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Objective@#To investigate the influencing factors for myopia among primary and secondary school students in Suzhou, so as to provide basis for myopia prevention and control. @*Methods@#The students in Grade 4-12 were recruited by stratified cluster random sampling method. Gender, grade, parents＇ myopia history, outdoor activity time and video display terminal time were collected through the questionnaire of National Surveillance Program of Influencing Factors for Common Diseases and Health in Students. Uncorrected visual acuity and cycloplegic refraction were tested. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore myopia-related factors.@*Results@#A total of 990 questionnaires were distributed, and 882 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 89.09%. The prevalence rate of myopia was 78.23% ( 690 cases ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females ( OR=1.703, 95%CI: 1.173-2.474 ) , middle school students ( OR:5.597-11.949, 95%CI: 3.573-28.349 ) , both parents＇myopia ( OR=2.445, 95%CI: 1.597-3.742 ) , video display terminal time over 3 hours per day ( OR=2.026, 95%CI: 1.235-3.325 ) were risk factors for myopia; outdoor activity time over 2 hours per day ( OR: 0.493-0.510, 95%CI: 0.273-0.943 ) was a protective factor for myopia. @*Conclusion@#The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Suzhou is 78.23%. Gender, grade, parents＇ myopia history, outdoor activity time and video display terminal time are influencing factors for myopia.
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Introduction: Cataract is the most common surgicalprocedure. Study was done to compare the effect of nepafenac0.1% plus prednisolone 1% vs prednisolone 1% alone incontrolling ocular inflammation after phacoemulsificationMaterial and Methods: A total of 140 patients wererandomized to receive prednisolone 1% (group I) vsnepafenac plus prednisolone 1% (group II) after uneventfulphacoemulsification. Patients were examined on first day,one week and one month for vision, slit lamp evaluation foranterior segment inflammation and cystoid macular edema.Results: Average visual acuity was 6/9 in both groups.Anterior segment inflammation was significantly less in groupII on first post operative day. On later visits, there was nosignificant difference in inflammation in both groups. CMEwas not seen in any group.Conclusion: This study suggests that addition of nepafenac0.1% to prednisolone 1% significantly reduces the intraocularinflammation after phacoemulsification in the earlypostoperative period.
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To explore the bridge role of Jingming (BL 1) for video display terminal (VDT) asthenopia and brainfag. Ancient literature and modern scientific research on the acupoint have been analyzed and summarized so as to explore pressing the acupoint the instinct feedback of brain after asthenopia. It is demonstrated that Jingming (BL 1) is a key channel between eyes, brain and the outside world, and it is one of major feedback points of brain after asthenopia. In this paper we try to establish a new research thinking and ascertain it, namely Jingming (BL 1) reflecting the relationship between asthenopia and brainfag. We hope that it can provide some references for further research on cognizing brain through eye.
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PURPOSE: The present research is a descriptive study aimed at understanding clinical nurses' Video display terminal (VDT) syndrome and identifying the factors that affect their VDT syndrome. METHODS: Data were collected from 239 clinical nurses working in two metropolitan cities. Research tools included subject's VDT syndrome assessing musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, dermal, psychiatric, and whole body syndromes. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis, average and standard deviation, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: The subjects' VDT syndrome score was 1.34 out of 5. There were significant differences in participating subjects' VDT syndrome, hospital's size, working unit, health status, diagnosis of illness, having an Order Communication System (OCS), having an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) System, continuous VDT working for more than one hour, break time during VDT use, VDT use time, comfort of the chair, adjustability of the height of the chair, size of the VDT's desk, distance between the monitor and the user's eyes, resolution of the monitor, and frequency of eye exercise during VDT use. According to the research, influencing factors on VDT syndrome in clinical nurses included size of the VDT's desk, frequency of eye exercise during VDT use, having an EMR system, break time during VDT use, diagnosis illness, and having an OCS' system. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study can be used as a basis for future VDT syndrome prevention education and programs for clinical nurses.
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Computer Terminals , Diagnosis , Education , Electronic Health RecordsABSTRACT
Background The incidence of dry eye is increasing among young adults because of wide usage of video display terminal.But the early diagnosis of dry eye still presents challenge to medical practitioners.The accurate diagnosis and treatment of the dry eye,therefore,is a topic of high interest to researchers.Previous examination outcome of dry eye is interferred primarily due to invasive procedure.It is very important to search an examination approach.Objective This study was to use Keratograph 5M,a non-invasive ocular surface analyzer to evaluate the influence of watching video display terminal on ocular surface and tear film.Methods Eighty-one eyes of 81 health volunteers among 18-30 years were enrolled in Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from March 1,2015 to November 10,2015 under the informed consent,including 39 males and 42 females.The subjects watched the computer for continuously 3 hours under the nature light,and ocular surface related examinations were performed and compared before and after video display terminal exposure,including non-invasive tear film break-up time (NITBUT),tear meniscus height,conjunctival hyperemia scoring,limbal congestion scoring,corneal fluorescein staining scoring,meibomian gland imaging and lipid layer analysis.Results The number of eyes with visual fatigue,dryness,pain,blurring and conjunctival congestion was significantly increased after 3-hour video display terminal exposure in comparison with before (all at P＜0.01).The initial NITBUT and mean NITBUT were (6.086± 3.701) s and (9.103 ± 4.680) s,and tear meniscus height was (0.190 ± 0.032) mm after trail,which were significantly lower than (11.445 ±4.964) s,(14.626 ±4.467) s and (0.212 ±0.040) mm of before trail,respectively;The conjunctical hyperemia scoring and limbal congestion scoring were 0.869 ±0.311 and 0.572 ±0.276 after trial,which were significantly higher than 0.780 ± 0.306 and 0.509 ± 0.266 before trail,showing significant differences before and after exposure of video display terminal (all at P＜0.01).The intraocular pressure and the eye number of different scores of corneal fluorescence staining,abnormal meibomian gland and different morphological lipid layer of tear were unchanged before and after exposure of video display terminal.Conclusions Long-term exposure of video display terminal results in significant and temporary adverse influence on tear film and ocular surface.Keratograph 5M non-invasive ocular sudace analyzer can objectively assess overall ocular surface conditions.
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? AlM: To evaluate the efficacy of Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops and acupoint massage alone or combination of both on video display terminal ( VDT ) asthenopia. ?METHODS: Totally, 224 patients with VDT asthenopia were randomly divided into eye drops group ( n = 56 ) received the intervention by Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops, acupoint massage group (n=56) received the intervention by acupoint massage around the eyes, and combination group ( n=56 ) received the intervention by combination of both and control group received the intervention by ocular hygiene instruction. The effect was evaluated after 4wk. The symptoms curative effect index, tear film break-up time ( BUT) , Schirmer l test ( Slt) and corneal fluorescein staining score were as the indexes of evaluation. ? RESULTS: The symptoms curative effect index of combination group (78. 96±5. 29)% was higher than that of eye drops group (69. 55±6. 23)% and acupoint massage group (71. 15±6. 41)%, which of after both groups was higher than that of control group ( 33. 01±4. 26 )% ( P ? CONCLUSlON: Esculin and Digitalisglycosides eye drops and acupoint massage could improve symptoms and ocular physiology in patient with VDT asthenopia, and the effects of the combinative use of both are synergistic.
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OBJECTIVE: To apply tailored rehabilitation education to video display terminal (VDT) workers with musculoskeletal pain and to assess changes in musculoskeletal pain after rehabilitation education. METHODS: A total of 8,828 VDT workers were screened for musculoskeletal disorders using a self-report questionnaire. Six hundred twenty-six VDT workers selected based on their questionnaires were enrolled in musculoskeletal rehabilitation education, which consisted of education on VDT syndrome and confirmed diseases, exercise therapy including self-stretching and strengthening, and posture correction. One year later, a follow-up screening survey was performed on 316 VDT workers, and the results were compared with the previous data. RESULTS: Compared with the initial survey, pain intensity was significantly decreased in the neck area; pain duration and frequency were significantly decreased in the low back area; and pain duration, intensity, and frequency were significantly decreased in the shoulder and wrist after tailored rehabilitation education. In addition, pain duration, intensity, and frequency showed a greater significant decrease after tailored rehabilitation education in the mild pain group than in the severe pain group. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that work-related musculoskeletal pain was reduced after tailored rehabilitation education, especially in the shoulder, wrist, and low back.
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Humans , Computer Terminals , Education , Exercise Therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Mass Screening , Musculoskeletal Pain , Neck , Posture , Rehabilitation , Shoulder , WristABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the association of job stress and working with video display terminal (VDT) to musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck-shoulder which were most common in white-collar workers. METHODS: From 122 workplaces, 1,790 white-collar workers with no trauma, and no history of musculoskeletal disease were selected for the study. The questionnaire survey included general characteristics, work related characteristics, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) and musculoskeletal symptoms. Multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, smoking status, drinking habit, housekeeping, work time, job tenure, and work-load change, were used to evaluate the effects of job stress and VDT-work on the symptoms. RESULTS: The prevalence of neck-shoulder symptoms was overall 24.3% overall. The prevalence odds ratio of job demand (high/low) to neck-shoulder symptoms, adjusted for general and work-related factors, was 1.56 (95% confidence interval 1.12~2.17), and that of job strain (high strain/low strain) was 1.72 (1.07~2.79). However, VDT-work was not associated with neck-shoulder symptoms in the multiple logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent musculoskeletal disorders in white-collar workers, it is important to consider psychosocial factors such as job demand and job strain, as well as VDT-work.
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Computer Terminals , Drinking , Household Work , Logistic Models , Musculoskeletal Diseases , Neck , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Shoulder , Smoke , SmokingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of height and tilt adjustable keyboard tray on work-related musculoskeletal pain in visual display terminal (VDT) workers. METHOD: Twenty-one VDT workers, who had myofascial pain in upper trapezius (UTZ) and extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) or brevis (ECRB) during VDT work, were randomly assigned to a control (n=10) that used conventional keyboard or experimental group (n=11) that used height and tilt adjustable keyboard tray. A pretest assessed the visual analog scale (VAS), pain threshold of UTZ and ECRL or ECRB, and grip and tip pinch strength as well as upper extremity function index (UEFI). Post-test was conducted 1 month later. Additionally, differences in working posture between the two groups were evaluated. RESULTS: For the UTZ, the decrease of VAS (p<0.05) and increase of pain threshold (p<0.01) in experimental group were significantly greater than control group after 1 month. Increase of right grip strength (p<0.01) and UEFI (p<0.05) in the experimental group were significantly larger than control group. Experimental group showed lower keyboard height (p<0.01) and smaller elbow angle (p<0.01) as well as more anterior tilted keyboard angle (p<0.01) than the control group. CONCLUSION: Application of height and tilt adjustable keyboard tray seems to affect the working posture, thus reduce the work-related musculoskeletal pain of UTZ as well as enhance the strength of right grip strength and upper extremity function in VDT workers. Additionally, anterior keyboard tilting may help to reduce wrist extension in low keyboard height which contributes to decreasing UTZ muscle tension.
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Computer Terminals , Elbow , Hand Strength , Muscle Tonus , Musculoskeletal Pain , Pain Threshold , Pinch Strength , Posture , Superficial Back Muscles , Upper Extremity , Visual Analog Scale , WristABSTRACT
We investigated the degree of fatigue among medical students during the second trial of the Common Achievement Tests, which use a computer-based testing (CBT) method. A revised questionnaire for subjective fatigue symptoms proposed by the Industrial Fatigue Research meeting of the Japan Society for Occupational Health was used to examine the degree of fatigue. The CBT examinee group (n=41) sat for the examination for 6 hours using video display terminals. Significant changes were seen in 19 of the 25 items for subjective symptoms. At the end of the test period, significant differences between the CBT examinee group and the lecture participant group (n=50) were found for 15 of the items for subjective symptoms. Subjective symptoms were classified into 5 categories: sleepiness, instability, displeasure, feeling languid, and blurred vision. In the CBT examinee group, rates of symptoms increased significantly in all 5 categories. The increase in the rate of “blurred vision” was especially marked.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of a jazz dance program on musculoskeletal pains of female telephone operators. METHOD: Ten female telephone operators with neck and upper extremity discomfort were studied. The jazz dance program was carried out three times a week for 12 weeks. The effect of the jazz dance program was assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) and the pressure thresholds of muscles of right neck and shoulder (the upper trapezius, rhomboideus, infraspinatus, and levator scapulae) with pressure algometer before and after exercise in every week. RESULTS: There was significant increase of the pressure thresholds on four muscles of right neck and shoulder (p<0.05). There was significant decrease of the averages of VAS of neck and upper extremity (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Jazz dance program is an effetive tool for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal pains in Visual Display Terminal (VDT) workers.
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Female , Humans , Computer Terminals , Muscles , Musculoskeletal Pain , Neck , Shoulder , Superficial Back Muscles , Telephone , Upper ExtremityABSTRACT
Objective To provide the possible methods to relieve the symptoms of video display terminal users by diagnosing the visual problems.Methods Several tests including primary eye care, tear break time (BUT), refractive analysis, facility of accommodation, phoria and FCC were done on 121 patients respectively.Results In the 121 patients, 47 patients(39%) were accommodative failure, 66 patients(55%) were lag of accommodation checking with FCC, 53 patients (43.8%) were uncorrected presbyopia, 65 patients (53.7%) were break up time of tear film＜10s, 87 patients (71.8%) couldn't been corrected the refraction errors or the correction of refractive errors was unsatisfied, 24 patients(19.8%) were esophoria, 17 patients (14%) were exophoria, 8 patients (7%) were anisometropia. Conclusion Proper accommodation training, amplitude correction of ametropia and presbyopia and relieving the symptoms of dry eye can to some extent solve the problems of VDT users.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate working condition in way of measuring working posture and muscle tension using the desktop personal computer and notebook personal computer having different screen height. METHOD: Seventeen healthy men performed wordprocessing task in three workstation: desktop PC on the conventional computer table (DPC (on)); desktop PC under the 'inside' type computer table (DPC (under)); notebook PC on the table (NPC). The viewing distance and angle, head and neck angle, thoracic bending and trunk inclination were measured. Muscle tension of right posterior neck muscle, upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and upper back muscle was also measured by integrated electromyogram (IEMG). RESULTS: 1) The viewing distance was the longest in DPC (under). 2) The lower the screen height, the more downward viewing angle and more flexed position in upper neck. 3) The posterior neck muscle tension was the lowest in DPC (on). 4) Stooped position was most frequently seen in NPC and the highest tension of posterior neck muscle and upper back muscle was shown in NPC. 5) In relation between postural analysis and muscle tension, muscle tension decreased with increasing backward reclining position, and the neck and thorax became more erect with increasing in viewing distance. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the stooped posture was worst and most frequently seen in NPC. If neck flexion is avoided, DPC (under) position could lessen the visual and musculoskeletal problem. More Ergonomical study would be needed about working posture using computer.
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Humans , Male , Back Muscles , Head , Microcomputers , Muscle Tonus , Neck , Neck Muscles , Posture , Superficial Back Muscles , ThoraxABSTRACT
BACKGROUD: The use of video display terminal(VDT) is growing rapidly. The purpose of this study was to examine detailed symptoms related to VDT use, factors related to symptoms of VDT users. METHODS: 852 bank clerks using VDT who visited to a haspital in Pusan were enrolled in this study. Collected data ineluded age, sex, symptoms associated VDT, weekly VDT usage time, distance from head to hard distance from eyes to VDT, angle to VDT. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent. Symptoms involved visual (19.9%), musculoskeletal(10.8%), neurological system (0.5%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms of women was higher than men. The prevalence of visual symptoms of subjects less than 30 years of age was higher than those of 31 years and over. The prevalence of subjects with more than one symptoms was 33.7 percent; subjects with visual and musculoskeletal symptoms were most common. Angle to VDT af group having symptoms related to VDT use was 5.1+/-22.6 degrees while those without was -0.5+/-17.0 degrees(P<0.05). Weekly mean VDT usage time of group having symptoms related to VDT use was 25.0(3.0- 90.0) hours while thase without were 11.0(0.5- 100.0) hours<0.01). In order of fvequency subjects having visual, musculoskeletal, and neurolagical symptoms, angle to VDT and weekly mean VDT usage time were increased CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to symptoms of VDT users were weekly VDT usage time and angle to VDT. The prevalence of symptoms related to VDT use was 27.0 percent.
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Female , Humans , Male , Computer Terminals , Head , PrevalenceABSTRACT
To measure the levels of X ray radiation emitted from computer video display terminals Accumulative doses of X ray radiation emitted from the surface of terminal screen and radiation protcetive screen were measured by highly sensitive LiF(Mg,Cu,P) thermoluminescent dosimetry The average levels of X ray radiation emitted from the surface of terminal screen and radiation protective screen were 0 93 mR/d and 0 24 mR/d respectively [Conclusion]The low energy and low level X ray radiation emitted from the terminals didn′t exceed the related standards
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Both monitoring of occupational hazards and assessment of healthy effects on VDT operators were made. The results showed that there were several occupational hazards in VDT,including insalubrious microclimate and air ion condition, lower illuminance, higher noise, some doses of x-radiation, and unfitting ergonomics. The healthy effects of the hazards of the VDT mainly involved the operator's nervous system, psychology and behavior, eyes, musculoskeletal system as well as the woman operator's menses and pregnancy, especially in the 18 to 25 age bracket who had more VDT work hours than that of the others, it suggested that the various preventive measures against the hazards of the VDT must be strengthened.
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VDT operators' occupational stress and psy-chophysical state were studied. The resultsshowed that the nature, environment and require-ments of VDT operation shaped the major occupa-tional stress in VDT operation. The longer VDTworking hours and more workloads gave the opera-tors more occupational strains. VDT operators hada lower satisfactory level to the job and lower psy-chological health level than contral group, espe-cially on obsession and depression. VDT operationperhaps gave the operators some kinds of psycho-physiological troubles. We did not find there wereharmful effects of VDT on the operators' autonom-ic nervous functions.