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ObjectiveTo study the correlation between the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus in different main production areas and soil factors， so as to provide a theoretical basis for implementing ecological regulation of soil， improving the quality of Aurantii Fructus， and revealing the origin of genuine medicinal materials. MethodThe content of naringin， neohesperidin， total flavonoids， volatile oil， total nitrogen， total phosphorus， total potassium， and 17 soil factor-related indicators in 25 batches of Aurantii Fructus from different production areas were determined. The main soil factors affecting the content of active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and grey correlation analysis. ResultThe pH value of the soil is between 4.83 and 8.21， and the soil is weakly acidic and neutral in general. Soil fertility exceeds the average. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the soil factors most related to the four active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， available copper， available zinc， exchangeable magnesium， available sulfur， available phosphorus， and available molybdenum. Principal component analysis shows that total nitrogen， alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen， organic matter， available phosphorus， and available zinc are the main characteristic factors in soil. Grey correlation analysis shows that the main soil factors affecting the active ingredients of Aurantii Fructus are total phosphorus， total nitrogen， available zinc， available copper， exchangeable magnesium， and pH. ConclusionIn the cultivation of Aurantii Fructus， the medicinal material quality of Aurantii Fructus could be improved by adjusting the level of beneficial factors in the soil and improving the soil texture.
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Background@#Infections in respiratory systems have spread throughout the world without any restrictions including living places, public issues, and lifestyle. Three main causes of illnesses for the population of cities and rural areas were gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. After investigated some medicinal herbs including <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>, it has been reported that they had antiinflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing effects. Lozenge formulation has some advantages for treatment application, such as easily absorbed, good bioavailability and ability of diminishing stomach irritation. In this study, we aimed to obtain a suitable extract from <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> for further lozenge formulation.@*Purpose@#To obtain a suitable extract from <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>, and to conduct qualitative and quantitative studies for some biologically active substances@*Materials and methods@#In this study, an aerial part of <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> were used, and the study was conducted in MUPS. For obtaining a suitable extract, the raw materials were extracted by remaceration, repercolation and circulation methods in 20% and 70% of ethanol and distilled water. The flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in the extracts were determined by thin layer chromatography. Quantitative analysis for total flavonoids was performed by spectrophotometer.@*Results@#According to the result, a yellow spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (<i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>), indicating that flavonoid contained in the extracted solution.</br> The result was compared to standards of rutin (Rf=0.2) and quercetin (Rf= 0.94). Also, a black, blue spot-on chromatogram was detected in extracted raw materials (<i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i>), indicating that polyphenols contained in the extracted solution. The spots were compared to gallic acid as a standard substance. In the quantitative assay of total flavonoids in raw materials, black-green precipitation was revealed after procedure. From this result, remaceration and circulation techniques were suitable to extract the raw materials. Flavonoid content was 3.35±0.04% after using remaceration technique, which indicated that it was more suitable to extract the raw materials.@*Conclusions@#These results showed that the appropriate extracting solution for <i>Stelleria Chamaejasme</i> L. and <i>Oxytropis Pseudoglandulosa</i> was 70% of ethanol. In this case, 3.35±0.04% of flavonoid was extracted by remaceration technique.
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Green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers.) is a plant from Indonesia that is believed to have anti-inflammatory activity.This study aims to find the optimum condition in grass jelly extraction using the ionic liquid-microwave assistedextraction toward total flavonoid content (TFC) and lipoxygenase activity (LIA). The experimental design wasperformed using the parameters variable including extraction time, liquid–solid ratio, and ionic liquids concentrationto obtain the optimum condition. The optimization analysis used response surface methodology (RSM) with Box–Behnken design (17 trials) to obtain a predictive model with TFC and LIA as a response surface value. In the presentstudy, the optimum condition was suggested by RSM analysis with parameter variables, including extraction time of17 minutes, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) concentration of 1.76 mol/l, and the liquid–solid ratioof 38.21 ml/g. The equation of regression quadratic model was obtained to predict TFC and LIA as follows: TFC =2.43A + 2.43B + 1.42C + 0.33AB − 3.20AC − 0.46BC − 4.90A2 − 3.10B2 − 3.10C2 + 28.32 with R2 = 0.8336 and LIA= 0.066A + 8.22B + 0.97C + 2.47AB − 5.86AC + 1.96BC − 9.99A2 − 13.75B2 − 13.11C2 + 63.53 with R2 = 0.9207,respectively
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Objective: Phytochemicals as phenol and flavonoid have a powerful biological activity. So, this study aimed to carry out phytochemical screening, total phenol and flavonoid content in two plant species i.e. M. rubicaulis and R. indica. Methods: The extraction of different parts of two plant species was done by maceration using ethanol. Phytochemical screening was done to confirm the presence of phytochemicals. Total phenol content was done by Folin ciocalteu method and total flavonoid content was done by Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, terpenoids in both plant species. The highest concentration of phenol content was observed in the root and stem of an extract of M. rubicaulis i.e. 281.83±1.98 mg GAE/g dry extract weight and 225.37±0.60 mg GAE/g dry extract weight. The highest concentration of flavonoid contents was observed in the leaves of R. indica i.e. 462.21±4.67 mg QE/g dry extract weight followed by stem and root of M. rubicaulis i.e. 381.06±5.23 mg QE/g dry extract weight and 337.43±1.39 mg QE/g dry extract weight. Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis concluded the presence of biologically important phytoconstituents like flavonoid and phenol in both plant species. Further studies, should be carried out to isolate specific chemical constituents and should be used in different studies to explore their biological effects.
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ObjectiveThe study of the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with scutellaria baicalensis stem-leaf total flavonoid (SSTF) are rarely reported.The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of SSTF on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in rats with hypertriglyceridemia.Methods60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, fenofibrate group (100 mg·kg-1), SSTF groups with low, medium and high doses (50,100,200 mg·kg-1, respectively). All rats, except those of the normal group, were fed with high-fat diet and given corresponding drug intervention for 6 weeks. Then the body masses at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks as well as wet weight of the liver at the end of 6th week were recorded, and liver index was calculated. The serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected. The levels of TG, TC, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in liver tissue were determined, and liver histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.ResultsIn the model group, compared with the normal group, the body masses at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks and liver index at the end of 6th week were increased, the serum levels of TG, TC and LDL-C got increased with decreased HDL-C level, and the levels of TG[（1.603±0.146）mmol/L], TC[（3.474±0.356）mmol/L] and MDA[（10.288±1.979）nmol/mg] in liver tissue were increased with decreased levels of SOD[（106.840±24.014）U/mg] and GSH-PX[（9.278±2.079）U/mg]. Compared with the model group,the fenofibrate group and all SSTF groups showed decreased body masses at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks and liver index at the end of 6th week, decreased serum levels of TG, TC and LDL-C with increased level of HDL-C, and decreased levels of TG, TC and MDA with increased levels of SOD and GSH-PX in liver tissue. The comparsion between the fenofibrate group and the high-dose SSTF group revealed that the body masses at the 4th and 6th weeks and liver index at the end of 6th week were decreased, the serum levels of TG, TC and LDL-C were decreased with increased level of HDL-C, and the levels of TG[（0.718±0.135）mmol/L] and MDA[（5.071±1.305）nmol/mg] in liver tissue got decreased with increased levels of SOD[（172.210±30.214）U/mg] and GSH-PX[（14.623±2.418）U/mg] in the latter group. All the above-mentioned differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05).ConclusionSSTF can regulate lipid metabolism and improve pathological injury of liver in hypertriglyceridemia rats, which may be related with inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reduction of oxidative stress.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between basic nutrient, the activity of soil enzyme and the quality of rhizome in the rhizosphere soil of wild and transplanted Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and select the primal soil factors affecting the active components of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and provide the reference for the rational fertilization of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. Methods: A total of 33 samples of rhizome and soil collected from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan were used as materials. The basic nutrient, the activity of soil enzyme and the quality of rhizome of the samples were measured. On this basis, the correlation between the quality of rhizome and soil factor was analyzed. The primal soil factors affecting the quality of rhizome of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were also selected by using the method of stepwise regression analysis. Results: There were some differences in the contents of the total saponins, the total polysaccharides and the total flavonoids between the samples of wild and transplanted P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, and there were also regional characteristics in quality between them. In all the rhizosphere soil samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, the pH of the soil was moderate, the basic nutrient was sufficient and rich, and the activity of soil enzyme was high, which were suitable for the growth and development of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. And the soil fertility quality of the wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis was better than the transplanted. The content of total saponins in the wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis was significantly positively correlated with the activity of polyphenol oxidase, and the content of total polysaccharides was significantly negatively correlated with the pH of the rhizosphere soil and the activity of urease. The content of total saponins in the transplanted P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis was negatively correlated with the content of available potassium in rhizosphere soil, the content of total flavonoids was significantly positively correlated with the activity of sucrase, and the content of total polysaccharides was significantly positively correlated with the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion Based on the traditional evaluation, the quality of the transplanted P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis samples is equal to the wild samples, they can be used as the same in the market. The quality of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is mainly affected by the soil factors. In the process of protecting wild P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and cultivating P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, it is need to be careful to increase and decrease the content and the ratio of soil nutrient according to the actual conditions.
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Objective: To study the effects of exogenous trehalose on the growth and total flavonoids content of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) seedlings under NaCl stress. Methods: Using licorice seedlings as the material, the effects of NaCl stress on physiological growth, enzyme activity, ion content, osmotic regulation and total flavonoid content of licorice seedlings were studied in this experiment, Microsoft Excel 2010 was used for data processing and analysis, and SPSS19.0 statistical software was used for data analysis of variance. Results: Trehalose (10-20 mmol/L) significantly reduced the damage of NaCl to licorice seedlings, and the effect was the best when the concentration of exogenous trehalose was 15 mmol/L. Under NaCl stress, when exogenous trehalose concentration was 15 mmol/L, the growth of licorice seedlings was the most exuberant and the growth amount increased the most, and the K+ and K+/Na+ concentrations that affected the osmotic regulation of licorice seedlings increased the most, while the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were decreased compared with those without NaCl stress. When the concentration of exogenous trehalose was 15 mmol/L, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in licorice seedlings under NaCl stress could be improved, and the content of light and chlorophyll in plant cells under NaCl stress could be increased. When the concentration of exogenous trehalose was 15 mmol/L, the contents of soluble sugar, proline and cellular regulatory substance MDA in licorice seedlings under NaCl stress could be reduced. Conclusion: The application of exogenous trehalose with appropriate concentration under NaCl stress can promote the growth of licorice seedlings and the accumulation of effective components, reduce the harm of salt damage to the growth of licorice, and enhance the growth ability of Licorice under NaCl stress.
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Objective: To determine total phenolic and flavonoids contents and also quantify vindoline and rutin in different morphotypes of Catharanthus roseus using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Methods: Total flavonoids content (TFC) was determined by Aluminium chloride colorimetric and total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. The chromatographic separation was done by using a C18 column at room temperature and eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH=5.8) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and detection was carried out at 254 nm. Results: TPC and TFC content was found highest in Cr00DP and lowest in Cr00WFSRE. Results also showed that the purple morphotypes Cr00DP gives more vindoline (0.3 mg/g) and rutin (18.57 mg/g) concentration compared to the pink morphotype Cr00PFRE contained 18.3 mg/g rutin and 0.2 mg/g vindoline. White morphotypes contained 0.383 mg/g rutin and 0.004 mg/g vindoline which was significantly less as compared to purple and pink morphotypes. Conclusion: The plant has significant number of alkaloids and flavonoids. The obtained outcomes from different morphotypes are thus significant for the purpose of vindoline and rutin isolation from Catharanthus roseus plant. These isolated bioactive phytoconstituents are a good candidate for further pharmacological and clinical study.
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Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.
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Abstract@#We have worked on the research related with total flavonoid isolated Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder, which enhance and restore physical energy and reduce mental pain. According to the result, the highest amount (2.4±0.007%) of the total flavonoids was found in the 40% ethanol extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder at 60 minutes of extraction time. Subsequently, the granulated formulation from the extract of Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder was prepared by using 4% of gelatin, 4% of polyvinylchloride and 4% of carboxymethyl cellulose. The fluidity and pouring weight of the granule was evaluated and 4% of gelatin was chosen as the suitable binder for the formulation. In conclusion, we have successfully developed the granulated formulation from Rhododendron Adamsii Rehder.
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Objective: To compare the pharmacokinetics of naringin and neohesperidin after oral administration of Zhishi total flavonoid glycosides (ZSTFG) extracted from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus in normal and gastrointestinal motility disorders (GMD) mice. Methods: ZSTFG was orally given to normal and GMD mice induced by atropine or dopamine. The plasma samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase/sulfatase, the total (free + conjugated) naringenin and hesperitin were extracted with acetonitrile. The validated HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study. Results: The results showed that, compared with the normal group, AUC0–∞, AUC0–t and Cmax for total naringenin and hesperitin were significantly higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), while CLZ/F for total naringenin and hesperitin was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the GMD group. Tmax, t1/2z, MRT0-t, and MRT0-∞ for naringenin were longer (P < 0.01) in the GMD group than those in the normal group. Conclusion: The results showed that there were significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of naringenin and hesperitin between normal and GMD groups. It was suggested that the absorption of naringenin and hesperitin was increased, and the elimination processes of naringenin and hesperitin were slower in the GMD group than the normal group. The data are of value for further pharmacological studies of ZSTFG and would be useful to provide a reference for improving the therapeutic regimen of ZSTFG in clinical trials.
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Objective: To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoid from different kinds of teas and com- pare the total flavonoid content in teas. Methods: The UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the total flavonoids in tea. The effects of ethanol concentration,material-liquid ratio,extraction temperature and extraction time on the ex- traction rate were investigated. The extraction processes were optimized by the orthogonal experiment and variance analy- sis,and the total flavonoid content was compared for different extraction processes. Results: The conditions for the opti- mal extraction processes were as follows:60% ethanol concentration,1:40(g/ml)material-liquid ratio,80℃ extraction temperature and 70 min extraction time for black tea;60% ethanol concentration,1:40(g/ml)material-liquid ratio, 90℃ extraction temperature and 70 min extraction time for oolong tea;and 70% ethanol concentration,1:40(g/ml)ma- terial-liquid ratio,80℃ extraction temperature and 70 min extraction time for green tea. Under the conditions of the opti- mized extraction processes,the content of total flavonoids in black tea was the highest,followed by the oolong tea,with the least content in green tea. Conclusion: The optimization of the extraction process could significantly increase the ex- traction of in tea,and the total flavonoid content obviously differed in the different kinds of teas. The present results pro-vide an experimental basis for future studies on the extraction of total flavonoid in teas to further explore the influencing factors to the extraction.
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Objective: To explore the effects of drynaria total flavonoids on serum estrogen (E2) level, OPG/RANKL balance and bone microarchitecture of mandible in a rat model of bone loss induced by ovariectomy. Methods: We randomly divided 40 three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats into 5 groups (n=8 per group): sham-operation group (Sham), ovariectomized group (OVX), low-dose drynaria total flavonoids group (GB-L), high-dose drynaria total flavonoids group (GB-H) and estradiol valerate group (EV). The mandibular osteoporosis model was established by removing the rats' ovaries. After 12 weeks the rats were killed, and the serum estrogen levels were measured. OPG and RANKL were detected using ELISA method. Therapeutic effect of drynaria total flavonoids was observed by pathomorphology and histomorphometry of the mandibular molar sections. Results: Compared with those in the sham group, the mandible of rats in OVX group was loosely changed, the level of E2 decreased significantly (P<0.001), and OPG/RANKL decreased significantly (P<0.001). Compared with OVX group, the mandible microstructure of rats in EV group got a good repair, while the serum E2 level and OPG/RANKL increased significantly (both P<0.001). Compared with OVX group, the percentage of trabecular bone (%Tb.Ar) and OPG/RANKL increased in all the GB groups (P<0.001, P=0.029), (P<0.001, P=0.007), while GB-H group also had increased thickness of trabecular bone (Tb.Th) and serum OPG levels (P=0.019, P<0.001), reduced trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp)(P=0.001), but no effect on serum E2 level (P=0.432, P=0.459). Conclusion: Drynaria total flavonoids can inhibit the destruction of the mandibular trabecular structure, thus slowing down the mandibular resorption process. However, they cannot improve E2 concentration. The mechanism is realized by adjusting the balance of OPG/RANKL.
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Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant interactions between aqueous infusions of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum at different ratios. Methods: Antioxidant activities of aqueous infusion of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum (leaves) alone or in combination at various proportions (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were determined by DPPH, ABTS, NO and ex-vivo assays including lipid peroxidation and haemolysis. Total phenolic content and flavonoid content was calculated by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetry method, respectively. A correlation study was also conducted between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic/flavonoid content of various infusions. The interactions were analyzed by combination index applying CompuSyn software. Results: Green tea exhibited high radical scavenging ability as compared to Ocimum gratissimum infusion. Combination of green tea and Ocimum gratissimum exhibited moderate antagonism to strong synergistic interaction at various ratios. A strong correlation was found between total phenolic content/total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of individual infusions (green tea and Ocimum gratissimum). For binary mixture at different ratios, a weak to strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and almost no correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant potential. Conclusions: Overall, green tea and Ocimum gratissimum combination (1:1) displayed the highest antioxidant potential and maximum synergism.
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The ethyl acetate extracts obtained from under-ripe (Young Stage), mature (Mature Stage) and ripe fruit (Ripe Stage) fruit pulp of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. were evaluated for their Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content and antioxidant property. Total Moisture Content and the Total Ash Content of pulp were determined by subjecting to heat treatment. Total Phenolic Content was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content by Aluminium Chloride Colorimetric Assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays. The highest moisture content varies as Young Stage>Mature Stage>Ripe Stage in 84.71% to 70.38% range and Total Ash Content of the Ripe Stage pulp was the highest (6.86 %) and the least was observed for the Young Stage with a value of 5.40 %. For the Total Phenolic Content, crude extracts isolated from Mature Stage showed highest value (434.04 mg GAE/g) and Total Flavonoid Content was highest in crude extract of the Young Stage (446.79 mg QE/g). Ripe Stage Crude extract gave lowest value for both Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content. For DPPH Radical Scavenging, ABTS Radical Scavenging and FRAP Assays, highest activity was reported by crude extract of Young Stage followed by crude extract of Mature Stage and least activity was given by crude extract of Ripe Stage. A correlation between Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content with antioxidant activity was noticeable. A declination of the antioxidant activity was observed as the fruit reaches its maturity.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of two marine algae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Gracilaria gracilis. The extracts were assayed for total phenol and flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, nitric oxide activity, iron chelation activity, and reducing power activity. Total phenol and flavonoid content were found to be high in both algae. Ethyl acetate extracts of both algae were found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity. Ethyl acetate extract of N. oculata exhibited a good capacity for iron chelation, nitrate oxide, and scavenging DPPH free radicals (72.95±2.30, 73.73±1.76, and 39.03±0.97% inhibition at 400 µg mL-1 respectively).
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Seaweed/classification , In Vitro Techniques , Antioxidants/analysis , Flavonoids/analysis , Phenol/analysisABSTRACT
Objective To establish and verify the design space for the extraction process of Carthami Flos (CF) based on the concept of quality by design (QbD). Methods The safflower was used as a model drug. The critical evaluation indicators were determined through literature and previous research experience. Fishbone diagram and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) were carried out to determine the critical process parameters (CPPs). The mathematical models of CPPs and critical evaluation indicators were established using the Box-Behnken experimental design method. Results The critical evaluation indicators were the extraction amount of total flavonoid, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), and total solids. The water-adding amount, extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraction times were determined as the CPPs by the fishbone diagram and FMEA. The variance analysis results of Box-Behnken experiments showed that the P values of established models were less than 0.000 1, indicating that the models have good prediction ability. The recommended operating space were as follows: the extraction times were twice and 2.5 h for each time, the water-adding amount was 23.5-25 mL/g crude drug and the temperature was 65-71 ℃. Conclusion The establishing of design space for CF extraction improves the correlation between the extraction process parameters and extract quality, which provides a reference for the applicability of the design space approach in the field of CMM.
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PURPOSE: Various plants, herbal medicines, and marine foodstuffs have been used in kimchi preparation to improve its overall quality. Teff, which is rich in minerals and starches, facilitates stable blood glucose levels and is well-suited for use in gluten-free products; hence, it can be used to reinforce the mineral composition of kimchi. In this study, we probed the antioxidant activities of hydrolysates prepared by treatment of brown teff with three proteases under different conditions. METHODS: The mineral composition of brown teff was determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometry-mass spectrometry, and we established optimal hydrolysis conditions by determining the total phenol and flavonoid contents of teff hydrolysates obtained using three different proteases (protamax, flavourzyme, and alcalase), two different protease concentrations (1 and 3 wt%), and three different incubation times (1, 2, and 4 h). The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was further investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferrous reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. RESULTS: Brown teff was rich in I, K, Mg, and Ca, and the highest total phenol content (24.16 µg/mL), total flavonoid content (69.08 µg/mL), and TAC were obtained for 1 wt% protamax treatment. However, the highest DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP values were observed for hydrolysates produced by alcalase and flavourzyme treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of brown teff with proteases affords hydrolysates with significantly increased antioxidant activities and high total phenol and flavonoid contents, and these antioxidant activities of teff hydrolysates have the potential to enhance the quality and functionality of kimchi in future applications.
Subject(s)
Blood Glucose , Eragrostis , Hydrolysis , Minerals , Miners , Peptide Hydrolases , Phenol , Plasma , Spectrum Analysis , Starch , SubtilisinsABSTRACT
Introduction: In recent years, due to the increase in population density, noisiness and air pollution, people’s life rhythm has been changing dramatically and it is creating stress both mentally and physically for human beings. Therefore, this research is to extract a pill from an adaptogenic domestic herb Rhododendron Adamsi Rehd using its parts on the earth surface. Materials and methods: Analysis of determination biologically active substances in the ethanol extracts from the Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd. The main material for the research is the aerial parts of Rhododendron Adamsi Rehd which grows on the earth surface during the blooming period of the herb in the area of Ulaan-Uul soum in Khuvsgul province. Also following materials were used in the research: Spectrophotometer (UV/VIS 1700), electric measurement, soxhlet extractor, ethanol, aluminum chloride, Sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide solution. Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd extracting in 40% and 70% ethyl alcohol 60, 120 and 180 minutes (reflux) are extracted and spectrometric survey found the total flavonoid content, the most sensitive to wavelengths that extra cts from each method. Results: Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd are proven to be 60 minutes for 40% of ethanol extraction is suitable for the determination of total flavonoids. We are researching of this extract most sensitive wavelength between 190-500 nm. This research result shown that total flavonoid 0,648-0,67 light absorption at a wavelength of 255-257 nm; 258-259 nm wavelength light absorption 0,673; 260-262 nm were 0,66-0,67 light absorption. The fact proven to be most sensitive wavelength of 40% ethanol extract is 258-259 nm. Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd were suitable for extraction of 70% ethanol during 60-120 minutes. Total flavonoid of this extract absorption 1,478-1,757 at a wavelength 250-254 nm 255-256 nm wavelength light absorption 1,764-1,788; 1,731 at a wavelength 260 nm light absorption. This shows that proven to be most sensitive to wavelength of 70% ethanol extract is 255- 256 nm. Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd water extraction agent 30 ± 0.01% (p <0.001) and total flavonoids 40% of ethanol extract content: 1.77-2,6 ± 0.03% (p <0.0001); 70% of ethanol extract content: 2,4-7.46 ± 0.01% (p <0.0001). Сonclusion: The study results were total carotenoid 0.278 ± 0.03% of 40% ethanol extract (p <0.005) and total carotenoid 1,263± 0.05% (p <0.001) of 70% ethanol extract. Key words: Rhododendron Adamsii Rehd, total flavonoid, total carotenoid
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Aim To observe the effect of total flavonoid from Mori folium(TFMF) on renal interstitial fibrosis in type 1 diabetic mice and its possible mechanism.Methods Diabetic mice were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ) dissolved in 0.01 mol·L-1 citrate buffer(pH 4.5) at 150 mg·kg-1 body weight after 12 h of food deprivation.Forty model mice were divided randomly into four groups: model group, and low-(0.25 g·kg-1), moderate-(0.5 g·kg-1), high-dose groups(1 g·kg-1) fed with TFMF once daily.In addition, eight normal mice were used as normal group.After 12 weeks, the fasting blood glucose(FBG), serum creatinine(Cr), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and microalbuminuria(mAlb) were measured.Masson staining, Sirius red staining and collagen type Ⅳ immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the expression of collagen protein in the cortex, while laminin staining to assess the degree of glomerular and renal tubular basement membrane thickening.The protein expressions related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K/Akt/mTOR in the renal cortex of mice were detected by Western blot.Results The moderate and high dose of TFMF could significantly decrease the levels of FBG, Cr, BUN and mAlb in diabetic mice, meanwhile decreasing the expression of α-SMA protein by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which led to the amelioration of the pathological alterations of renal tissue.Conclusions The moderate and high dose of TFMF can reduce the level of renal interstitial fibrosis in type 1 diabetic mice, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.