Tannin Components of Geranium Plants in Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alzheimer's disease （AD） is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by mechanisms including excessive deposition of β amyloid （Aβ）， neuroinflammatory responses， and hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein （Tau protein）. Currently， there are no effective clinical treatments available for AD. Traditional Chinese herbal drugs have gained attention for their potential to exert anti-AD effects through multi-component， multi-target approaches. As a traditional Chinese herbal drug with over 600 years of clinical use， Geranii Herba has substantial medicinal potential and wide application prospects. Geranium medicinal plants contain chemical components such as tannins， flavonoids， organic acids， and volatile oils. Research has indicated that various tannin compounds found in Geranii Herba possess pharmacological activities like enhancing learning and memory abilities， and improving cognitive function. These effects are linked to mechanisms involving anti-Aβ effects， Tau protein regulation， antioxidation， anti-inflammation， and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. These compounds can act through multiple pathways and targets to inhibit neurodegenerative changes in neurons， thus effectively preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Based on relevant literature， this study focused on reviewing various tannin components in Geranium plants and their role in preventing and treating AD and identified potential drug components for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as AD by exploring the tannin components and their mechanisms in Geranium plants， thereby providing a theoretical foundation and research direction for further development and clinical application.

Study on the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon and its processing end point / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the correlation between color and inner quality during the processing of Prunus mume carbon， and provide reference for the determination of processing end point of P. mume carbon. METHODS The chromaticity value of P. mume carbon powder was measured by colorimeter， and the inner quality of P. mume carbon was measured by selecting the contents of water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin. The dynamic change trend of the chromaticity value， water， water- soluble extract， the contents of citric acid and tannin in P. mume carbon under different processing time was analyzed. The correlation between color and the above indexe contents was analyzed， and the regression equation of inner quality-chromaticity value was established. Combined with principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （CA） and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， the difference of P. mume carbon at different processing times was analyzed to determine the processing end point. RESULTS With the extension of processing time， the sample color gradually deepened； the chromaticity values L* and E* of the samples increased at first and then decreased， the chromaticity values a* and b* decreased， and finally all tended to be stable. The content of water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the sample increased at first and then decreased， the water content of the sample decreased with time and finally stabilized. Correlation analysis showed that water， water-soluble extract， citric acid and tannin were positively correlated with L*， a*， b* and E*（P＜0.001）. PCA and HCA showed that P. mume carbon under different processing time could be clustered into two categories： the processed samples of 0-30 min and those of 40-60 min. PLS-DA showed that water and water-soluble extract were important quality indexes and b* was an important chrominance index in the processing of P. mume carbon. The chromaticity value of the samples processed for 50 min and 60 min were not significantly different. The contents of water， water- soluble extract， citric acid and tannin in the samples processed for 60 min were less than those processed for 50 min. CONCLUSIONS There is a certain correlation between the color and the inner quality of P. mume carbon. The processing time of P. mume carbon should be 40-50 min.

Comparative Repellency of Selected Plants to Adult Anopheles gambiea complex (Gilles) in the Laboratory

Aims: The study evaluated the repellency effects of some tropical plants and shrubs found in semi- rural communities of Badagry Area of Lagos state; which are acclaimed to have the potentials of repelling mosquitoes from human dwellings. The repellency effects of Moringa oleifera, Morinda lucida, Magnifera indica and Phyllanthus muellerianus to adult Anopheles gambiea was evaluated in the Laboratory. Study Design: The study was carried out at Central Research Laboratory of Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria and Central Research Laboratory of University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. Powdered of dried test plants were prepared and admix with coconut husk as inert, different concentrations were rubbed on the forearm of volunteers and repellency to blood starved female Anopheles mosquitoes was observed. Methodology: Test plants were collected from Badagry area of Lagos State, they were identified at University of Lagos Herbarium and given numbers. They were dried between 10 and 14 days at temperature of 25-27oC and powdered. Different concentrations of the powder mixed with powdered coconut husk was used to treat volunteers forearms and they were exposed to 0-2 two day old adult unfed mosquitoes in an aluminum glass cage fitted with net as arm entrance and repellency was observed for a period of 180 minutes, with landing counts taken every 30 minutes. The test plants were also subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis at University of Lagos Central Research Laboratory. Results: Results showed that all test plants were able to repel Anopheles mosquitoes in the study, repellency was shown in descending order Moringa oleifera with 88%, Magnifera indica 83%, Phyllantus muellerianuss 80% and Morinda lucida 72%. There was no statistical significance in percentage repellency at 95% CL. The result of phytochemical screening of the test plants showed that only M .indica indicated presence of saponing (36.99%). While M.oleifera has highest phenol content (45.6%3), Alkaloid (38.68%), steroid (24.89%) and Tannin (33.19%). Flavonoid and reducing sugar quantity was highest in M. indica (39.39%) and (55.18%) respectively. Conclusion: The plants were able to show repellency to Anopheles gambiae a nuisance malaria vector of serious medical importance. These plants are available in all tropical areas of Africa, they can therefore be used to prevent nuisance and painful mosquito bites which could be a sustainable way to prevent mosquito vectored diseases

Influência da pré-cloração na clarificação de águas para abastecimento utilizando coagulante à base de tanino / Pre-chlorination effects on drinking water treatment using tannin-based coagulant

RESUMO Diferentes técnicas de tratamento de água destinada ao abastecimento público, como a pré-cloração e o uso de coagulantes orgânicos, têm sido relatadas como alternativas econômica, técnica e ambientalmente viáveis. Entretanto, o resultado da interação entre esses processos deve ser estudado para sua aplicação com segurança. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da pré-cloração na clarificação de água para abastecimento público, utilizando coagulante à base de tanino. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em jar test com o uso de Tanfloc SG como coagulante, variando as dosagens de 2,5 a 45,0 mg L−1, e de oxidante hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) nas concentrações de cloro residual livre (HClO(NaClO)) de 0,8 e 5,0 mg L−1, no tratamento da água do ribeirão João Leite. As dosagens ótimas de coagulante foram determinadas para as seguintes condições de tratamento: adição somente de tanino; tanino e NaClO aplicados simultaneamente; e tanino adicionado após 30 min da pré-cloração. Nessas condições, o pH de coagulação foi analisado de 6,0 a 8,5. Foram avaliados parâmetros como turbidez, cor aparente, pH e HClO(NaClO). A melhor condição de tratamento com pré-cloração foi a adição simultânea de NaClO e coagulante tanino nas dosagens de 0,8 mg L−1 (HClO(NaClO)) e 10,0 mg L−1, respectivamente, com remoção de turbidez de 71,6% e cor aparente de 62,7%. Os resultados demonstraram que a pré-cloração afetou negativamente o processo de tratamento, e para maior concentração de HClO(NaClO) maior foi a dosagem de tanino requerida, sem apresentar aumento significativo nas eficiências de remoção de turbidez e cor aparente.

ABSTRACT Different techniques in the treatment of water intended for public supply such as pre-chlorination and use of organic coagulants have been reported as economic, technical and environmental viable alternatives. However, the result of the interaction between these processes should be studied for their safe application. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pre-chlorination on coagulation and flocculation of water for public supply using a tannin-based coagulant. The assays were conducted in Jar Test using Tanfloc SG as a coagulant, varying the dosages from 2.5 to 45.0 mg L−1, and sodium hypochlorite oxidant (NaClO) in the concentrations of free residual chlorine (HClO(NaClO)) of 0.8 and 5.0 mg L−1, in the water treatment of João Leite River. Optimal coagulant dosages were determined for the following treatment conditions: addition of tannin only; tannin and NaClO applied simultaneously; and, tannin added after 30 min of pre-chlorination. Under these conditions, the coagulation pH was analyzed from 6.0 to 8.5. Parameters such as turbidity, apparent color, pH and HClO (NaClO) were evaluated. The best treatment condition with pre-chlorination was the simultaneous addition of NaClO and coagulant at dosages of 0.8 mg L−1(HClO(NaClO)) and 10.0 mg L−1 respectively, with turbidity removal of 71.6% and apparent color of 62.7%. In general, the results showed that pre-chlorination negatively affected the process being that the higher concentration of HClO(NaClO) the higher tannin dosage, without presenting a significant increase in the efficiencies of turbidity and apparent color removal.

Condensed tannins from roots of Indigofera stachyodes / 中国中药杂志

Eleven condensed tannins were isolated from the roots of Indigofera stachyodes by various column chromatography techniques including silica gel, octadecyl silica(ODS), Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). These compounds were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and mass spectrometry(MS) data as stachyotannin A(1), epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4β→8)-catechin(2), cinnamtannin D1(3), cinnamtannin B1(4), epicatechin-(2β→O→7,4β→8)-epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin(5), gambiriin C(6), proanthocyanidin A1(7), proanthocyanidin A2(8), aesculitannin B(9), proanthocyanidin A4(10), and procyanidin B5(11). Compound 1 is a new compound. Compounds 2-11 were isolated from Indigofera for the first time. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2, and 4-11 showed inhibitory effects on thrombin-induced ATP release in platelets.

Safety Assessment of Eucalyptus Leaf Extract Oral Consumption for 4 Weeks in Human Subjects: A Pilot Study / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) is an evergreen tree found worldwide. The aqueous ethanolic extract of the leaves (eucalyptus leaf extract; ELE) is used as a functional food, and its active constituents are generally polyphenols. Toxicity and mutagenicity of ELE have been previously assessed using rodents, and no adverse effects were observed. Although clinical trials of low-dose ELE ingestion have been conducted on humans, safety evaluation of high-dose ELE has not yet been conducted. We conducted an open-label clinical trial as a pilot study to assess the safety of excessive oral intake of ELE in Japanese adult men. A powdery preparation of ELE, commercially sold as Eucagrandin®, was prepared using spray drying method and contained approximately 80% ELE. Test capsules were packed with the powdery ELE. Six male subjects (aged 47.3 ± 12.4 years, mean ± SD) orally consumed 2,592 mg of ELE per day for 4 consecutive weeks. The subjects were examined at the start of the intervention, 4 weeks after the start, and 2 weeks after the last intake of test capsules. During the study period, 2 adverse events were reported. However, the causal relationship with the consumption of ELE was denied in both events because one event was attributed to a bruise and the other, which was elevated CPK levels, was due to excessive exercise. No unusual changes related to ELE consumption were observed in physical examination and during medical interviews. Further, blood and urine tests were normal during the trial period. These results demonstrated that oral consumption of ELE at the indicated dose is safe for humans.

Evaluation of the physio-chemical properties and microbial load of the soil polluted with coffee processing wastes

@#Aim: The study was designed to evaluate the physio-chemical properties and microbial load of the soil polluted with coffee processing wastes such as coffee husk and coffee pulp. Methodology and results: A total of ten soil samples were taken from three taluks of Coorg district of Karnataka, India. Out of which five soil samples were taken from places where the coffee processing wastes were dumped as landfills. The other five soil samples were taken from places free from coffee processing wastes which represent the control soil samples. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were measured using standard protocols. The highlight of the study was quantification of chemicals of ecotoxicological concern such as caffeine, polyphenols and tannin in soil samples. The identification and enumeration of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast and plant growth promoting microorganisms were also done. The pollution with the coffee processing wastes make the soil acidic. The concentration of chemicals of ecotoxicological concern such as caffeine, polyphenols and tannins were significantly high in polluted soil. The colony forming units of plant growth promoting microorganism were declined significantly in the polluted soil. Instead of all these detrimental factors, the organic carbon, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and micronutrient content of the polluted soil was significantly high. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This study revealed the fact that the unscientific disposal of coffee processing wastes as landfill make the soil less fertile, damage the normal microbial diversity of the soil and would cause severe pollution problems.

Trapa natans pericarp extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetic mice

Abstract The pericarp of Trapa natans L., an annual aquatic floating herb belonging to Lythraceae family, is used as a folk medicine in China. In this study, extracts of Trapa natans pericarp were tested both in vitro and in vivo through a high-fat diet with a single medium dosage streptozotocin injection induced type 2 diabetic mice. Different solvent extracts of Trapa natans pericarp showed α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. After four weeks administration, the ethyl acetate extract of Trapa natans pericarp (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) reduced fasting blood glucose level, ameliorated oral glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, improved serum lipids alterations in type 2 diabetic mice as well. Additionally, ethyl acetate extract significantly elevated the insulin receptor substrate 1 and Akt serine/threonine kinase phosphorylation compared to diabetic group. HPLC-MS and HPLC-DAD analysis showed that the ethyl acetate extract was rich in hydrolysable tannins. Results support the notion that Trapa natans pericarp extract has a potential hypoglycemic activity.

Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Launaea resedifolia from Algerian Sahara

The present inquiry attempts to determine the antioxidant capacity of Launaea resedifolia’s hydroalcoholicextract which is obtained from Algerian Sahara. The antioxidant capacities of various extracts of aerial partsof L. resedifolia were estimated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity,ferric reducing power (FRP), and total antioxidant capacity. In addition, the total phenols, flavonoids, andtannins contents of various extracts were measured by using colorimetric methods, the greater content ofphenols and flavonoids was registered in crude extract (6.642 ± 0.262 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW and0.929 ± 0.018 mg quercetin equivalent/g DW, respectively), while the tannins was found in water fraction(1.246 ± 0.153 mg RE/g DW). Both capacities of DPPH scavenging and FRP were found best in ethyl acetatefraction (IC50 = 403.551 µg/ml and AEAC = 0.151 mM, respectively). For total antioxidant capacity, thesuperior capacity was observed in water fraction (EEAC = 0.149 Mm).

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Sabicea brevipes Wernham (Rubiaceae)

Phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the leaf extract and fractions of Sabicea brevipes were studied. Theleaveswere defatted and the marc extracted with methanol. The extractwas further purified by solvent-solvent partitioning using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol to obtain the three solvent fractions. They were screened for phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids. Total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were determined quantitatively. The antimicrobial test was screened in vitroby agar diffusion method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant difference at p ≤ 0.05 in all study groups. The methanol extract exhibited the most significant amount of phenolics (110.78 ± 1.06 mg GAE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had the least total phenolics content (50.55 ± 2.91 mg GAE/g). The same trend was observed for the total flavonoids content whereas the methanol extractmeasured (418.40 ± 14.03 mg QE/g) while ethyl acetate fraction had 192.40 ± 3.06 mg QE/g. Total tannins contents were: methanol extract (102.22 ± 7.58 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate (27.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant results showed that the methanol extract had the highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability (93.69%) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.601± 0.02 and also highest ferric ion reducing power (50.381 ± 1.56 μmol Fe2+/g). Also, the methanol extract showed high total antioxidant capacity (96.79 ± 0.31 mg AAE) and IC50of 0.798± 0.01. The antimicrobial results revealed that the methanol extract showed better activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, andCandida albicans than the solvent fractions at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, mg/mL having various inhibition zone diameters (IZDs). The methanol extract and fractions of S. brevipescompared favourably in terms of zone of inhibition and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) with the standard drug disc (Gentamycin and Ketoconazole) against the tested microorganisms. The MIC of the extract and solvent fractions ranged from 6.31 mg/mL to 50.12 mg/mL. The continual use of the extract of Sabicea brevipesin preventing oxidative stress and in the treatment of common infection is justified by these results.

Rapid identification on chemical compounds in roots of rheum nobile based on uplc-esi-hrmsn / 中草药

Objective A rapid and efficient UPLC-ESI-HRMSn method was developed and applied to rapidly identify the components in Rheum nobile. Methods With 100% methanol as extract preparation for solution,the extract was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and eluted with a gradient of methanol-water that containing 0.1% formic acid. Chemical constituents were separated and investigated by UPLC-ESI-HRMSn in both positive and negative ion modes. Combined with accurate mass characteristic fragments, retention time and previous literature database, the structures of compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Results A total of 34 compounds including four anthraquinones, 15 phenolic acid derivatives, 11 tannin precursor and tannins and four organic acid were identified. Twenty-seven compounds were reported for the first time from R. nobile. Conclusion The analytical method of UPLC-ESI-HRMSn was valuable for rapid identification of unknown constituents of R. nobile, which supplies a clear material basis for further study.

Inhibitory effects of tannins from leaves of Hippophae rhamnoids and their anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects / 中草药

Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity constituents from the leaves of Hippophae rhamnoids. Methods: Several open-column chromatographic techniques and semi-preparative HPLC were used to separate and purify the compounds in H. rhamnoids. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated by the spectroscopic analysis. Their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells, and triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined. Results: Eighteen tannins and other compounds were isolated and identified as 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D- glucopyranose (2), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-D-glucopyranose (5), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (6), 1-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (7), 1-O- galloyl-2,3-(S)-HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (8), 1,3-di-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (9), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-2,3-(S)- HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (10), casuarictin (11), 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (12), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-2,3-(S)- HHDP-β-D-glucopyranose (13), hippophaenin B (14), pedunculagin (15), casuarinin (16), ellagic acid (17), and pinitol (18). Conclusion: Tannins from the leaves of H. rhamnoides showed anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 were isolated from this genus for the first time.

Research on contents of anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins in Rheum tanguticum on PCA and CA / 中国中药杂志

Anthraquinones,dianthrones and tannins are the main active ingredients of Rheum tanguticum. In this study the three components were determined by HPLC,and the results were analyzed by multiple comparisons,principal components analysis(PCA)and correspondence analysis(CA). The results showed that the contents of components in different growing areas and types(wild and cultivated) reached a significant level(P<0. 05). Baiyu county,Xiaojin county and Ruoergai county had obvious advantages in the accumulation of catechin hydrate,rhien and sensenoside A respectively. The principal component was different in two growing type and the wild environment was conducive to combined anthraquinones accumulation. For active components,normalized planting was better than retail cultivating. Therefore,the effect on the accumulation of chemical components in Rh. tangusticum,should be taken into full account in the selection of the cultural base of Rh. tanguticum. The standardized cultivating is superior to retail cultivating in terms of the accumulation of active ingredients,and standardized planting is inferior to the wild.

Gene Action of Cassava Resistance Metabolites to Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)

Several metabolites are linked to cassava resistance to whitefly. There is limited information however, on the mode of gene action of the metabolites associated with cassava resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The objective of the study was to determine the combining abilities and mode of gene action of salicylic acid, antioxidative capacity, total phenolic content, flavonoid, tannin, peroxidase and protein of selected cassava genotypes. Ten genotypes were crossed in half diallel and the parental and 45 S1 progenies evaluated for nymph count, whitefly count, leaf damage and sooty mold at Namulonge in season two of 2016. In season one and two of 2017, the parental genotypes and their corresponding forty-five S1 progenies were evaluated in randomized complete blocks with two replications for Bemisia tabaci population and leaf damage and leaf metabolite content assayed. The results indicated highly significant (P<.001) differences among genotypes for general combining ability (GCA) to antioxidative capacity; (P<.05) for total phenolic content, peroxidase and protein and (P<.01) for salicylic acid, tannin and flavonoid. The specific combining ability (SCA)showed significant (P<.001) differences for salicylic acid; (P<.01) for antioxidative capacity and total phenolic content. The additive variance was significant (P< .05) for flavonoid, protein; (P<.01) for antioxidative capacity, total phenolic content, tannin and peroxidase. The dominance variance had high significance (P<.001) for salicylic acid; (P<.05) for flavonoid and (P<.01) for antioxidative capacity and total phenolic content. Although additive gene action was higher than non-additive, both were influencing most metabolites indicating complexity of inheritance. A critical evaluation is necessary when exploiting metabolite related traits in breeding for resistance to Bemisia tabaci.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Quality of Tibetan Medicine Triphala's Tannin Parts Based on There Characteristic Components and the Total Tannin Content / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

To determine there characteristic components content of Tibetan Medicine Triphala through establishing a HPLC method and its total tannin content through spectrophotometry. The chromatographic column of Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with methanol-0.1％ formic acid/water as the mobile phase, the flow rate 1 mL/min, and the detection wavelength 270 nm was applied to determine the Gallic acid, colijing and ellagic acid content in medicinal materials and the tannin parts of Tibetan Medicine Triphala. With the gallic acid as control group, total tannin content of Triphala and its tannin parts was determined through spectrophotometry. It revealed in the HPLC test that the linear range of gallic acid, coracine and ellagic acid was 0.91-4.55 μg, 0.274-1.368 μg and 0.329-2.634 μg respectively. It also showed that the average recovery rates of the three components in the medicinal materials were 101.06％, 101.72％and 100.27％ respectively. And the average recovery rates of the three components in the tannins were 100.4％, 100.85％and 101.70％ respectively. The result of spectrophotometry showed that gallic acid was linear in1.008-10.08 μg·mL-1, and that the recovery rate of medicinal materials and tannin parts were 100.25％ and 100.52％ respectively. The method is rapid, accurate and repeatable, and it can provide basis for the quality control of Tribescens and its tannins.

Study on Quality Evaluation of Terminalia Chebular Based on Simultaneous Determination of Total Tannin and 7 Components / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

The spectrophotometric method was established for the determination of total tannin content in gardenia medicinal materials and tannins, and HPLC method was applied to simultaneously determine gallic acid, punical glucoside A, methyl gallate, punny glucoside B, corilagin, pentagalloyl glucose and the content of ellagic acid. Taking gallic acid as a reference substance, a phosphomolybdate tungstic acid colorimetric method (Pharmacopoeia method) was used to determine the total tannin content. With the chromatographic column Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 microns), mobile phase for phosphoric acid (0.1％), methanol, water flow rate of 1 ml/min, column temperature 30℃, detection wavelength of 270 nm, gradient elution, 7 kinds of component contents in myrobalan medicinal materials were measured at the same time. The result showed that the average content of total tannins of Radix Scutellariae was 30.31％, RSD was 0.55％; the average recovery rate was 99.70％, and the RSD was 21.97％ (n = 6) . In the scorpion medicinal materials, gallic acid, punical glucoside A, punny glucoside B, methyl gallate, punny glucoside B, creatin, pentagalloglucose and ellagic acid have a good linear relationship in their respective ranges. The recovery rate of the sample is between100.10％ and 102.77％. The establishment of the determination method of total tannin, gallic acid, punical glucoside, methyl gallate, corridain, pentagalloglucose and ellagic acid in the scorpion medicinal materials is simple and accurate, which has strong specificity and can be used for quality control of Terminalia chebular.

Correlation between chemical compositions of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and phenomenon of wall stickiness in spray drying / 中国中药杂志

To explore the correlation between chemical compositions (organic acids, small molecule sugars, protein and others) of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and the wall stickiness in spray drying. In this study, 55 types of most common used Chinese herbs were selected to determine the content of 7 chemical components such as citric acid and fructose from plant extraction. The status of wall stickiness was observed during the drying process. The principle component analysis (PCA-X), hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were then used to evaluate the correlation between each chemical compositions and wall stickiness, so as to look for the essential chemical compositions associated with the wall stickiness. All of the above 3 statistical analysis methods showed significant results in distinguishing the two groups (sticky or non-sticky). PCA-X score chart and HCA clustering scatter plot suggested that the small molecular substance was the main factor causing wall stickiness, which was then proved by the reality where some of the traditional herb extracts were in non-sticky state after drying but in sticky state after alcohol precipitation. OPLS-DA results revealed that L-malic acid, citric acid, fructose and glucose were the difference factors for the wall stickiness of the extracts. Under small molecular components, L-malic acid, citric acid, fructose and glucose were the crucial factors that directly led to the hot melt sticky wall of the herbal extracts, and macromolecular substances might ameliorate the function of wall stickiness.

Effects of tannins in Galla Chinensis on pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in vivo and in vitro / 中国中药杂志

This study was aimed to explore the effects of tannins in Galla Chinensis on rifampicin in vivo. In the experiment in vitro, UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to investigate the solubility of rifampin in pH 1.3, 6.8, artificial gastric juice environment and artificial intestinal fluid environment as well as the effects of tannins on solubility of rifampin in the above conditions. In the experiment in vivo, the process of rifampicin was studied after intragastric administration of rifampicin and rifampicin+ tannins in Galla Chinensis, and then the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The results showed that rifampicin was constantly precipitated in the artificial gastric juice environment over time, and nearly 85% of the rifampicin was precipitated after 6 hours; it showed a good solubility in the artificial intestinal juice environment. After adding the said tannins, the concentration of rifampicin was decreased significantly in both environments, and the concentration of rifampicin in artificial intestinal juice remained relatively stable, while that in artificial gastric juice remained the original downward trend. The pharmacokinetic parameters displayed that as compared with rifampicin alone, AUC0-t and Cmax were decreased significantly, MRT0-t slowed down significantly, Tmax doubled to 7.0 h and the bioavailability was only 31.65% in rifampicin + tannins in Galla Chinensis group. The experiment indicated rifampicin had a poor solubility in acidic environment and the decrease of bioavailability of rifampicin when in combination with tannin was mainly due to the reduction of rifampicin solubility in intestinal tract by complexation of rifampicin with tannin, thus affecting its absorption in intestinal tract. Therefore, rifampicin and the Chinese herbal medicines or Chinese patent medicines rich in tannin should not be taken simultaneously.

Potential nutritional and antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts from leaves and stem bark of Anisophyllea laurina R. Br ex Sabine used in folk medicine

ABSTRACT Anisophyllea laurina is a plant that has been used in folk medicine to treat malaria, dysentery, diabetes, toothache and various skin diseases. Leaves extract had protein content of 9.68% and a high calcium content of 25084.317 mg/100 g while stem bark extract was found to contain greater amounts of calcium (8560.96 mg/100 g), potassium (7649.47 mg/100 g), magnesium (1462.49 mg/100 g) and iron (973.33 mg/100 g). Palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids in leaves and stem bark extracts. Furthermore, total phenolic (2382.39 mg GAE /100 g) and total flavonoid (385.79 mg QE/100 g) contents were abundant in stem bark while leaves extract was rich in total tannin content (3466.63 mg CE/100 g). However, both leaves and stem bark contained great amounts of vitamins and amino acids were a good source of antioxidant activities. For the individual polyphenol, stenophyllanin A (45.87 mg/g), casuarinin (24.55 mg/g) and digalloyl-HHDP-glucopyranose isomer (15.63 mg/g) were found to be the major compounds from the leaves whereas procyanidin tetramer (14.89 mg/g, (-)-Epicatechin (12.18 mg/g) and procyanidin trimer (11.25 mg/g) were the most predominant compounds from the stem bark. Additionally, the results revealed a significant and strong correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities.

Optimization of microwave processing technology for carbonized Gardenia jasminoides by Box-Behnken response surface methodology based on CRITIC weighted evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To determine the index weight and optimize the microwave processing technology of carbonized Gardenia jasminoides (CGJ). Methods: The contents of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were determined by HPLC and used as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient was determined by CRITIC method, and the microwave processing technology of CGJ was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBRSM). The pharmacological activity of CGJ processed by microwave was also evaluated. Results: The weighting coefficients of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were 0.27 and 0.73. The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 600 W, microwave time of 6 min and medicines mass of 120 g, the contents of geniposidic and tannins were 35.19 and 4.76 mg/g. The results of pharmacological evaluation showed that CGJ processed by microwave and traditional method could shorten the bleeding time and clotting time of mice. There was no obvious difference between the two processed products. Conclusion: Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.