superior, inferior, lateral, supero-lateral and infero-lateral course to the gland. These arteries were closely related to the crura of the diaphragm, the inferior vena cava, the left inferior phrenic vein and the pancreas. Number of branches: The branches ranged from one to seven for the SSA, one to four for the MSA and one to three for the ISA. Vertebral levels: The SSA predominantly arose from the first lumbar (L1) vertebral body (32 %), the MSA arose from the middle third of the intervertebral disc between the L1 and the second lumbar (L2) vertebrae (19 %) and the ISA arose from the L2 vertebral body (28 %). Venous drainage: In 1 % of the specimens, an additional right suprarenal vein (ARSV) was observed. This ARSV followed a superomedial course into the inferior vena cava, just below the entrance of the main right suprarenal vein. The arteries supplying the suprarenal gland presented varying origins and number of branches, corroborating with the reviewed literature and standard anatomical textbooks. The findings of this study may aid pediatric surgeons in understanding the vascular morphology (and the variations thereof) of the suprarenal gland, when performing adrenelectomy surgery in neonates.

Las glándulas suprarrenales son irrigadas bilateralmente por tres arterias suprarrenales y drenadas por una sola vena suprarrenal. Los orígenes vasculares variables de la glándula suprarrenal fetal se han documentado en diferentes grupos de población: indios, polacos y argentinos. Sin embargo, no existe una descripción detallada del curso, las relaciones, el número de ramas y los niveles vertebrales de los orígenes de la vasculatura de las glándulas suprarrenales en los fetos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y documentar el suministro vascular de las glándulas suprarrenales en fetos en una población sudafricana. Cincuenta especímenes fetales (26 hombres; 24 mujeres) con una edad gestacional que oscila entre las 12 y las 20 semanas, fueron micro-diseccionados bilateralmente (n = 100) utilizando un microscopio Zeiss Stemi DV4. Se registraron los datos y se determinaron las frecuencias de origen, curso, relaciones, número de ramas y niveles vertebrales del suministro vascular suprarrenal. Suministro arterial: Origen: (i) La arteria suprarrenal superior (SSA) surgió bilateralmente de las arterias frénicas inferiores en el 98 % de los fetos; (ii) la arteria suprarrenal media (MSA) surgió frecuentemente de la arteria renal (AR) en el lado derecho (46 %) y en la parte abdominal de la aorta en el lado izquierdo (34 %); mientras que (iii) la arteria suprarrenal inferior (AIS) surgió predominantemente de la AR en el 91 % de los especímenes, bilateralmente. Curso y relaciones: las arterias suprarrenales seguían un curso superior, inferior, lateral, superolateral e inferolateral hacia la glándula. Estas arterias estaban estrechamente relacionadas con la crura del diafragma, la vena cava inferior, la vena frénica inferior izquierda y el páncreas. Número de ramas: Las ramas variaron de una a siete para la SSA, de una a cuatro para la MSA y de una a tres para la ISA. Niveles vertebrales: la SSA surgió predominantemente del primer cuerpo vertebral lumbar (L1) (32 %), la MSA surgió del tercio medio del disco intervertebral entre la L1 y la segunda vértebra lumbar (L2) (19 %) y la ISA surgió del cuerpo vertebral L2 (28 %). Drenaje venoso: en el 1 % de las muestras, se observó una vena suprarrenal derecha (ARSV) adicional. Este ARSV siguió un curso superomedial hacia la vena cava inferior, justo debajo de la entrada de la vena suprarrenal derecha principal. Las arterias que irrigaban la glándula suprarrenal presentaban diversos orígenes y número de ramas, lo que corrobora la literatura revisada y los libros de texto anatómicos estándar. Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden ayudar a los cirujanos pediátricos a comprender la morfología vascular (y sus variaciones) de la glándula suprarrenal, al realizar una cirugía de adrenelectomía en neonatos.

Hipertensión resistente en un paciente con aldosteroninsmo primario. Una presentación clínica inusual

En este reporte se presenta el caso de una paciente con hipertensión resistente que requería triple terapia antihipertensiva. Presentaba episodios súbitos de hipertensión, de predominio nocturno, cefalea, disnea, palpitaciones, dolor precordial, y se documentó ultrasonográficamente una masa suprarrenal izquierda. Estas manifestaciones clínicas podrían corresponder a hipertensión endocrina debida a feocromocitoma. No obstante, las pruebas de laboratorio mostraron hipocalemia, elevación de la aldosterona plasmática y supresión de la actividad de renina plasmática. Estos resultados fueron consistentes con aldosteronismo primario. Con la resección laparoscópica del adenoma suprarrenal, se normalizaron las cifras tensionales y las concentraciones de aldosterona y actividad de renina plasmática.

In this report we present a case of a patient with resistant hypertension treated with triple antihypertensive medication. The patient suffered of sudden episodes of nocturnal hypertension, headache, dyspnoea, palpitations, precordial pain and a left suprarenal mass was found in the abdominal ultrasound. These findings suggested endocrine hypertension due to pheochromocytoma.However, the laboratory tests showed hypokalemia, high plasma aldosterone concentrations and suppressed plasma renin activity. This results were consistent with primary aldosteronism. After the laparoscopic removal of the suprarenal adenoma blood pressure, plasma aldosterone concentrations and plasma renine activity returned to normal.

Síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen por Staphylococcus haemolyticus / Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome by Staphylococcus haemolyticus / Síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen por Staphylococcus haemolyticus

Resumen: Presentamos el caso de una paciente afectada por un síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen presentando falla orgánica múltiple y datos en relación a insuficiencia suprarrenal aguda, el cual fue fulminante y se concluyó secundario a Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

Abstract: We present the case of a patient affected by a Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome presenting multiple organ failure and data in relation to acute adrenal insufficiency, which was fulminant and was concluded secondary to Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

Resumo: Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen que apresentou falência múltipla de órgãos e dados em relação à insuficiência supra-renal aguda, que foi fulminante e concluiu-se que foi secundária ao Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

Persisting subcardinal vein associated with unilateral ectopic pelvic kidney / 대한해부학회지

Ruptured Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Pseudoaneurysm with Superior Mesenteric and Celiac Arteries Occlusion, Revealing Behçet’s Disease: A Case Report

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic, chronic autoimmune inflammatory vasculitic disease with an unknown etiology. Although the literature reports that vascular involvement occurs in 7% to 38% of all BD cases, the arteries are rarely involved; however, arterial involvement is usually associated with significant mortality and morbidity. We report the case of a young female patient who presented to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain and a history of weight loss. The patient was evaluated using computed tomography angiography, which revealed a ruptured suprarenal aortic pseudoaneurysm with occlusion of both the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries. Urgent surgery was performed with aortic repair with an interposition graft and superior mesenteric artery embolectomy. The patient’s clinical history and radiological imaging findings were strongly suggestive of the diagnosis of BD with vascular involvement.

Presentación de un paciente de cuatro meses de edad con neuroblastoma suprarrenal / Presentation of one Patient of Four Month of Age with a Suprarrenal Neuroblastoma

Los neuroblastomas son una forma de cáncer infantil que se diagnostica comúnmente en el primer año de edad. Estos tumores, derivados de la cresta neural, se localizan en las glándulas suprarrenales o en territorio extrarrenal, que tienen características clínicas y biológicas curiosas pues existen desde casos con remisión espontánea hasta otros con progresión tumoral, escasa respuesta terapéutica y la muerte del paciente. Se presentó un caso de una paciente femenina de cuatro meses de edad que fue atendida en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario de Holguín; fue remitida de su área de salud por presentar como hallazgo ultrasonográfico una masa sólida de 38 x 36 mm de bordes bien definidos en el borde superior del riñón izquierdo; exámenes de laboratorio negativos. Se realizó resección del tumor con adecuada evolución postquirúrgica. La biopsia informó neuroblastoma suprarrenal izquierdo, indiferenciado, de pobre estroma e histología desfavorable que medía 5 x 4 cm de diámetro e infiltraba algunas áreas de la cápsula.

The neuroblastoma is a kind of cancer in infants that is commonly diagnosed in the first year of age. These tumors, caused by the neural crest are located in the adrenal glands or at extrarrenal area, having clinical and biological characteristics snoopers existing from cases with spontaneous remission to other ones with tumoral progression, scarce therapeutic response and the patient's death. A four -months-old female patient admitted at the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin referred from the patients´ health area. A solid mass of 38 x 36 mm with very well delimitated borders in the superior side of the left kidney was observed in the ultrasonography; the lab tests were negative. Resection of the tumor with adequate post-surgical evolution was performed. The biopsy informed suprarenal left-hand neuroblastoma, undiferenced, of poor estroma and unfavorable histology of 5 x 4 cm of diameter measures and infiltrates some places of the capsule.

Terminal bifurcation and unusual communication of left testicular vein with the left suprarenal vein / Bifurcação terminal e comunicação atípica de veia testicular esquerda com veia suprarrenal esquerda

Abstract Variations of the testicular veins are relevant in clinical cases of varicocele and in other therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. We report herein on a unique variation of the left testicular vein observed in an adult male cadaver. The left testicular vein bifurcated to give rise to left and right branches which terminated by joining the left renal vein. There was also an oblique communication between the two branches of the left testicular vein. A slender communicating vein arose from the left branch of the left testicular vein and ascended upwards in front of the left renal vein and terminated into the left suprarenal vein. The right branch of the testicular vein received an unnamed adipose tributary from the side of the abdominal aorta. Awareness of these venous anomalies can help surgeons accurately ligate abnormal venous communications and avoid iatrogenic injuries and it is important for proper surgical management.

Resumo Variações nas veias testiculares têm relevância em casos clínicos de varicocele e em outros procedimentos terapêuticos e diagnósticos. Relatamos aqui uma variação peculiar de veia testicular esquerda observada em um cadáver adulto do sexo masculino. A veia testicular esquerda bifurcava para dar origem aos ramos esquerdo e direito, os quais terminavam juntando-se à veia renal esquerda. Foi observada também comunicação oblíqua entre os dois ramos da veia testicular esquerda. Uma fina veia comunicante originava-se do ramo esquerdo da veia testicular esquerda e ascendia até a frente da veia renal esquerda, terminando na veia suprarrenal esquerda. O ramo direito da veia testicular recebia um tecido adiposo tributário não especificado da lateral da aorta abdominal. Conhecimento dessas anomalias venosas pode ajudar os cirurgiões a ligar corretamente comunicações venosas anormais e evitar danos iatrogênicos e é importante para um manejo cirúrgico apropriado.

A cadaveric study of the testicular artery and its clinical significance / Um estudo da artéria testicular em cadáveres e sua relevância clínica

Abstract Background Knowledge of testicular artery variations is vital to ensure that they are not neglected during a variety of different operative techniques, since damage can cause testicular atrophy. Objectives The present study was therefore intended to identify variants in the origin and course of the testicular arteries. An attempt was made to classify the arteries based on their various origins. Methods This study examined 42 formalin-fixed cadavers of 40 to 70-year-old adult males. Variant origins of the testicular artery were identified and classified. Variations in the origin and course of the artery were colored, photographed, and documented. The distances between the origins of the testicular arteries and the mid-points of the origins of the renal arteries were measured. Results Testicular arteries were classified into four categories on the basis of origin. This variability was defined in relation to the renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The mean distance between the origin of the testicular artery and the mid-point of the origin of the renal artery were 3.08 and 3.47 cm, on the right and left sides respectively. Variations were almost exclusively found on the left side. The variations observed included multiple arterial twigs forming the testicular artery, suprarenal arteries arising from the testicular artery, and testicular artery duplication. Conclusion This study provides an insight into variations in the testicular artery and proposes a classification which could help surgeons during a variety of procedures on the male abdomen and pelvis.

Resumo Contexto O conhecimento de variações da artéria testicular é vital para assegurar que essas artérias não serão negligenciadas durante a realização de diferentes técnicas operatórias, já que qualquer dano poderia causar atrofia testicular. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variações na origem e no trajeto das artérias testiculares. Foi feita uma tentativa de classificar as artérias com base em suas diferentes origens. Métodos Este estudo examinou 42 cadáveres de adultos do sexo masculino com idade entre 40 e 70 anos preservados em formol. As diferentes origens da artéria testicular foram identificadas e classificadas. Variações na origem e no trajeto da artérias foram coloridas, fotografadas e documentadas. Foram medidas as distâncias entre a origem das artérias testiculares e o ponto médio da origem das artérias renais. Resultados As artérias testiculares foram classificadas em quatro categorias com base em sua origem. Essa variabilidade foi definida com relação às artérias renal e mesentérica inferior. A distância média entre a origem da artéria testicular e o ponto médio da origem da artéria renal foi de 3,08 e 3,47 cm nos lados direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. As variações foram encontradas quase exclusivamente no lado esquerdo. As variações observadas incluíram múltiplos ramúsculos formando a artéria testicular, artérias suprarrenais surgindo a partir da artéria testicular, e duplicação da artéria testicular. Conclusão Este estudo traz informações sobre variações da artéria testicular e propõe uma classificação que poderia ajudar os cirurgiões durante diferentes procedimentos realizados no abdome e na pelve de pacientes do sexo masculino.

Carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal simulando un carcinoma renal. Reporte de caso / Carcinoma of suprarenal bark simulating a renal carcinoma. Report of a case

Fundamento: El carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal es inusual su presentación, y menos con las características del caso que se presenta; además de no ser tenido en mente por la mayoría de los clínicos. Objetivo: Exponer un caso de carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal el cual clínicamente simulaba un carcinoma renal con un síndrome metastásico múltiple. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 63 años, diabético tipo I e hipertenso que se ingresó por dolor abdominal en epigastrio y mesogastrio acompañado de vómitos, diarreas, sensación de plenitud gástrica y pérdida de 10 kg de peso en los últimos meses. Tres días antes de su ingreso se constató diarreas abundantes, prurito, fiebre, hematuria múltiple, coluria, acolia e íctero. Al examen físico se observó mucosas deshidratadas y pálidas, íctero, deshidratación y pérdida de 10 kg de peso. Aparato respiratorio: Murmullo vesicular disminuido globalmente, estertores crepitantes aislados en ambos campos pulmonares. Aparato digestivo: hepatomegalia de 6 cm irregular y tumoración en flanco izquierdo de 10-12 cm con contacto lumbar. El estudio analítico mostró anemia, enzimas hepáticas elevadas, hematuria, velocidad de sedimentación globular, lactato deshidrogenasa y fosfatasa alcalina elevadas, con estudio imaginológico que señalaba un proceso metastásico en hígado, pulmón y ganglios con un posible origen renal. El paciente falleció a las 48 horas; se encontró un carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal en la necropsia y se confirmó en el estudio histopatológico. Conclusiones: Se presentó un paciente con carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal que simuló un carcinoma renal con manifestaciones clínicas sugestivas de proceso tumoral renal. El carcinoma de corteza suprarrenal es un tumor muy raro que puede evolucionar de forma asintomática, dando manifestaciones clínicas cuando adquiere gran tamaño o es hiperfuncionante. Frente a una tumoración de localización retroperitoneal o de clínica no característica, el clínico debe tener en cuenta esta enfermedad.

Background: The suprarenal cortex carcinoma has an unusual presentation and much less with the characteristics presented in this case, besides not being in the mind of the great majority of clinicians. Objective: To show a case of carcinoma of suprarenal cortex this clinically simulated a renal carcinoma with a multiple metastatic syndrome. Case presentation: A 63 year old diabetic type I and hypertensive patient, who was admitted due to abdominal pain in epigastrium and mesogaster accompanied by vomits, diarrheas, sensation of gastric fullness and loss of 10 kg of weight in the last months. Three days before his admission, it was found that he had had several episodes of diarrheas, pruritus, fever, multiple hematuria, choluria, acholia and jaundice. On physical examination it was observed that he had dehydrated mucous and paleness. Respiratory system: vesicular murmur diminished globally, isolated crepitants rale in both lung fields. Digestive system: hepatomegaly of 6 cm irregular and a tumor in left flank of 10-12 cm with lumbar contact. The analytic study showed anemia, elevated hepatic enzymes, hematuria, and rapid globular sedimentation, dehydrogenase lactate and elevated alkaline phosphatase, with imaging study which showed a metastatic process in liver, lung and ganglion with a possible renal origin. The patient died 48 hours after admission, on autopsy it was found that there was a carcinoma of suprarenal cortex which simulated a renal tumor confirmed in the histopathological study. Conclusiones: A patient with a suprarenal cortex carcinoma was admitted to a hospital simulating a renal carcinoma with clinical manifestations suggesting a renal tumoral process. This type of carcinoma is very weird and may evolve asymptomatically, showing clinical characteristics when they have a big size or it is hyperfunctioning. When facing a tumor like this of retroperitoneal location or non characteristic clinic, the doctor must bear in mind this disease.

Mielolipoma. Presentación de un caso / Myelolipoma. Presentation of a case

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 44 años de edad, del sexo femenino, ingresado en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, de Matanzas, porque se encontraba bajo seguimiento de un absceso hepático de probable etiología amebiana, en cuyos exámenes complementarios, dados por el ultrasonido abdominal, así como la tomografía contrastada de abdomen se aprecia una tumoración de la glándula suprarrenal derecha, resultando finalmente un mielolipoma. Se somete a resección quirúrgica de la glándula de forma exitosa, confirmando el estudio histopatológico, un tumor de glándula suprarrenal derecha, correspondiente a un mielolipoma, se obtiene una evolución satisfactoria de la paciente.

We present the case of a 44-years-old female patient who entered the Surgery Service of the Matanzas Military Hospital, Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy, because of she was followed for a hepatic abscess of probably amoebic etiology. The complementary examination, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal contrasted tomography, showed a tumor of the right suprarenal gland, finally resulting a myelolipoma. The gland was successfully resected, and the histopathologic study confirmed a right suprarenal gland tumor, correspondent to a myelolipoma. The evolution of the patient was satisfactory.

Experiences of Surgical Treatment for Juxtarenal Aortic Occlusion

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of juxtarenal aortic occlusion (JRAO), a review of 15 patients who underwent aortic bypass replacement following aortorenal thrombectomy, especially focusing on the safety of suprarenal aortic clamping or transient aortic compression, was undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period of June 2001 to November 2012, 15 patients with JRAO (chronic 10, acute 5) were analyzed retrospectively. JRAO with combined stenosis of the renal artery was found in 2 patients, renal artery thrombus in 8 patients, and normal in 5 patients. RESULTS: All patients were males. Mean age was 61.7+/-11.2 years. There were 14 aortobifemoral bypass grafting and 1 aortobiiliac bypass grafting. Six Dacron and 9 PTFE artificial Y-grafts were implanted to the aorta with end-to-end anastomosis in the proximal aorta. Suprarenal aortic clamping was performed in 7 patients, supraceliac clamping in 2 patients, and transient aortic compression in 6 patients. There were 13 cases with aortic clamping time 10 minutes. Thrombectomy of the aorta and renal artery was performed in 10 (66.7%) patients. There were no operative mortality cases. The perioperative morbidity rate was 26.7% (4/15). Preoperative renal function was impaired in four patients. The renal functions of these cases were recovered postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Aortic bypass replacement following aortorenal thrombectomy with suprarenal aortic clamping or transient aortic compression for JRAO is the optimal treatment. It is important to focus on short renal ischemic time during suprarenal aortic clamping for prevention of renal damage. It provides unmatched perioperative and long-term results.

A Rare Case of Bilateral High Origin of the Testicular Artery with Variations in the Course and Branches

In general, testicular artery (TA) usually arises from the antero-lateral part of the abdominal aorta below the origin of the renal arteries at second lumbar vertebrae level. Very rarely variations in the origin of the testicular arteries are observed. We here report a rare case of bilateral unusual origin and course of the testicular artery. On the right side, testicular artery aroused from the aorta about 0.5cm above the origin of the renal artery and gave off inferior suprarenal artery. In contrast, left testicular artery springs from the pre-hilar branch of the left renal artery, 2cm before reaching the hilum of kidney. On both sides, testicular arteries descended in front of the hilar structures of the kidney. Since, the origin and course of the testicular artery is important to consider during surgical and diagnostic interventions, knowledge of such variation may be helpful in avoiding diagnostic and surgical errors and adverse consequences especially during laparoscopic approaches.

Bazo accesorio simulando tumor suprarrenal / Aberrant spleen simulating an adrenal mass

Introduction: The diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas is common in current clinical practice. Clinical case: We report a 69 years-old female patient with hypertension, who underwent an abdominal CAT Scan, finding a left adrenal mass of 8 cm diameter. Subsequent studies showed elevated urinary metanephrine levels. With the suspicion of a pheochromocytoma, a laparoscopic surgery was performed. The mass resulted to be an aberrant spleen.

Introducción: El diagnóstico de los así llamados "incidentalomas" suprarrenales, cada vez más frecuente en la práctica clínica, plantea un diagnóstico diferencial importante. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 69 años, hipertensa, con el hallazgo de una masa suprarrenal izquierda aparentemente funcionante, operada por vía laparoscópica y que resultó ser un bazo aberrante. Se discute el diagnóstico diferencial entre masa suprarrenal y pseudo-tumores adrenales y la embriología y presentación clínica del bazo aberrante.

Corticosteroid therapy for asthma / Corticoterapia no tratamento da asma

Os corticosteroides são os mais efetivos controladores da asma. Eles suprimem a inflamação, principalmente através da inativação de múltiplos genes inflamatórios ativos através da reversão da acetilação da histona via recrutamento da histona desacetilase 2. Suprimindo a inflamação da via aérea, os corticosteroides inalatórios (CSi) reduzem a hiper-responsividade brônquica e controlam os sintomas da asma. Atualmente, os CSi representam a primeira linha de tratamento para todos os pacientes com asma persistente, controlando os sintomas e prevenindo as exacerbações. A associação de β2-agonistas de longa duração aos CSi aumenta o controleda asma e, habitualmente, ambos são administrados em um mesmo dispositivo inalatório, o que aumenta a adesão e o controle da asma com menores doses. A absorção dos CSi dos pulmões para a circulação sistêmica causa efeitos colaterais sistêmicos desprezíveis nas doses que a maioria dos doentes requer. Corticosteroides sistêmicos são usados no tratamentodas exacerbações agudas da asma e como tratamento de manutenção em pacientes com asma grave não controlada coma terapia inalatória máxima. Corticosteroides orais têm numerosos efeitos colaterais metabólicos e endócrinos e devem ser usados na menor dose necessária para controlar a doença