O acúmulo de tarefas alheias ao ofício e o emergir de um gênero profissional invasivo / Accumulation of unrelated tasks and the emergence of an invasive professional genre

Este estudo aborda o fenômeno do acúmulo de tarefas em contexto da atividade de trabalho humana, a partir de operadores teóricos da clínica da atividade, como instâncias do ofício, estilo, gênero profissional, poder de agir e trabalho bem feito. Tomou-se como base material empírico referente a narrativas de trabalhadores participantes de pesquisa desenvolvida em um Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos (SVO), por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de instrução ao sósia, realizadas com técnicos em necropsia. O referido material discursivo possibilitou o entendimento de que as submissões desses trabalhadores à tarefas alheias a seu ofício fizeram com que eles precisassem recorrer ao gênero profissional inerente a outros cargos, e dele se apropriar, originando o que aqui propõe-se denominar gênero profissional invasivo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o diálogo entre o acúmulo de tarefas alheias ao ofício e um possível desenvolvimento do gênero profissional, em termos da produção de um gênero profissional invasivo

This study addresses the accumulation of tasks in the context of human work activity, based on theoretical operators from the clinic of activity, such as instances of professional practice, style, professional genre, power to act and work well-done. Analysis used empirical material related to narratives of workers participating in research developed in a Division of Postmortem Inspection (SVO), by means of semi-structured interviews and instruction to the double conducted with necropsy technicians. Results showed that the need to perform unrelated tasks made these workers appeal to the professional genre inherent to other jobs and appropriate it, giving rise to an invasive professional genre. Thus, the objective was to establish a dialogue between the accumulation of unrelated tasks and the possible development of a professional genre in terms of an invasive professional genre

Propuesta del curso optativo Protectores Bucales en el Deporte / Proposal of the optional course Mouth Guards in Sports

Introducción: La protección de las estructuras dentomaxilofaciales durante las actividades deportivas y el ejercicio físico se hace cada vez más necesaria, por lo que el Técnico Superior en Prótesis Estomatológica debe saber confeccionar protectores bucales y dominar el conocimiento en estos temas. Objetivo: Diseñar un curso optativo en primer año del Técnico Superior en Prótesis Estomatológica que contribuya a la formación de un profesional capaz de elaborar protectores bucales personalizados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con carácter descriptivo. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico: (histórico-lógico, inductivo-deductivo, analítico-sintético, sistémico-estructural y la modelación) y empírico: (revisión documental, criterios de especialistas). Resultados: Se diseñó un curso optativo de 20 horas de duración, con carácter presencial y estructurado en tres temas. El curso optativo Protectores Bucales en el Deporte contribuye a potenciar actividades curriculares que tributen al desarrollo de una cultura para la protección bucodental. Conclusiones: El diseño del curso optativo se corresponde con las necesidades de aprendizaje de los Técnicos Superiores en Prótesis Estomatológica para confeccionar protectores bucales.

Introduction: The protection of the dentomaxillofacial structures during sports activities and physical exercise is increasingly necessary, so the Superior Technician in Stomatological Prosthesis must know how to make mouth guards, and develop knowledge on these topics. Objective: To design an optional course in the first year of the speciality Superior Technician in Stomatological Prosthesis that contributes to the training of a more qualified professional to make mouth guards. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was carried out. Theoretical methods: (historical-logical, inductive-deductive, analytical-synthetic, systemic-structural and modeling), and empirical methods: (documentary review, specialist criteria) were used. Results: An optional face-to-face and structured in three topics course of 20 hours was designed. The optional course Mouth Guards in Sports contributes to promoting curricular activities which support the development of a culture on oral protection. Conclusions: The design of the optional course corresponds to the learning needs of the Superior Technician in Stomatological Prosthesis to make mouth guards.

A inserção de técnicos em saúde bucal: questões em disputa na Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal / La inserción de técnicos en salud bucal: cuestiones en disputa en la Política Nacional de Salud Bucal / The insertion of oral health technicians: issues in dispute in the National Oral Health Policy

Analisou-se a inserção de técnicos em saúde bucal (TSB) na equipe de saúde bucal a partir de 2003 e questões em disputa na Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Estudo de abordagem sócio-histórica apoiado na sociologia de Pierre Bourdieu. Realizou-se análise documental, da literatura e entrevistas em profundidade com agentes formuladores e gestores da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Houve baixa adesão à equipe com TSB pelos municípios brasileiros e evidências de manutenção das relações tradicionais de divisão do trabalho odontológico, subutilização do TSB e maior atuação em prevenção. A dominação simbólica do polo do mercado prevalece no serviço público e no espaço odontológico mais amplo, mesmo com conquistas na regulamentação profissional. Essa inserção ainda não se consolidou. As limitações das apostas da política, particularmente a questão do TSB, devem subsidiar novas ações, considerando a dominação simbólica e possíveis formas de enfrentá-la.(AU)

Se analizó la inserción de técnicos en salud bucal (TSB) en el equipo de salud bucal a partir de 2003 y cuestiones en disputa en la Política Nacional de Salud Bucal. Estudio de abordaje sociohistórico apoyado en la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu. Se realizó un análisis documental de la literatura y entrevistas en profundidad con agentes formuladores y gestores de la Política Nacional de Salud Bucal. Hubo baja adhesión al equipo con TSB por parte de los municipios brasileños y evidencias de mantenimiento de las relaciones tradicionales de división del trabajo odontológico, subutilización y mayor actuación en prevención. La dominación simbólica del polo del mercado prevalece en el servicio público y en el espacio odontológico más amplio, incluso con conquistas en la reglamentación profesional. Esa inserción aún no se ha consolidado. Las limitaciones de las apuestas de la política, particularmente la cuestión del TSB, deben subsidiar nuevas acciones, considerando la dominación simbólica y posibles formas de enfrentarla.(AU)

The research analyzed the insertion of Oral Health Technicians (OHT) in the oral health team from 2003 and issues in dispute in the National Oral Health Policy. The study used a social-historical approach based on Pierre Bourdieu's sociology. Documentary and literature analysis and interviews were carried out with formulators and managers of oral health policy. The municipalities presented low adhesion to teams with OHT, as well as there was evidence of maintenance of the traditional relationships of division of dental work, underutilization and greater performance in prevention. The symbolic domination of the market axis prevails in the public service and in the wider dental space, even with achievements in professional regulation. This insertion has not yet been consolidated. The limitations of policy bets, in particular this issue of OHT, should subsidize new actions, considering this symbolic domination and possible ways to tackle it.(AU)

Ejercicios para mejorar las defensas de tronco en boxeadores de categoría pioneril / Exercícios para melhorar as defesas do tronco em boxeadores pioneiros da classe / Exercises to improve trunk defenses in pioneer category boxers

Resumen La práctica deportiva desde edades tempranas en Cuba es un objetivo de la máxima dirección del Instituto Nacional de Deportes y Recreación (Inder) donde se potencia la preparación integral del atleta, integrando todos los componentes de la preparación. En el caso del boxeo, la preparación técnico-táctica constituye eje esencial para el trabajo con los atletas de categoría pioneril. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo elaborar un conjunto de ejercicios que, estratégicamente, contribuyan al mejoramiento del trabajo de las defensas de tronco en boxeadores categoría pioneril de Pinar del Río. Para el cumplimiento del objetivo, se utilizaron en el diagnóstico métodos del nivel teórico y empírico, combinados con los matemáticos-estadísticos, buscando constatar las debilidades y potencialidades en el trabajo de las defensas de tronco en la categoría pioneril, de manera que permitiera su mejoramiento. En observaciones y entrevistas realizadas a entrenadores, desde el diagnóstico a sesiones de entrenamiento del equipo de boxeo categoría 11-12 pioneril, se pudo corroborar que existen deficiencias en cuanto al trabajo de las defensas de tronco para contrarrestar los ataques con los golpes rectos y cruzados a la cara específicamente, ya que no poseen variedad de ejercicios para la realización de dicho trabajo. Todo ello permitió constatar el problema científico y planear un grupo de ejercicios estratégicos personalizados para el mejoramiento de la defensa de tronco, en boxeadores categoría pioneril para los entrenadores, en función de erradicar las deficiencias detectadas en el diagnóstico, constatando su efectividad desde el criterio de especialistas.

Resumo A prática do desporto desde a mais tenra idade em Cuba é um objectivo da direcção máxima do Instituto Nacional de Desporto e Recreio (Inder) onde se promove a preparação integral do atleta, integrando todos os componentes da preparação. No caso do Boxe, a preparação técnico-táctica constitui um eixo essencial para o trabalho com os atletas pioneiros. Este trabalho visa a elaboração de um conjunto de exercícios que, estrategicamente, contribuem para a melhoria do trabalho dos para-lamas tronco em boxers pioneiros da categoria Pinar del Río. A fim de cumprir o objectivo, foram utilizados métodos de nível teórico e empírico no diagnóstico, combinados com métodos matemático-estatísticos, procurando confirmar as fraquezas e potencialidades no trabalho das defesas tronco na categoria pioneira, de uma forma que permitisse a sua melhoria. Em observações e entrevistas realizadas com treinadores, desde o diagnóstico às sessões de treino da equipa de boxe da categoria 11-12 pioneira, foi possível corroborar que existem deficiências no trabalho das defesas tronco para contrariar ataques com golpes retos e cruzados no rosto especificamente, uma vez que não têm uma variedade de exercícios para a realização de tal trabalho. Tudo isto permitiu verificar o problema científico e planear um grupo de exercícios estratégicos personalizados para a melhoria da defesa do tronco, em boxers de categoria pioneira para os treinadores, em função de erradicar as deficiências detectadas no diagnóstico, verificando a sua eficácia a partir do critério dos especialistas.

Abstract The practice of sports from an early age in Cuba is an objective of the maximum direction of the National Institute of Sports and Recreation (Inder in Spanish) where the integral preparation of the athlete is promoted by integrating all the components of the preparation. In the case of Boxing, the technical and tactical preparation constitutes an essential axis for the work with pioneer athletes. This work has the objective of elaborating a set of exercises that strategically contribute to the improvement of the work of the trunk defenses in school category boxers of Pinar del Río. In order to fulfill the objective, methods of theoretical and empirical level were used in the diagnosis, combined with statistical mathematicians, seeking to confirm the weaknesses and potentialities in the work of the trunk fenders in the pioneer category, to allow their improvement. In observations and interviews made with coaches, from the diagnosis to training sessions of the boxing team, category 11-12 pioneer, it was possible to corroborate that there are deficiencies in the work of the trunk defenses to counteract attacks with straight and cross blows to the face, specifically, since they do not have a variety of exercises for the performance of such work. All this allowed to verify the scientific problem and to plan a group of customized strategic exercises for the improvement of the trunk defense in the school category boxers, for the trainers in function to eradicate the deficiencies detected in the diagnosis, verifying its effectiveness from the specialists' criterion.

Role of teleophthalmology to manage anterior segment conditions in vision centres of south India: EyeSmart study-I

Purpose: To study the role of teleophthalmology (TO) in the diagnosis and treatment of anterior segment conditions (including adnexal conditions) in rural areas. Methods: This is a pilot study of 5,604 patients, who visited primary vision centres (VCs) for 1 week from 1-7 September 2018. The patients were examined by a vision technician (VT) to identify those who may need teleconsultation. The centres were located in 16 districts of four Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, and Karnataka. The demographic profile, along with the role of teleconsultation was reviewed. Results: Teleconsultation was advised in 6.9% of the patients, out of which 59.6% were referred to a higher level of care, and 40.4% were treated directly at the VC. Teleconsultations were higher among males (7.0% as compared to 6.6% in females), though not statistically significant (P = 0.55). Teleconsultation was higher in the older population, that is, 60 years and above (14.5%); those with severe visual impairment (VI) (21%) and blindness (31.1%); and in the states of Telangana (11%) and Andhra Pradesh (6.3%). It was noted that 45% of the patients who underwent teleconsultation had pathologies related to ocular surface, cornea and lid, and adnexa-related conditions. Conclusion: Teleconsultation has a significant role in the management of anterior segment conditions in bridging the gap between the patients and ophthalmologists in rural India. TO can also play an important role in the diagnosis and management of anterior segment, lid, and adnexa-related pathologies.

Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

Background: The workforce of clinical pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand clinical pharmacy technician’s workforce at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals and primary health care centers over the past twelve years (2006- 2017) and forecasting during the years (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of MOH hospitals, Primary Health Care Center (PHCs) of the pharmacy technician’s workforce and forecasting for future years (2018-2030). All data were derived from the Ministry of Health statistical year books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician’s workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data in each region including gender. It included all types of pharmacy technicians included in the study while excluded all pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforce at MOH intuitions. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals or PHCs updated literatures. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total average of hospitals was 253.92 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals will be (4,579.08) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (2,899 to 6,619). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers will be (1,303) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (891 to 1,623). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at hospital forecasting will be (10,271.34) over thirteen years (2008-2030) with a range (8,797.44 to 11,887.11). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers forecasting will be (14,270.87) over thirteen years (2018-2030) with a range (12,223.05 to 16,515.79). Conclusion: The Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers sectors will be with the highest demand for clinical pharmacy technician in the future. The ratio of pharmacist to clinical pharmacy technician needs to be standardized at hospitals and primary healthcare services. Further, the analysis of the clinical pharmacy technician workforce is required in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Demand for Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers during the Past 12 Years (2006-2017) and in the Future (2018-2030) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To explore the demand of pharmacy technician workforce at Ministry of Health’s (MOH) Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) over the past 12 years (2006–2017) and in the future (2018–2030) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the demand of MOH’s pharmacy technician workforce during the past 12 years (2006-2017) and in the future (2018-2030). All data were derived from the MOH’s Statistical Year Books and any missing information regarding the pharmacy technician workforce will be estimated through allied healthcare professionals’ data from each region including data on gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH’s workforce standards of PHCs and updated literature. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: The demand for number pharmacy technicians based on the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:3) was (4–1,392) with an average number of (608.92) pharmacy technicians required. The demand for number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:4) was (37,453–46,058) with an average number of (41,611.17) pharmacy technicians required. While the demand for pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:2) was (18,281–22,218) with an average of (20,159.67). The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians required in the future based on the ratio standard (1:3) was 27,867–34,138 with an average number of (30,885.42) pharmacy technicians required. In the future (2018–2030), the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard (1:4) was (47,600–64,317) with an average of (54,895.23) pharmacy technicians required. However, the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard of (1:2) was (23,154–31,286) with an average number of (26,689.30) pharmacy technicians required. The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technician required based on the ratio standard (1:3) was (35,377–47,802) with an average number of (40,792.27) pharmacy technicians required. Conclusion: In this study, the demands and future forecasting of pharmacy technician workforces was determined. The pharmacist to pharmacy technician ratio should be standardized. Pharmacy technicians may be utilized at community pharmacies in the future. Periodic analysis of demand and forecasting at PHCs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.

Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

Objectives: The workforce of hospital pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia.: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals over the past twelve years (2006-2017) and forecasting during (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce demand and forecasting in the future (2018- 2030) at MOH organization practice. All data were derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforce at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospital with update literatures. All calculation was done used Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The number of pharmacy technician demand based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) demand was (21,212.6-26,091) with an average (22,934.68). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of pharmacy technician demand was (7,410-8,859) with an average (8,320.55). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of a ratio (1:3) was (14,300-17,475) with an average (15,627.62). The forecasting number of pharmacy technician in the future within years (2018-2030) over thirteen years based on optimum pharmacy and pharmacist. The pharmacy technician ratio (1:4) forecast was (33,898.6-45,803) with an average (39,577.00). While with a ratio of (1:2) the number of the forecasting pharmacy technician was (16,303-22,028) with an average (19,034.31). The number of pharmacy technician forecasting of ratio (1:3) was (25,100 - 33,916) with an average (29,305.54). Conclusion: The demand of pharmacy technicians and forecasting in the future were determined. The ratio of pharmacist to pharmacy technician in the hospital practice should be standardized. An annual study on hospital pharmacy technician workforce is recommended in Saudi Arabia.

Primary Healthcare Centers Pharmacy Technician Workforce over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at MOH Primary Healthcare Centers over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) practice. All data derived from Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that’s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH PHCs setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of Primary Healthcare Centers. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total numbers of pharmacy Technician were 8.373 and who distributed at the hospital were 6,620 (79.06%), at primary care centers 1,623(19.38 %) while administration regions 130 (1.55%). The total number of pharmacy technician was (1,623) with rage (891-1,623 and average (1,292). While the average numbers per region of PHCs pharmacy technician were (65) with a range number of (32-84). The average numbers of pharmacy technician per pharmacist per region (9.11) with a range number of (0.83-14.83) annually. The estimated average rage gender distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region were male (31-72) with average 56 (86.15%), while the female was (6-12) and average 9 (13.84%). The estimated average rage nationality distribution of PHCs pharmacy Technician per region was Saudi (30-80) with average 61 (93.84%), while the non-Saudi was (1-13) and average 4 (6.16%). Conclusion: One fifth of the pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health PHCs. The majority of pharmacy technician was Saudi and the male gender. The ratio of pharmacy technician was very high related shortage of pharmacists. The analysis of pharmacy technician workforces at PHCs is highly recommended annually in Saudi Arabia.

Hospital Pharmacy Technician Workforce over 12 Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals over the past 12 years (2006–2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 12 years (2006–2017) of MOH pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data were derived from MOH’s Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information of pharmacy technician workforce was estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data at each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: A total of 8373 pharmacy technicians were employed with 6620 (79.06 %) and 1623 (19.38%) pharmacy technicians employed at various hospitals and primary healthcare centers, respectively; while in the medical administration sectors was 130 (1.55 %). The total number of pharmacy technicians were 4578 (range: 2899–6620). The average number of pharmacy technicians working per bed per region of the hospital was 0.25 (range: 0.08–1.66). The average number of pharmacy technicians per pharmacist per region was 3.04 (range: 2.00–5.57) annually. The average number of male pharmacy technicians was 195 (85.15%) (range: 114–285), whereas the number of female technicians was 34 (14.84%) (range: 21–46). An estimated average number of 211 (92.14%) were Saudi nationals per region (range: 104–319), whereas an average of 18 (7.86%) were non-Saudi individuals (range: 10–41). Conclusion: There are more number of pharmacy technicians working at MOH hospitals. The majority of them were Saudi nationals and there were more males than that of female technicians. The ratio of pharmacist to technician was acceptable. The annual assessment of pharmacy technician workforce in the MOH healthcare institutions is required in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Pharmacy Technician Workforce in Saudi Arabia over Twelve Years (2006-2017)

Objectives: To explore the workforce of pharmacy technician at Ministry of Health (MOH) institutions over the past twelve years (2006-2017) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of Ministry of Health pharmacy technician workforce at hospital practice. All data derived from the Ministry of Health Statistical Year Books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician workforce, that’s will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data in each region including gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and exclude all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH hospital and Primary Health Care Centers (PHCs) settings. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals and PHCs. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total number of pharmacy technician in all sectors, hospitals, primary healthcare centers and medical affairs administration increased from 4,289 to 8,373 over twelve years to 1.96-fold increments (2006- 2017). The number of Saudi pharmacy technician increased from 3,064 to 8,061 to 2.63-fold increments while non-Saudi pharmacy technician decreased from 1,225 to 312 to 3.92-fold reductions. The rate of pharmacy technician to pharmacist decreased from 6.7 to 2.2 to 3.05-fold ratio reductions while the pharmacy technician per 10,000 population increased from 2.67 to 4.29 to 1.61-fold incremental ratio over the past twelve years. Conclusion: The pharmacy technician worked at the Ministry of Health institutions increased over the past twelve years. The Saudi pharmacy technician was increased with reduction of non-Saudi nationality. The male gender more than female. The ratio of pharmacy technician to pharmacist was reduced by time. The pharmacy technician workforces needed to explore at all healthcare institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Satisfaction of Team-Based Learning on Discussion in the Training Course of Emergency Medical Technician / 의료커뮤니케이션

BACKGROUND: Team-based learning is known for its effective and satisfying education methods in the study of various medical schools. This study was prepared to confirm the satisfaction of applying this team-based learning to the training course of emergency medical technician.METHODS: A total of 165 new members of the course of second grade National Emergency medical technician at 2019 were finally enrolled in the study. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire. The team-based learning method was organized with eight students per group to conduct pre-learning and then proceed to open book to encourage active discussion among individuals. The questionnaire consisted of questions about the satisfaction of the discussion process, such as whether the knowledge gained from the discussion was appropriate, and whether collaboration between colleagues was successful during the discussion, and about the benefits of team-based learning, how well knowledge transfer compared to existing lectures, and the replacement of existing lectures. The questionnaire used a Likert 5 point scale, and the data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0.RESULTS: The overall rating of team-based learning was 7.8 ± 1.5 out of 10. Many students answered positively (88.5%) for benefits, while 87.9% responded positively to whether the knowledge transfer effect was better compared to existing lectures. In addition, the satisfaction of team-based learning was generally high, with more than 90 percent of education students giving positive answers to the replacement of other lectures with team-based learning.CONCLUSION: The learners gave positive answers to the satisfaction, usefulness and learning effects of team-based learning. Team-based learning is a discussion-based study, so it is a good way to improve communication skills. Since communication and teamwork are important in first aid activities, the characteristics of team-based learning could lead to improvements in first aid services, leading to high-quality emergency medical services.

Software educativo Elementos de Nutrident para el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en Estomatología / Elements of Nutrident: educational software to the teaching-learning process in Dentistry Studies

RESUMEN Introducción: un profesional de la salud que aproveche las nuevas tecnologías de la informática y la computación, y que además utilice estas herramientas en beneficio de mejorar y ampliar sus conocimientos sobre nutrición, será un profesional capacitado para prevenir, diagnosticar y tratar afecciones de la cavidad bucal relacionadas con la nutrición y fomentará estilos saludables de alimentación en el individuo, la familia y la comunidad. Objetivo: confeccionar un software educativo para apoyar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del curso optativo Nutrición en Estomatología. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico en la carrera de Estomatología desde noviembre 2017 a abril de 2018. Se emplearon métodos teóricos (histórico-lógico, análisis y síntesis, análisis bibliográfico), empíricos (entrevista, y encuestas). El universo estuvo constituido por 250 estudiantes de Estomatología de la provincia Las Tunas y la muestra quedó conformada por 51 estudiantes de quinto año. Resultados: el software educativo favoreció el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en el curso optativo Nutrición en Estomatología, propiciando la formación de un egresado integral con elevado nivel científico. Conclusiones: se presentaron elementos de Nutrident: software educativo para el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje del curso optativo de Nutrición en Estomatología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: a health professional who takes advantages of the new technologies of informatics and communication, and who is able to use these tools to benefit, improve and widen his/her knowledge concerning nutrition, will be a well-trained professional to prevent, to diagnose and to treat affectations of the oral cavity related to nutrition, along with the promotion of healthy eating styles in the individual, family and community. Objective: to create educational software to support the teaching-learning process of the elective course Nutrition in Dentistry Care. Methods: a technological development research was carried out in Dentistry studies from November 2017 to April 2018. Theoretical methods were used (historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, bibliographic analysis), empirical methods (interview, and surveys). The target group was comprised of 250 students of Dentistry from Las Tunas province and the sample included 51 students of fifth academic year. Results: the educational software favored the teaching-learning process in the elective course of Nutrition in Dentistry Care encouraging the development of a comprehensive graduate with a high scientific level. Conclusions: the elements of Nutrident were presented: educational software for the teaching-learning process of the elective course of Nutrition in Dentistry Care.

A transição funcional de técnico de enfermagem para enfermeiro na perspectiva do profissional / Professionals' view regarding the transition process from a nurse technician to a nurse / El transição funcional del técnico de enfermería para enfermeras: desde la perspectiva del profesional

Objective: To describe how the nursing professional handles new assignments and responsibilities, identify and discuss the factors that facilitate and facilitate this transition to nursing work. Method: Descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Participants were thirteen nursing technicians who underwent functional transition and currently perform functions as nurses. It presents as scenario, surgical units of a university hospital, in rio de janeiro. The ethical and legal aspects of Resolution No. 466/2012 of the CNS approved by the CEP, under No. 1,432,069, were respected. The semi-structured interview was used to analyze the data, and content analysis was performed. Results: It presents as categories: the professional nursing technician and the functional transition for nurses and the facilitating and hindering factors in the functional transition. Conclusion: The functional transition meets the need of the technician in the search for scientific knowledge, professional growth and personal evolution

Objetivo: Descrever como o profissional de enfermagem lida com novas atribuições e responsabilidades, identificar e discutir os fatores facilitadores e dificultadores dessa transição para o trabalho de enfermagem. Método: Estudo descritivo, exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes foram treze técnicos de enfermagem que passaram pela transição funcional e atualmente desenvolvem funções enquanto enfermeiros. Apresenta como cenário, unidades cirúrgicas de um hospital universitário, no rio de janeiro. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos e legais da resolução nº466/2012 do CNS aprovado pelo CEP, com o nº 1.432.069. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, para análise dos dados, realizou-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Apresenta como categorias: o profissional técnico de enfermagem e a transição funcional para enfermeiro e os fatores facilitadores e dificultadores na transição funcional. Conclusão: A transição funcional atende a necessidade do técnico na busca por conhecimento científico, crescimento profissional e evolução pessoal

Objetivos: describir cómo el profesional de enfermería trata con nuevas asignaciones y responsabilidades, identificar y debatir los factores facilitadores y obstaculizadores de esta transición al trabajo de enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo. Los participantes fueron trece técnicos de enfermería que pasaron por la transición funcional y actualmente desarrollan funciones como enfermeros. Presenta como escenografía, unidades quirúrgicas de un hospital universitario en Río de Janeiro. Se respetaron los aspectos éticos y jurídicos de la resolución no 466/2012 del CNS aprobada por el CEP, con el párrafo 1.432.069. La entrevista interestructurada se utilizó para el análisis de los datos, se realizó el análisis del contenido. Resultados: presenta como categorías: el técnico profesional de enfermería y la transición funcional a la enfermería y a los facilitadores y factores que dificultan la transición funcional. Conclusión: la transición funcional satisface la necesidad del técnico en la búsqueda para el conocimiento científico, el crecimiento profesional y la evolución personal

Radio technician operation specification of multi b value DWI technique applied to liver tumor detection / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To enhance the standardized operation of multi b value DWI technique when the radio technician detects liver tumors.Methods The operation specifications of multi b value DWI technique applied to liver benign tumors diagnosis were analyzed for MRI conventional examination,MR-DWI scan,MR-DWI image processing.Considerations were also taken on unified detection standard,supervision system,management mechanism and etc.Results Radio technician was improved in operation specification when used multi b value DWI technique to detect liver tumors. Conclusion Radio technician operation specification of multi b value DWI technique has to be strengthened to enhance the clinical efficacy.

Drug calculation ability of qualified paramedics:A pilot study / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND:The inability of paramedics to perform accurate calculations may result in a compromise of patient safety which may result from under or over dosing of drugs, incorrect joules for defibril ation, or a major adverse event such as death. The objective of this study was to identify the drug calculation and mathematical ability of qualified operational paramedics. METHODS:The study used a cross-sectional design with a paper-based calculation questionnaire. Twenty paramedics enrolled in an intensive care paramedic course were eligible to participate in the study. The questionnaire consisted of demographic, drug calculation (seven questions), and mathematical (five) questions. Students were given no notice of the impending study and use of a calculator was not permitted. RESULTS:All eligible students participated in the study. The average time employed as a paramedic was 7.25 years, SD 2.5 years, range four years to twelve years. Four (20％) students got all 12 questions correct, and five (41.6％) got 50％ or less. The average score was 8.6 (71.7％) correct, SD 2.8 correct, range 3 to 12 correct questions. There were eight (40％) conceptual errors, 12 (60％) arithmetical errors, and five (25％) computational errors. CONCLUSION:The results from this study supports similar international studies where paramedic's ability to undertake mathematical and drug calculations without a calculator varies, with some results highlighting the paramedics mathematical skills as a potential risk to patient safety. These results highlight the need for regular continuing mathematical and drug calculation practice and education to ensure a lower error rate.

Challenges in the end-of-course paper for nursing technical training / Desafíos del trabajo de conclusión de curso en la formación del técnico de enfermería / Desafios do trabalho de conclusão de curso na formação do técnico de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the opinion of Nursing Technical Training students on the stages of construction of the End-of-Course Paper. Method: A cross-sectional study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. A total of 94 students participated from a Nursing Technical course of an institution in the State of São Paulo. A questionnaire was used with assertions, followed by a "Likert Scale" and open field for additional comments. Results: The students gave a positive evaluation of the stages involved in completing the paper, but negative responses regarding the time available and obligatory nature (38%). Nevertheless, they understood the essence of the task, in order to foster personal and professional growth; with perspectives to advance in other modalities of the course. Conclusion: It is important that course administrators and professors are prepared to support their students, aiming at an effective transformation for the way of thinking and practice in health care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la opinión de los estudiantes de la Enseñanza Técnica de Enfermería sobre las etapas de construcción del trabajo de conclusión de curso. Método: Estudio transversal, con abordaje cualitativa y cuantitativa. Participaron 94 estudiantes del curso Técnico de Enfermería de una institución del Estado de São Paulo. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con asertivas, seguidas por una "Escala Likert" y campo abierto para comentarios adicionales. Resultados: Los estudiantes evaluaron positivamente la realización de las etapas de trabajo de conclusión de curso, excepto el tiempo disponible y su obligatoriedad. Ellos asimilaron la esencia de la construcción de ese trabajo, en el sentido de propiciar crecimiento personal y profesional, con perspectivas para avanzar en otras modalidades de curso, aunque 38% no concuerde con la obligatoriedad de esa construcción. Conclusión: Es importante que gestores y docentes estén preparados para apoyar a los estudiantes, visando la efectiva transformación en la manera de pensar y reaccionar en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a opinião dos estudantes do Ensino Técnico de Enfermagem sobre as etapas de construção do trabalho de conclusão de curso. Método: Estudo transversal, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Participaram 94 estudantes do curso Técnico de Enfermagem de uma instituição do Estado de São Paulo. Foi utilizado um questionário com assertivas, seguidas por uma "Escala Likert" e campo aberto para comentários adicionais. Resultados: Os estudantes avaliaram positivamente a realização das etapas do trabalho de conclusão de curso, exceto o tempo disponível e sua obrigatoriedade. Eles apreenderam a essência da construção desse trabalho, no sentido de propiciar crescimento pessoal e profissional, com perspectivas para avançar em outras modalidades de curso, embora 38% não concorde com a obrigatoriedade dessa construção. Conclusão: É importante que gestores e docentes estejam preparados para apoiar os estudantes, visando a efetiva transformação na forma de pensar e agir em saúde.

La superación profesional del técnico en salud y el empleo de los entornos virtuales de enseñanza / The health technician's professional training and the use of the teaching virtual environments

Se propone una estrategia, desde un enfoque desarrollador del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con vistas a contribuir a la superación profesional de los docentes de los institutos superiores tecnológicos en relación con el uso de los entornos virtuales, lo cual les permitirá responder al desafío transformador de este nivel educativo.

A strategy of the teaching-learning process is proposed from a developing approach, with the aim of contributing to the professional training of the teaching staff of the technological higher institutes in relation to the use of the virtual environments, which will allow them to respond to the transforming challenge of this educational level.

Capacitação e intervenções de técnicos de farmácia na dispensação de medicamentos em Atenção Primária à Saúde / Training of pharmacy technicians for dispensing drugs in Primary Health Care

Resumo São escassos artigos científicos brasileiros que discutam a importância do trabalho do técnico em farmácia em assistência direta ao paciente. Este trabalho descreve uma experiência de capacitação de técnicos de farmácia para dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado na atenção primária à saúde. Os técnicos foram capacitados pelo farmacêutico a orientar os pacientes no momento da dispensação e para triar casos que necessitavam atendimento farmacêutico. A identificação dos problemas foi feita por meio da observação da prescrição, data de retorno para dispensação ou do questionamento direto ao paciente. Foram elaborados fluxos de identificação de problemas e de intervenção, após os quais os técnicos identificaram 3.944 problemas, sendo os mais comuns: uso de medicamento em quantidade inferior à prescrita (26%) e não adesão ao tratamento farmacológico (25%). Os resultados demonstram a importância da capacitação dos técnicos na dispensação de medicamentos, fazendo deles um aliado do farmacêutico no processo de identificação e resolução de problemas relacionados a medicamentos, além de torná-los membros ativos do processo de cuidado no sistema de saúde pública.

Abstract Few Brazilian articles discuss the importance of pharmacy technicians who offer direct assistance to patients. This paper describes an experience of the training of pharmacy technicians in drug dispensing. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the primary healthcare setting. The technicians were trained by the pharmacist to advise patients at the time of drug dispensing and to screen cases that needed pharmaceutical consultation. Problems were identified by verifying the prescription and return date for dispensing the medication as well as through direct questioning of the patients. Flowcharts for problem identification and intervention were created for use by the technicians. After training, pharmacy technicians identified 3944 problems, the most common of which were the use of a lower dosage than that prescribed (26%) and non-adherence to pharmacological treatment. The findings of the present study demonstrate the importance of training pharmacy technicians with regard to dispensing drugs so that they can assist pharmacists in the process of identifying and solving drug-related problems, thereby making them active members of the care process in the public health system.

A Survey of Patients whose Consciousness Levels have been Judged as 1 on the Japan Coma Scale by Emergency Life-saving Technicians / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

<p><b>Introduction: </b>We retrospectively examined the grounds for judging the consciousness level as 1 on the Japan Coma Scale (JCS) made by emergency life-saving technicians (ELSTs).</p><p><b>Methods: </b>The survey involved the sick and injured who were transferred to the hospital by ambulance during the 25-month period from July 1st, 2011, and who were able to respond to questions asked by hospital staff to make records after ELSTs had judged their consciousness level as 1 on the JCS.</p><p><b>Result: </b>A survey involving 105 cases was conducted to examine grounds for judgment of consciousness level of the sick and injured as 1 on the JCS. "Vacant or blank expression", "delay in reactions" or "delay in responses" were cited as the grounds by 61.0 and 47.6%, respectively.</p><p><b>Conclusion: </b>When ELSTs judged the consciousness level of the sick and injured as 1 on the JCS, they made the above observations of the patients. Although these factors are useful for evaluating the status of consciousness, they are not certain. In some cases, ELSTs may have judged the consciousness level as 1 when it should have been judged as 2 or 3 on the JCS. Therefore, it is suspected that some ELSTs may not recognize disorientation appropriately.</p>