ABSTRACT
Oxyresveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in Mulberry (Morus alba L.) twigs and has known as a skinlightening agent. Many methods can be applied to extract oxyresveratrol from Mulberry twigs. This researchaimed to optimize the extraction method by using surfactant Tween 80 and Tween 20-based microwave-assistedextraction (MAE). Extraction parameters, including solvent concentration, liquid–solid ratio, and extraction time foroxyresveratrol, were optimized using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken Design. This researchalso extracted the oxyresveratrol by maceration, and then the oxyresveratrol content from each extraction methodwas compared. Oxyresveratrol content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ForTween 80, the optimum condition was obtained at 10.5 mM, 30:1 ml/g liquid–solid ratio, and 10 minutes extractiontime. For Tween 20, the optimum condition was obtained at 100 mM, 40:1 ml/g liquid–solid ratio, and 5 minutesextraction time. Oxyresveratrol content was 0.0146 mg/g dried sample and 0.0172 mg/g dried sample at the optimumcondition of Tween 80 and Tween 20 surfactant, respectively. Meanwhile, the oxyresveratrol content of the macerationmethod with 96% ethanol was 1.5704 mg/g dried sample. In conclusion, these results show that the application ofTween 80 and Tween 20 as solvents for MAE of Oxyresveratrol from mulberry twigs was not fully successful sinceother extraction conditions should be considered, such as temperature, pH, and microwave energy.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The present research work was designed to formulate and optimize doxorubicin HCl proniosomes by design of experiment (DoE). Methods: A 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to explain multiple linear regression analysis and contour 3D plot responses. The independent variables selected were tween 20, cholesterol, hydration volume and sonication time; dependent variables percentage entrapment efficiency (PEE), mean vesicle size (MVS). Based on the Box-Behnken design 29 trial runs were studied and optimized for PEE and MVS. Further "Model F-Value" was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation to derive a multiple linear regression analysis to predict the PEE and MVS of niosomes derived from proniosomes. 3D plots were constructed to show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Results: PEE of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 40.21-87.5%. The polynomial equation for PEE exhibited a good correlation coefficient (0.5524) and the "Model F-Value" of 7.41 implies the model is significant. P-values less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The MVS of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 325.2 nm to 420.25 nm. The mathematical model generated for MVS (R2) was found to be significant with model F-value of 54.22. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise (P<0.0500) and R2 value of 0.9004. Conclusion: The DoE of Box-Behnken design demonstrated the role of the derived equation, 3D plot in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes. The results suggest that doxorubicin HCl proniosomes can act as a promising carrier.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the shielding effect that Tween has made on the erythrocyte’ s surface antigen( ABO and D antigen mainly) and the stability of the RBC. Methods Various types red blood cells’ surface antigens were incubated with different concentrations of Tween,then the titers of RBC’ s surface antigen before and after incubation were compared. The erythrocyte’ s function alterations and sta-bility through the morphological obersavation,the osmotic fragility,RBC’ s own hemolysis rate,oxygen saturation( SO2 ) ,routine test of blood as well as the supernatant of free hemoglobin determination were confirmed. Results The masking effect of the Tween-20 on D antigen with the weaken titer keeping above“ +” was better and more stable than that on A,B antigen. The impact on B antigen was a little worse,and A was the worst. The advantaged concentration is about 0. 004%. Besides,the influence of Tween-80’s on B and D antigen was not apparent e-nough. Among all of the concentration,0. 74% and 0. 80% did a relatively better job,which also could keep the weaken titer above “ +”. Conclulsion The shielding effect that Tween has made on the erythrocyte’ s surface antigen( ABO and D antigen mainly) is stable,which keeps above “ +”. The morphology and function of the RBC does not change.
ABSTRACT
Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the practicability of preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles of Glyceryl monostearate containing Dibenzoyl peroxide, Erythromycin base, and Triamcinolone acetonide as model drugs. The physicochemical properties of the prepared formulae like particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, yield content and in-vitro drug release behavior were also measured. Methodology: Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with three model lipophilic drugs were prepared by high shear hot homogenization method. The model drugs used are Dibenzoyl peroxide, Erythromycin base, and Triamcinolone acetonide. Glyceryl monostearate was used as lipid core; Tween 20 and Tween 80 were employed as surfactants and lecithin as co-surfactant. Many formulation parameters were controlled to obtain high quality nanoparticles. The prepared solid lipid nanoparticles were evaluated by different standard physical and imaging methods. The efficiency of drug release form prepared formulae was studied using in vitro technique with utilize of dialysis bag technique. The stability of prepared formulae was studied by thermal procedures and infrared spectroscopy. Results: The mean particle diameter measured by laser diffraction technique was (194.6±5.03 to 406.6±15.2 nm) for Dibenzoyl peroxide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, (220±6.2 to 328.34±2.5) nm for Erythromycin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and (227.3±2.5 to 480.6±24) nm for Triamcinolone acetonide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity, determined with ultraviolet spectroscopy, were 80.5±9.45% and 0.805±0.093%, for Dibenzoyl peroxide, 96±11.5 and 0.96±0.012 for Triamcinolone acetonide and 94.6±14.9 and 0.946±0.012 for Erythromycin base respectively. It was found that model drugs showed significant faster release patterns when compared with commercially available formulations and pure drugs (p˂0.05). Thermal analysis of prepared solid lipid nanoparticles gave indication of solubilization of drugs within lipid matrix. Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the absence of new bands for loaded solid lipid nanoparticles indicating no interaction between drugs and lipid matrix and being only dissolved in it. Electron microscope of scanning and transmission techniques indicated sphere form of prepared solid lipid nanoparticles with smooth surface with size below 100 nm. Conclusions: Solid lipid nanoparticles with small particle size have high encapsulation efficiency, and relatively high loading capacity for Dibenzoyl peroxide, Erythromycin base, and Triamcinolone acetonide as model drugs can be obtained by this method.
ABSTRACT
Aim of the present work was to develop and evaluate a solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for oral poorly water-soluble drug lornoxicam. The liquid (SEDDS) consisted of capmul MCM as oil phase, tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-surfactant. Oil, surfactant and co-surfactant were selected on the basis of solubilisation capacity of drug and emulsification ability of surfactant and co-surfactants. The formulations were optimized by constructing the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The liquid formulation was solidified by laboratory scale spray dryer, using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. The solid SEDDS shows greater drug release thus, solid SEDDS improves the oral bioavailability and may provide the useful solid dosage form for oral poorly water soluble drugs.