Distribuição da COVID-19 e dos recursos de saúde na Amazônia Legal: uma análise espacial / Distribution of COVID-19 cases and health resources in Brazil's Amazon region: a spatial analysis

Resumo O método de análise espacial permite mensurar a acessibilidade espacial dos serviços de saúde para alocação dos recursos de forma eficiente e eficaz. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial das taxas de COVID-19 e dos recursos de saúde na Amazônia Legal. Estudo ecológico realizado com casos de COVID-19 e os recursos de saúde nos 772 municípios em dois picos da pandemia. Utilizou-se o método bayesiano global e local para elaboração de mapas coropléticos, com cálculo do índice de Moran para análise da dependência espacial e utilização do Moran map para identificação dos clusters da doença. Os índices de Moran calculados para os dois períodos demonstraram autocorrelação espacial positiva dessa distribuição e dependência espacial entre os municípios nos dois períodos, sem muita diferença entre os dois estimadores. Evidenciaram-se maiores taxas da doença nos estados do Amapá, Amazonas e Roraima. Em relação aos recursos de saúde, observou-se alocação de forma ineficiente, com maior concentração nas capitais.

Abstract Spatial analysis can help measure the spatial accessibility of health services with a view to improving the allocation of health care resources. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of COVID-19 detection rates and health care resources in Brazil's Amazon region. We conducted an ecological study using data on COVID-19 cases and the availability of health care resources in 772 municipalities during two waves of the pandemic. Local and global Bayesian estimation were used to construct choropleth maps. Moran's I was calculated to detect the presence of spatial dependence and Moran maps were used to identify disease clusters. In both periods, Moran's I values indicate the presence of positive spatial autocorrelation in distributions and spatial dependence between municipalities, with only a slight difference between the two estimators. The findings also reveal that case rates were highest in the states of Amapá, Amazonas, and Roraima. The data suggest that health care resources were inefficiently allocated, with higher concentrations of ventilators and ICU beds being found in state capitals.

O Uso de um Ventilador Mecânico Portátil na Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar é Viável, Melhora os Parâmetros Respiratórios e Previne a Redução da Complacência Pulmonar Dinâmica / Use of a Portable Mechanical Ventilator during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation is Feasible, Improves Respiratory Parameters, and Prevents the Decrease of Dynamic Lung Compliance

Resumo Fundamentos Para ventilação prática e protetora durante a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP), desenvolveu-se um ventilador mecânico (VLP2000E) de 150 gramas que limita o pico de pressão inspiratória (PPI) durante ventilação e compressões torácicas simultâneas. Objetivos Avaliar a viabilidade da ventilação com VLP2000E durante RCP e comparar os parâmetros monitorados versus ventilação com bolsa-válvula. Métodos Estudo experimental randomizado com 10 porcos intubados por grupo. Após sete minutos de fibrilação ventricular, iniciaram-se ciclos de RCP de 2 minutos. Todos os animais foram ventilados com VLP2000E após o retorno da circulação espontânea (RCE). Resultados Os grupos bolsa-válvula e VLP2000E apresentaram taxa de RCE (60% vs. 50%, respectivamente) e saturação arterial de oxigênio similares na maioria dos ciclos de RCP, volume corrente basal diferente [0,764 (0,068) vs. 0,591 (0,123) L, p = 0,0309, respectivamente] e, em 14 ciclos, diferentes PPI [52 (9) vs. 39 (5) cm H2O, respectivamente], volume corrente [0,635 (0,172) vs. 0,306 (0,129) L], ETCO2 [14 (8) vs. 27 (9) mm Hg], e pico de fluxo inspiratório [0,878 (0,234) vs. 0,533 (0,105) L/s], todos p < 0,0001. A complacência pulmonar dinâmica (≥ 0,025 L/cm H2O) diminuiu após o RCE no grupo bolsa-válvula, mas se manteve no grupo VLP2000E [ 0,019 (0,006) vs. 0,024 (0,008) L/cm H2O, p = 0,0003]. Conclusões Ventilação com VLP2000E durante RCP é viável e equivalente a ventilação com bolsa-válvula quanto à taxa de RCE e saturação arterial de oxigênio. Esse ventilador produz melhores parâmetros respiratórios, com pressão das vias aéreas e volume corrente menores. Ventilação com VLP2000E também previne a redução significante da complacência pulmonar dinâmica observada após ventilação com bolsa-válvula. Seria interessante realizar mais estudos pré-clínicos para confirmar esses resultados.

Abstract Background For practical and protective ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a 150-grams mechanical ventilator (VLP2000E) that limits peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) during simultaneous ventilation with chest compressions was developed. Objectives To evaluate the feasibility of VLP2000E ventilation during CPR and to compare monitored parameters versus bag-valve ventilation. Methods A randomized experimental study with 10 intubated pigs per group. After seven minutes of ventricular fibrillation, 2-minute CPR cycles were delivered. All animals were placed on VLP2000E after achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Results Bag-valve and VLP2000E groups had similar ROSC rate (60% vs. 50%, respectively) and arterial oxygen saturation in most CPR cycles, different baseline tidal volume [0.764 (0.068) vs. 0.591 (0.123) L, p = 0.0309, respectively] and, in 14 cycles, different PIP [52 (9) vs. 39 (5) cm H2O, respectively], tidal volume [0.635 (0.172) vs. 0.306 (0.129) L], ETCO2[14 (8) vs. 27 (9) mm Hg], and peak inspiratory flow [0.878 (0.234) vs. 0.533 (0.105) L/s], all p < 0.0001. Dynamic lung compliance (≥ 0.025 L/cm H2O) decreased after ROSC in bag-valve group but was maintained in VLP2000E group [0.019 (0.006) vs. 0.024 (0.008) L/cm H2O, p = 0.0003]. Conclusions VLP2000E ventilation during CPR is feasible and equivalent to bag-valve ventilation in ROSC rate and arterial oxygen saturation. It produces better respiratory parameters, with lower airway pressure and tidal volume. VLP2000E ventilation also prevents the significant decrease of dynamic lung compliance observed after bag-valve ventilation. Further preclinical studies confirming these findings would be interesting.

Risk factors for first weaning failure following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in pediatric patients with Pierre Robin sequence: a nested case-control study / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To identify the risk factors for the first weaning failure following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in pediatric patients with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).Methods:Clinical data of pediatric patients with PRS who underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis from January 2018 to February 2023 were collected, including sex, age, premature birth, birth weight, surgical weight, cleft palate, syndrome type PRS, laryngeal/tracheobronchial malacia, simple congenital heart disease, complex congenital heart disease, preoperative mechanical ventilation, preoperative pulmonary infection, blood albumin concentration, difficulty in tracheal intubation under a visual laryngoscope, surgical duration, postoperative ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation at first weaning, and traction length at first weaning. Children in whom the first postoperative machine withdrawal failed were included in observation group and matched to control cases(control group) in a 1∶4 ratio. The risk factors of which P values were less than 0.05 would enter the logistic regression analysis to stratify the risk factors for postoperative weaning failure. Results:There were significant differences in birth weight, cleft palate, duration of mechanical ventilation and traction length at first weaning, rate of combined cleft palate, preoperative pulmonary infection rate, rate of preoperative mechanical ventilation, and rate of postoperative ventilator-associated pneumonia between the two groups ( P<0.05). Binary logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that the preoperative mechanical ventilation ( OR=18.154, 95% CI 3.971-82.990, P<0.001) and postoperative ventilator-associated pneumonia ( OR=36.942, 95% CI 1.307-1043.985, P=0.034) were independent risk factors for first weaning failure after mandibular distraction osteogenesis, while birth weight gain ( OR=0.225, 95% CI 0.076-0.668, P=0.007) was a protective factor for first weaning failure ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Preoperative mechanical ventilation and postoperative ventilator-associated pneumonia are independent risk factors and birth weight gain is a protective factor for first weaning failure following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in pediatric patients with PRS.

Desarrollo de ventiladores mecánicos en Chile. Crónica de la iniciativa "Un Respiro para Chile", durante la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19 / Development of mechanical ventilators in Chile. Chronicle of the initiative "Un Respiro para Chile"

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, in March 2020, a projection indicated that a significant group of patients with pneumonia would require admission to an Intensive Care Unit and connection to a mechanical ventilator. Therefore, a paucity of these devices and other supplies was predicted. The initiative "Un respiro para Chile" brought together many people and institutions, public and private. In the course of three months, it allowed the design and building of several ventilatory assistance devices, which could be used in critically ill patients.

Ventilador mecânico invasivo de emergência resistente e de fácil manutenção / Robust, maintainable, emergency invasive mechanical ventilator

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver um ventilador mecânico invasivo simples, resistente, seguro e eficiente que possa ser utilizado em áreas remotas do mundo ou zonas de guerra, em que a utilidade prática de equipamentos mais sofisticados é limitada por questões de manutenção, disponibilidade de peças, transporte e/ou custo. Métodos: O dispositivo implementa o modo de ventilação mandatória contínua com pressão controlada, complementado por um simples modo assisto-controlado. Pode-se também utilizar a pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas. Ao se evitar o fluxo contínuo de oxigênio ou ar, minimiza-se o consumo de gases comprimidos. As taxas respiratórias e as relações de tempo de inspiração e expiração são determinadas eletronicamente. Além disso, conta com um alarme de apneia/falta de energia. Resultados: Os perfis de pressão foram medidos para uma série de condições, sendo considerados ajustáveis dentro de uma margem de erro de ± 2,5cmH2O, e foram considerados bem estáveis dentro dessa variação durante um período de 41 horas. Os parâmetros de tempo do ciclo respiratório foram precisos dentro de alguns pontos percentuais durante o mesmo período. O dispositivo foi testado quanto à durabilidade por um período equivalente a 4 meses. Os testes químicos e biológicos não conseguiram identificar qualquer contaminação do gás por compostos orgânicos voláteis ou micro-organismos. Em comparação com um ventilador bem estabelecido, o teste de ventilação em um animal de grande porte mostrou que este poderia ser ventilado adequadamente durante um período de 60 minutos, sem quaisquer efeitos negativos perceptíveis durante o período subsequente de 24 horas. Conclusão: Este projeto de ventilador pode ser viável após novos testes em animais e aprovação formal pelas autoridades competentes, para aplicação clínica nas circunstâncias atípicas anteriormente mencionadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a simple, robust, safe and efficient invasive mechanical ventilator that can be used in remote areas of the world or war zones where the practical utility of more sophisticated equipment is limited by considerations of maintainability, availability of parts, transportation and/or cost. Methods: The device implements the pressure-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation mode, complemented by a simple assist-control mode. Continuous positive airway pressure is also possible. The consumption of compressed gases is minimized by avoiding a continuous flow of oxygen or air. Respiratory rates and inspiration/expiration time ratios are electronically determined, and an apnea/power loss alarm is provided. Results: The pressure profiles were measured for a range of conditions and found to be adjustable within a ± 2.5cmH2O error margin and stable well within this range over a 41-hour period. Respiratory cycle timing parameters were precise within a few percentage points over the same period. The device was tested for durability for an equivalent period of four months. Chemical and biological tests failed to identify any contamination of the gas by volatile organic compounds or microorganisms. A ventilation test on a large animal, in comparison with a well established ventilator, showed that the animal could be adequately ventilated over a period of 60 minutes, without any noticeable negative aftereffects during the subsequent 24-hour period. Conclusion: This ventilator design may be viable, after further animal tests and formal approval by the competent authorities, for clinical application in the abovementioned atypical circumstances.

Estrategia ventilatoria para el aclaramiento de dióxido de carbono en un lactante con hipercapnia incontrolable / Ventilatory strategy for carbon dioxide clearance in an infant with persistent hypercapnia / Estratégia ventilatória para depuração de dióxido de carbono em uma criança com hipercapnia incontrolável

Resumen Se presenta la experiencia de combinar la ventilación convencional y una técnica modificada de insuflación de gas paratraqueal para evitar complicaciones de la insuflación traqueal directa en un lactante con hipercapnia refractaria, quien ingresó con falla respiratoria aguda secundaria a neumonía multilobar. Al iniciar la ventilación mecánica presentó neumotórax, fístulas broncopleurales y acidemia hipercápnica refractaria a tratamiento convencional. Se inició insuflación de gas paratraqueal en ventilación convencional en modo de presión control, con 10 L/min de aire humidificado con una presión control máxima sostenida de 20 cmH2O. Tres horas después se observó una mejoría de la gasometría arterial y pasadas 72 horas se logró retirar el dispositivo paratraqueal sin complicaciones, con adecuada evolución clínica. Al no incluir un catéter intratraqueal se evitaron complicaciones conservando los mecanismos que mejoran la oxigenación e hipercapnia. La técnica presentada es prometedora; sin embargo, se deben realizar estudios con un mayor número de individuos.

Abstract The experience of combining conventional ventilation and a modified paratracheal gas insufflation technique to avoid complications is presented. An infant with acute respiratory failure secondary to multilobar pneumonia who after start off mechanical ventilation developed pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistulas, and persistent hypercapnic acidemia refractory to conventional ventilatory strategies. It was decided to initiate paratracheal gas insufflation in conventional ventilation in pressure control mode, with 10 L/min of humidified air with a maximum sustained control pressure of 20 cmH2O. Three hours after an improvement in arterial blood gas was recorded and after 72 hours the paratracheal device was removed without complications, with adequate clinical evolution. By not incorporate an intratracheal catheter some complications are avoided, preserving the mechanisms that improve oxygenation and CO2 elimination. Paratracheal gas insufflation is a promising technique, although more studies are required with a greater number of individuals.

Resumo Apresenta-se a experiência de combinar ventilação convencional e técnica modificada de insuflação de gás paratraqueal para evitar complicações da insuflação traqueal direta em uma criança com hipercapnia refratária que foi admitido com insuficiência respiratória aguda secundária a pneumonia multilobar. Ao iniciar ventilação mecânica, apresentou pneumotórax, fístulas broncopleurais e acidemia hipercápnica refratária ao tratamento convencional. A insuflação de gás paratraqueal foi iniciada em ventilação convencional no modo de controle de pressão, com 10 L/min de ar umidificado com pressão de controle máxima sustentada de 20 cmH2O. Três horas após, observou-se melhora da gasometria arterial e após 72 horas o dispositivo paratraqueal foi retirado sem intercorrências, com evolução clínica adequada. Ao não incluir um cateter intratraqueal, as complicações foram evitadas, preservando os mecanismos que melhoram a oxigenação e a hipercapnia. A técnica apresentada é promissora, porém, estudos com um número maior de indivíduos devem ser realizados.

Parametrização dos alarmes de frequência respiratória em ventiladores mecânicos de pacientes durante o banho / Parameterization of respiratory rate alarms in mechanical ventilators of patients during the bath / Parametrización de las alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria en ventiladores mecánicos de pacientes durante el baño

RESUMO Objetivo: medir os efeitos da parametrização dos alarmes sonoros de frequência respiratória dos ventiladores mecânicos para redução do número de alarmes disparados durante o banho no leito. Método: ensaio clínico pragmático, para comparar o número de alarmes do ventilador mecânico nos grupos: intervenção - os alarmes de Frequência Respiratória foram parametrizados no início do banho; controle - não realizada parametrização. Estudo registrado em 27/08/2019 no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, RBR-6y6tyc, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Resultados: os modelos de regressão evidenciaram que a parametrização, realizada e mantida durante e após o banho no grupo intervenção, teve o efeito de aumentar 12,5 e 6,4 vezes, respectivamente, o número médio de disparos de alarmes de frequência respiratória alta; e não teve efeito nos alarmes de frequência respiratória baixa. Conclusão: a contribuição deste estudo é auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na formulação de protocolos de parametrização individualizada dos alarmes dos Ventiladores Mecânicos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to measure the effects of parameterizing the audible respiratory rate alarms of mechanical ventilators to reduce the number of alarms triggered during bed bath. Method: pragmatic clinical trial, to compare the number of alarms of the mechanical ventilator, in the groups: intervention - the Respiratory Rate alarms were parameterized at the beginning of the bath; control - no parameterization performed. Study registered on 27/08/2019 in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-6y6tyc, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: Regression models showed that parameterization, performed and maintained during and after bath in the intervention group, had the effect of increasing the average number of high respiratory rate alarm triggers by 12.5 and 6.4 times, respectively; and had no effect on low respiratory rate alarms. Conclusion: The contribution of this study is to assist health professionals in formulating protocols for individualized parameterization of alarms for Mechanical Ventilators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: medir los efectos de la parametrización de las alarmas sonoras de frecuencia respiratoria de los ventiladores mecánicos para reducir el número de alarmas disparadas durante el baño en cama. Método: ensayo clínico pragmático, para comparar el número de alarmas del ventilador mecánico en los grupos: intervención - se parametrizaron las alarmas de Frecuencia Respiratoria al inicio del baño; control - no se realizó parametrización. Estudio registrado el 27/08/2019 en el Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos, RBR-6y6tyc, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Resultados: Los modelos de regresión mostraron que la parametrización, realizada y mantenida durante y después del baño en el grupo de intervención, tuvo el efecto de aumentar 12,5 y 6,4 veces, respectivamente, el número medio de disparos de alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria alta; y no tuvo ningún efecto sobre las alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria baja. Conclusión: la contribución de este estudio es ayudar a los profesionales de la salud en la formulación de protocolos para la parametrización individual de las alarmas de los Ventiladores Mecánicos.

The clinical observation on mechanical ventilation combined with different doses of sildenafil in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of mechanical ventilation combined with different doses of sildenafil in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN).Methods:A total of 160 children with PPHN admitted to Dezhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected and divided into group A, B, C and D by random stratification, with 40 cases in each group. All the children in the group were actively corrected for acidosis, provided with intravenous nutrition support, warmth, anti-infection and other measures, and adopted ventilator to assist mechanical ventilation. Group A, B, and C were given different doses of sildenafil 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/(kg·time) respectively, while group D was not given sildenafil treatment, but only mechanical ventilation. Blood gas analysis indexes including partial arterial oxygenpressure (PaO 2), partial arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO 2), saturationoxygen (SaO 2), and pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), systemic blood pressure (SBP) of children were tested before the treatment and 72 h after the treatment. The treatment time, hospitalization time, hospitalization expenses and the incidence of adverse reactions of mechanical ventilation in 4 groups were recorded and compared. Results:The effective rate in the group A, B and C was higher than that in the group D: 80.0%(32/40), 85.0%(34/40), 87.5%(35/40) vs. 57.5%(23/40), the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Before treatment, the levels of blood gas analysis indexes in 4 groups had no significant differences ( P>0.05). After treatment, the level of PaO 2 in the group A, B and C was significantly higher than that in the group D ( P<0.05), the level of PaCO 2 in the group B and C was significantly lower than that in group D ( P<0.05), and the level of SaO 2 in the group B and C was significantly higher than that in the group D ( P<0.05). After treatment, the level of SPAP in group B and C was significantly lower than that in the group D: (28.56 ± 3.93), (27.14 ± 3.32) mmHg(1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (33.57 ± 4.68) mmHg, P<0.05, and the level of SBP in 4 groups had no significant difference ( P>0.05). The hospitalization time and mechanical ventilation time in group A, B and C were significantly shorter than those in group D ( P<0.05). No drug-related adverse reactions, pulmonary hemorrhage, hypotension, arrhythmia, pneumothorax and other complications occurred during the treatment in the 4 groups. Conclusions:Mechanical ventilation combined with sildenafil can significantly reduce pulmonary artery pressure and improve pulmonary oxygenation in children with PPHN. In the range of 0.5 - 1.0 mg/kg, the efficacy is more obvious when increasing the dose of sildenafil.

Parametrização dos alarmes de frequência respiratória em ventiladores mecânicos de pacientes durante o banho / Parameterization of respiratory rate alarms in mechanical ventilators of patients during the bath / Parametrización de las alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria en ventiladores mecánicos de pacientes durante el baño

RESUMO Objetivo: medir os efeitos da parametrização dos alarmes sonoros de frequência respiratória dos ventiladores mecânicos para redução do número de alarmes disparados durante o banho no leito. Método: ensaio clínico pragmático, para comparar o número de alarmes do ventilador mecânico nos grupos: intervenção - os alarmes de Frequência Respiratória foram parametrizados no início do banho; controle - não realizada parametrização. Estudo registrado em 27/08/2019 no Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, RBR-6y6tyc, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Resultados: os modelos de regressão evidenciaram que a parametrização, realizada e mantida durante e após o banho no grupo intervenção, teve o efeito de aumentar 12,5 e 6,4 vezes, respectivamente, o número médio de disparos de alarmes de frequência respiratória alta; e não teve efeito nos alarmes de frequência respiratória baixa. Conclusão: a contribuição deste estudo é auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na formulação de protocolos de parametrização individualizada dos alarmes dos Ventiladores Mecânicos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to measure the effects of parameterizing the audible respiratory rate alarms of mechanical ventilators to reduce the number of alarms triggered during bed bath. Method: pragmatic clinical trial, to compare the number of alarms of the mechanical ventilator, in the groups: intervention - the Respiratory Rate alarms were parameterized at the beginning of the bath; control - no parameterization performed. Study registered on 27/08/2019 in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, RBR-6y6tyc, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: Regression models showed that parameterization, performed and maintained during and after bath in the intervention group, had the effect of increasing the average number of high respiratory rate alarm triggers by 12.5 and 6.4 times, respectively; and had no effect on low respiratory rate alarms. Conclusion: The contribution of this study is to assist health professionals in formulating protocols for individualized parameterization of alarms for Mechanical Ventilators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: medir los efectos de la parametrización de las alarmas sonoras de frecuencia respiratoria de los ventiladores mecánicos para reducir el número de alarmas disparadas durante el baño en cama. Método: ensayo clínico pragmático, para comparar el número de alarmas del ventilador mecánico en los grupos: intervención - se parametrizaron las alarmas de Frecuencia Respiratoria al inicio del baño; control - no se realizó parametrización. Estudio registrado el 27/08/2019 en el Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos, RBR-6y6tyc, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Resultados: Los modelos de regresión mostraron que la parametrización, realizada y mantenida durante y después del baño en el grupo de intervención, tuvo el efecto de aumentar 12,5 y 6,4 veces, respectivamente, el número medio de disparos de alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria alta; y no tuvo ningún efecto sobre las alarmas de frecuencia respiratoria baja. Conclusión: la contribución de este estudio es ayudar a los profesionales de la salud en la formulación de protocolos para la parametrización individual de las alarmas de los Ventiladores Mecánicos.

Ventilación en posición prona en el manejo de pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda / Prone ventilation in the management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

INTRODUCCIÓN. El posicionamiento prono es una de las estrategias ventilatorias más estudiadas y difundidas de la medicina intensiva, forma parte del manejo de ventilación protectiva con impacto en disminución de la mortalidad en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. OBJETIVO. Revisar la evidencia disponible acerca de ventilación en posición prona en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, enfocada en el análisis fisiopatológico y clínico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la base de datos de buscadores académicos como PubMed, Google Scholar y Elsevier, en los idiomas español e inglés, en el período comprendido entre los años 1970-2020; se seleccionaron 16 publicaciones en texto completo: 3 metaanálisis, 10 estudios randomizado, 3 revisiones sistemáticas. CONCLUSIÓN. En base a la evidencia y percepción recopilada de la experiencia de los autores, la ventilación en posición prona es una estrategia de manejo de primera línea, fiable, que no requiere para su empleo equipamiento costoso ni complejo y ha demostrado mejoría en desenlaces relevantes en el tratamiento del paciente crítico respiratorio como disminución en la mortalidad y optimización de los parámetros ventilatorios y de oxigenación.

INTRODUCTION. Prone positioning is one of the most studied and widespread ventilatory strategies in intensive medicine, it is part of protective ventilation management with an impact on mortality reduction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. OBJECTIVE. To review the available evidence about ventilation in the prone position in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, focused on the pathophysiological and clinical analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A bibliographic review was carried out in the databases of academic search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Elsevier, in the Spanish and English languages, in the period between the years 1970-2020, 16 full text publications were selected: 3 meta-analyses, 10 randomized studies, 3 systematic reviews. CONCLUSION. Based on the evidence and perception gathered from the authors' experience, prone ventilation is a reliable first-line management strategy that does not require costly or complex equipment for its use and has demonstrated improvements in relevant outcomes in the treatment of the critically ill respiratory patient, such as decreased mortality and optimization of ventilatory and oxygenation parameters.

Hiperinsuflação manual em crianças / Manual hyperinflation in children

RESUMO A hiperinsuflação manual é utilizada em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pediátrica para promover um flow bias expiratório, porém não há consenso sobre os benefícios da técnica. Assim faz-se necessária uma revisão que apresente suas evidências. Este estudo objetiva revisar a literatura sobre a manobra de hiperinsuflação manual em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pediátrica, para analisar as evidências dessa técnica em relação às formas de aplicação (associadas ou não a outras técnicas), sua segurança, o desempenho dos ressuscitadores manuais e a influência da experiência do fisioterapeuta, além de avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos artigos encontrados. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMedⓇ, Scopus, CINAHL e SciELO. Dois pesquisadores selecionaram os artigos de forma independente. Verificaram-se os estudos duplicados, avaliados por títulos, resumos e, então, leitura na íntegra. Analisou-se a qualidade dos artigos pela escala PEDro. Foram incluídos seis artigos, sendo dois com alta qualidade metodológica. Os principais resultados trouxeram informações sobre a contribuição da válvula de pressão positiva expiratória final no aumento dos volumes pulmonares e a utilização das compressões torácicas para otimizar o flow bias expiratório, a influência negativa da experiência do operador no aumento do pico de fluxo inspiratório, o desempenho de diferentes ressuscitadores manuais durante a realização da técnica e a segurança na aplicação, com manutenção da estabilidade hemodinâmica e aumento da saturação periférica de oxigênio. Os estudos disponíveis apontam para um efeito positivo da manobra de hiperinsuflação manual realizada em crianças internadas em unidades de terapia intensiva. Registro PROSPERO: CRD42018108056.

ABSTRACT Manual hyperinflation is used in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units to promote expiratory flow bias, but there is no consensus on the benefits of the technique. Thus, a review that presents supporting evidence is necessary. This study aims to review the literature on the manual hyperinflation maneuver in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units to analyze the evidence for this technique in terms of the forms of application (associated with other techniques or not), its safety, the performance of manual resuscitators and the influence of the physical therapist's experience, in addition to evaluating the methodological quality of the identified articles. A search was performed in the following databases: Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMedⓇ, Scopus, CINAHL and SciELO. Two researchers independently selected the articles. Duplicate studies were assessed, evaluated by title and abstract and then read in full. The quality of the articles was analyzed using the PEDro scale. Six articles were included, two of which had high methodological quality. The main results provided information on the contribution of the positive end-expiratory pressure valve to increasing lung volumes and the use of chest compressions to optimize expiratory flow bias, the negative influence of operator experience on the increase in peak inspiratory flow, the performance of different manual resuscitators when used with the technique and the safety of application in terms of maintaining hemodynamic stability and increasing peripheral oxygen saturation. The available studies point to a positive effect of the manual hyperinflation maneuver in children who are admitted to intensive care units. Registration PROSPERO: CRD42018108056.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família como indicador para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 em Santa Catarina, Brasil / The Family Health Strategy as an indicator for coping with COVID-19 in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Objetivo: analisar relação entre a cobertura pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família e a disponibilidade de respiradores com a taxa de contágio e mortalidade da COVID-19 no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico, que utiliza modelos computacionais de análise geoespacial sobre o avanço do COVID-19 nos 295 municípios de Santa Catarina. Resultados: o Estado apresentou casos em todos os municípios, e uma taxa de infecção por Covid-19 de 1,63%. No modelo de regressão realizado, a cobertura pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família apresentou correlação com a mortalidade e a taxa de infecção pela Covid-19. A quantidade de respiradores apresentou correlação com a mortalidade. Conclusão: em Santa Catarina a Estratégia de Saúde da Família e a compra de novos respiradores, apresentam-se como aliados no enfrentamento à COVID 19..Au

Objective: to relate the coverage by the FHS and the availability of respirators with the transmission and mortality rate of COVID-19 in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Materials and methods: this is an ecological study, which uses computational models of geospatial analysis on the progress of COVID-19 to the 295 cities in Santa Catarina. The correlation between the FHS coverage and the number of respirators grouped in the mesoregions was calculated with the COVID-19 transmission and mortality rates. Results: the state had low infection rates of 0.07% and mortality of 1.72%, when compared to Brazil. There was an increase in cases in smaller municipalities, indicating the interiorization of the pandemic. There was no correlation between FHS coverage with infection and mortality. However, respirators are associated with lower mortality. Conclusion: regional disparity was found in the presence of respirators in the state's micro-regions, suggesting an imbalance in the quality of care for critically ill patients during the pandemic..Au

Effects of propofol on inflammatory response and activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in rats with ventilator-induced lung injury

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effects of propofol on inflammatory response and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in rats with ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI). Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control, VALI and VALI+propofol groups. The VALI group received the mechanical ventilation for 2 h. The VALI+propofol group received the mechanical ventilation for 2 h, which was accompanied by intravenous injection of propofol with dose of 8 mg·kg-1·h-1. At the end, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood gas indexes were measured, and the lung wet/dry mass ratio (W/D) and biochemical indexes of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. Results: Compared with VALI group, in VALI+propofol group the blood pH, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and MAP were increased, the lung W/D, lung tissue myeloperoxidase activity and total protein concentration, white blood cell count, and tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 levels in BALF were decreased, and the p-p38 MAPK protein expression level and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK)/p38 MAPK ratio were decreased. Conclusions: Propofol treatment may alleviate the VALI in rats by reducing the inflammatory response and inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on central venous pressure in patients with different chest wall elastic resistance / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of chest wall elastic resistance in determining the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on central venous pressure (CVP) in patients with mechanical ventilation (MV).Methods:In this prospective study, according to the median of ratio of chest wall elastic resistance to respiratory system elastic resistance (Ers), patients were divided into high chest wall elastic resistance group (Ecw/Ers≥0.24) and low chest wall elastic resistance group [elastance of chest wall (Ecw)/Ers<0.24]. PEEP was set at 5, 10, 15 cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa) respectively. Clinical data including CVP, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and respiratory mechanics were recorded. Results:Seventy patients receiving MV were included from November 2017 to December 2018. Clinical characteristics including age, BP, HR, baseline PEEP, the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (P/F) and comorbidities were comparable in two groups. However, patients with high Ecw/Ers ratio presented higher body mass index (BMI) than those with low Ecw/Ers ratio[ (25.4±3.2) kg/m 2 vs. (23.4±3.2) kg/m 2, P=0.011]. As PEEP increased from 5 cmH 2O to 10 cmH 2O, CVP in high Ecw/Ers group increased significantly compared with that in low Ecw/Ers group [1.75(1.00, 2.13) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133kPa) vs. 1.50(0.50, 2.00)mmHg, P=0.038], which was the same as PEEP increased from 10 cmH 2O to 15 cmH 2O [2.00(1.50, 3.00)mmHg vs. 1.50(1.00, 2.00)mmHg, P=0.041] or PEEP increased from 5 cmH 2O to 15 cmH 2O [ 3.75(3.00,4.63)mmHg vs. 3.00(1.63, 4.00)mmHg, P=0.012]. When PEEP increased from 5 cmH 2O to 10 cmH 2O, 10 cmH 2O to 15 cmH 2O and 10 cmH 2O to 15 cmH 2O, there were significant correlations between Ecw/Ers and CVP elevation ( r=0.29, P=0.016; r=0.31, P=0.011; r=0.31, P=0.01 respectively). Conclusions:In patients receiving mechanical ventilation, elevation of PEEP leads to a synchronous change of CVP, which is corelated with patients′ chest wall elastic resistances.

Clinical study on Qingfei-Xiaoyan Decoction combined with anti infective mechanical ventilation in the treatment of senile severe pneumonia / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Qingfei-Xiaoyan Decoction combined with anti infective mechanical ventilation in the treatment of senile severe pneumonia. Methods:A total of 102 patients with severe pneumonia in our hospital from June 2018 to May 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups by random number table method, with 51 in each group. The control group was treated with anti-infection mechanical ventilation, and the study group was treated with Qingfei-Xiaoyan Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 2 weeks. TCM syndrome scores were performed before and after treatment. The severity of infection was evaluated by clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS), FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were detected by pulmonary function meter, and the levels of TNF-α, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and CRP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, adverse events were recorded and clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:The total effective rate was 94.1% (48/51) in the study group and 80.4% (41/51) in the control group, and there was significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=4.320, P=0.038). After treatment, the TCM syndrome score and CPIS score of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group ( t values were 14.203 and 11.403, respectively, all Ps<0.01), FVC, FEV1 and PEF in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( t values were 4.663, 3.451 and 13.220, respectively, all Ps<0.01), and the levels of serum CRP, TNF-α and HMGB1 in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t values were 14.672, 10.277 and 24.453, respectively, all Ps<0.01). During the treatment, no serious adverse reactions occurred in both groups. Conclusions:Qingfei-Xiaoyan Decoction combined with anti-infective mechanical ventilation has a significant effect in the treatment of senile severe pneumonia. It can alleviate clinical symptoms, improve lung function, reduce inflammatory reaction with safety.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation: description, risk factors for mortality, and performance of the SOFA score / Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica em pacientes em ventilação mecânica prolongada: descrição, fatores de risco associados à mortalidade e desempenho do escore SOFA

ABSTRACT Objective: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication of mechanical ventilation (MV). However, data on VAP in patients on prolonged MV (PMV) are scarce. We aimed to describe the characteristics of VAP patients on PMV and to identify factors associated with mortality. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including VAP patients on PMV. We recorded baseline characteristics, as well as 30-day and 90-day mortality rates. Variables associated with mortality were determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model. Results: We identified 80 episodes of VAP in 62 subjects on PMV. The medians for age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, SOFA score, and days on MV were, respectively, 69.5 years, 5, 4, and 56 days. Episodes of VAP occurred between days 21 and 50 of MV in 28 patients (45.2%) and, by day 90 of MV, in 48 patients (77.4%). The 30-day and 90-day mortality rates were 30.0% and 63.7%, respectively. There were associations of 30-day mortality with the SOFA score (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.12-1.52; p < 0.001) and use of vasoactive agents (HR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-12.9; p = 0.02), whereas 90-day mortality was associated with age (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05; p = 0.003), SOFA score (HR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07-1.34; p = 0.001), use of vasoactive agents (HR = 4.07; 95% CI: 1.93-8.55; p < 0.001), and COPD (HR = 3.35; 95% CI: 1.71-6.60; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Mortality rates in VAP patients on PMV are considerably high. The onset of VAP can occur various days after MV initiation. The SOFA score is useful for predicting fatal outcomes. The factors associated with mortality could help guide therapeutic decisions and determine prognosis.

RESUMO Objetivo: A pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) é uma séria complicação da ventilação mecânica (VM). Entretanto, dados sobre PAVM em pacientes em VM prolongada (VMP) são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as características de pacientes com PAVM em VMP e identificar fatores associados à mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluindo pacientes com PAVM em VMP. Foram registradas características basais, bem como as taxas de mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias. As variáveis associadas à mortalidade foram determinadas por meio da análise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e do modelo de regressão de Cox. Resultados: Foram identificados 80 episódios de PAVM em 62 indivíduos em VMP. As medianas de idade, índice de comorbidade de Charlson, pontuação no SOFA, e dias em VM foram, respectivamente, de 69,5 anos, 5, 4 e 56 dias. Os episódios de PAVM ocorreram entre o 21º e o 50º dia de VM em 28 pacientes (45,2%) e até o 90º dia de VM em 48 pacientes (77,4%). As taxas de mortalidade em 30 e 90 dias foram de 30,0% e 63,7%, respectivamente. A mortalidade em 30 dias associou-se a pontuação no SOFA (razão de risco [RR] = 1,30; IC95%: 1,12-1,52; p < 0,001) e uso de drogas vasoativas (RR = 4,0; IC95%: 1,2-12,9; p = 0,02), enquanto a mortalidade em 90 dias associou-se a idade (RR = 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,05; p = 0,003), pontuação no SOFA (RR = 1,20; IC95%: 1,07-1,34; p = 0,001), uso de drogas vasoativas (RR = 4,07; IC95%: 1,93-8,55; p < 0,001) e DPOC (RR = 3,35; IC95%: 1,71-6,60; p < 0,001). Conclusões: As taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com PAVM em VMP são consideravelmente altas. O início da PAVM pode ocorrer vários dias após a instituição da VM. O escore SOFA é útil para predição de desfechos fatais. Os fatores associados à mortalidade podem ajudar a orientar as decisões terapêuticas e a determinar o prognóstico.

Uso de máquina de anestesia como ventilador mecánico en pacientes COVID-19 en Áreas Críticas del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Use of anesthesia machine as a mechanical ventilator in COVID-19 patient in Critical Areas of Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNLa pandemia ocasionada por el Corona-virus tipo 2 del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave (SARSCoV-2) en la actua-lidad, anticipa una demanda de ventila-dores mecánicos, la Organización Mun-dial de la Salud (OMS), reporta que el 5% de los contagiados cae de forma rápida en insuficiencia respiratoria y requiere de cuidados intensivos1-3. La Food and Drug Administration (FDA), quien aprobó de manera temporal el uso de la Máquina de Anestesia (MA) como Ventilador Mecánico (VM) y la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) junto con la Anesthesia Patient Safety Founda-tion (APSF), publicaron una declaración donde se reconoció que las máquinas de anestesia no están diseñadas para entregar apoyo ventilatorio a largo plazo, sin em-bargo, se han transformado en la primera línea natural de apoyo durante la pan-demia cuando no hay suficientes ventila-dores en áreas críticas hospitalarias1,2,4.Países como Chile por medio de la So-ciedad de Anestesiología de Chile (SACHA), ha puesto en práctica estas recomendaciones previo a un informe técnico. De igual manera en la Unidad Técnica de Anestesiología y a través de este protocolo se procura estandarizar el manejo de la MA con varias recomenda-ciones, para que puedan ser utilizadas en forma segura y efectiva, dado que el uso de las máquinas de anestesia como VM "es una maniobra de salvataje"2. De esta manera se pretende entregar li-neamientos para dar asistencia ventila-toria a pacientes que requieren ventilación mecánica por un cuadro positivo para In-fección por Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) utilizando una MA, ante la imposibilidad de disponer de un Ventilador de Cuidados Intensivos (VCI).

1. INTRODUCTIONThe pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARSCoV-2) Coronavirus type 2, currently anticipates a demand for mechanical ventilators, the World Health Organization (WHO), re-ports that 5% of infected people rapidly fall into respiratory failure and require in-tensive care1-3 .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which temporarily approved the use of the Anesthesia Machine (AM) as a Mechanical Ventilator (MV). The Ame-rican Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) together with the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF), issued a state-ment acknowledging that anesthesia ma-chines are not designed to deliver long-term ventilation support, however, they have become the first natural line of su-pport during the pandemic, when there are not enough ventilators in critical hos-pital areas1,2,4.Countries such as Chile, through the Society of Anesthesiology of Chile (SACHA), have implemented these re-commendations prior to a technical report. Similarly, in the Technical Unit of Anesthesiology and through this protocol, it is trying to standardize the management of AM with several recommendations, so they can be used in the safest and most effective way, since the use of anesthesia machines as a MV "is a dangerous ma-neuver"2.In this way, guidelines are provided to in order to give mechanical ventilation as-sistance the patients who required me-chanical ventilation due to one posi-tive picture of Coroanvirus-19 Infection (COVID-19) using an AM, given the im-possibility of having an Intensive Care Ventilator (IVC).

Desafios para o desenvolvimento de ventiladores alternativos de baixo custo durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil / Challenges for the development of alternative low-cost ventilators during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

RESUMO A pandemia por COVID-19 tem deixado os gestores, os profissionais de saúde e a população preocupados com a potencial escassez de ventiladores pulmonares para suporte de pacientes graves. No Brasil, há diversas iniciativas com o intuito de produzir ventiladores alternativos para ajudar a suprir essa demanda. Para auxiliar as equipes que atuam nessas iniciativas, são expostos alguns conceitos básicos sobre fisiologia e mecânica respiratória, os termos comumente utilizados no contexto da ventilação mecânica, as fases do ciclo ventilatório, as diferenças entre disparo e ciclagem, os modos ventilatórios básicos e outros aspectos relevantes, como mecanismos de lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação mecânica, pacientes com drive respiratório, necessidade de umidificação de vias aéreas, risco de contaminação cruzada e disseminação de aerossóis. Após a fase de desenvolvimento de protótipo, são necessários testes pré-clínicos de bancada e em modelos animais, a fim de determinar a segurança e o desempenho dos equipamentos, seguindo requisitos técnicos mínimos exigidos. Então, é imprescindível passar pelo processo regulatório exigido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). A empresa responsável pela fabricação do equipamento deve estar regularizada junto à ANVISA, que também deve ser notificada da condução dos testes clínicos em humanos, seguindo protocolo de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. O registro do ventilador junto à ANVISA deve ser acompanhado de um dossiê, composto por documentos e informações detalhadas neste artigo, que não tem o propósito de esgotar o assunto, mas de nortear os procedimentos necessários.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has brought concerns to managers, healthcare professionals, and the general population related to the potential mechanical ventilators' shortage for severely ill patients. In Brazil, there are several initiatives aimed at producing alternative ventilators to cover this gap. To assist the teams that work in these initiatives, we provide a discussion of some basic concepts on physiology and respiratory mechanics, commonly used mechanical ventilation terms, the differences between triggering and cycling, the basic ventilation modes and other relevant aspects, such as mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury, respiratory drive, airway heating and humidification, cross-contamination risks, and aerosol dissemination. After the prototype development phase, preclinical bench-tests and animal model trials are needed to determine the safety and performance of the ventilator, following the minimum technical requirements. Next, it is mandatory going through the regulatory procedures as required by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA). The manufacturing company should be appropriately registered by ANVISA, which also must be notified about the conduction of clinical trials, following the research protocol approval by the Research Ethics Committee. The registration requisition of the ventilator with ANVISA should include a dossier containing the information described in this paper, which is not intended to cover all related matters but to provide guidance on the required procedures.

Toma de decisiones y consideraciones éticas en el soporte ventilatorio en áreas críticas hospitalarias en el contexto de pandemia COVID-19 / Decision-making and ethical considerations in ventilatory support in critical hospital areas in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo. Los recursos hospitalarios resultan insuficientes ante la demanda de pacientes graves con COVID-19. La adecuada gestión de recursos es esencial para brindar la mejor atención posible. Se revisaron criterios que ayuden a tomar decisiones adecuadas y oportunas, siguiendo principios éticos. La priorización del soporte ventilatorio invasivo debe hacerse de manera transparente y objetiva, evaluando integralmente al paciente y basado en criterios objetivos como escalas de pronóstico, ciclo de vida o compromiso clínico. El tratamiento sintomático (incluyendo cuidados paliativos) es indispensable en esta pandemia y la comunicación con el aciente o la familia permiten humanizar la atención del personal de salud.

Objetive. Hospital resources are insufficient given the demand for seriously ill patients with COVID-19. Proper resource management is essential to provide the best possible care. Criteria to help make appropriate and timely decisions were reviewed, following ethical principles. The prioritization of invasive ventilatory support must be done in a transparent and objective manner, comprehensively evaluating the patient and based on objective criteria such as prognostic scales, life cycle or clinical commitment. Symptomatic treatment (including palliative care) is essential in this pandemic and communication with the patient or family makes it possible to humanize the care of health personnel.