ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the status,the risk factors and prevention strategies and measures of cognitive dysfunction in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and the provide the theoretical basis for preventing the mild cognitive impairment(MCI)in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods:A total of 192 patients with T2DM who were diagnosed definitely and received hospitalization treatment and accepted the questionnaire willingly were selected as the subjects.The general demographic characteristics,general behavioral characteristics and clinical data were collected.Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)was used to screen the status of the patients with cognitive impairment,and Activities of Daily Living(ADL)assessment was used to assess the ADL of the patients.Chi-square test,t test and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare the congnitive function between the patients with different features.Multivariable Logistic regression model was used to find the independent influencing factors of MCI in the patients with T2DM.The correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the each module of cognitive function of MoCA and the influencing factors.The P<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value. Results:There were 192 patients with T2DM accepted the questionnaire.According to the criteria for cognitive impairment in MoCA,154 of the 192 subjects had MCI,and the incidence of MCI was 80.21%(154/192).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly and low family per capita monthly income were the risk factors of MCI in the patients with T2DM(P<0.05).The results of correlation analysis between the various modules of MoCA and the influencing factors showed that the age was related strongly to the attention ability(r=-0.334,P<0.05);the family per capita monthly income was strongly related to the visual space ability and executive ability(r=0.322,P<0.05).Conclusion:The incidence of MCI in the patients with T2DM is serious. Age and the per capita monthly income of family are the important factors affecting the cognitive function of the patients with T2DM,which mainly affect the visual space ability, executive ability,attention ability,and memory function.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the status, the risk factors and prevention strategies and measures of cognitive dysfunction in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the provide the theoretical basis for preventing the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 192 patients with T2DM who were diagnosed definitely and received hospitalization treatment and accepted the questionnaire willingly were selected as the subjects. The general demographic characteristics, general behavioral characteristics and clinical data were collected. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to screen the status of the patients with cognitive impairment, and Activities of Daily Living (ADD assessment was used to assess the ADL of the patients. Chi-square test, t test and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare the congnitive function between the patients with different features. Multivariable Logistic regression model was used to find the independent influencing factors of MCI in the patients with T2DM. The correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between the each module of cognitive function of MoCA and the influencing factors. The P<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value. Results: There were 192 patients with T2DM accepted the questionnaire. According to the criteria for cognitive impairment in MoCA, 154 of the 192 subjects had MCI, and the incidence of MCI was 80.21% (154/192). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly and low family per capita monthly income were the risk factors of MCI in the patients with T2DM (P<0.05). The results of correlation analysis between the various modules of MoCA and the influencing factors showed that the age was related strongly to the attention ability (r = -0.334, P< 0.05); the family per capita monthly income was strongly related to the visual space ability and executive ability (r=0.322, P<0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of MCI in the patients with T2DM is serious. Age and the per capita monthly income of family are the important factors affecting the cognitive function of the patients with T2DM, which mainly affect the visual space ability, executive ability, attention ability, and memory function.
ABSTRACT
The focus here is on the paradoxical finding that whereas visually perceived egocentric distance is proportional to physical distance out to at least 20 m under full-cue viewing, there are large distortions of shape within the same range, reflecting a large anisotropy of depth and frontal extents on the ground plane. Three theories of visual space perception are presented, theories that are relevant to understanding this paradoxical result. The theory by Foley, Ribeiro-Filho, and Da Silva is based on the idea that when the visual system computes the length of a visible extent, the effective visual angle is a non-linear increasing function of the actual visual angle. The theory of Durgin and Li is based on the idea that two angular measures, optical slant and angular declination, are over-perceived. The theory of Ooi and He is based on both a default perceptual representation of the ground surface in the absence of visual cues and the "sequential surface integration process" whereby an internal representation of the visible ground surface is constructed starting from beneath the observer's feet and extending outward.
Subject(s)
Depth Perception , Distance Perception , Perceptual DistortionABSTRACT
One major issue concerning investigations of visual perception is determination of the geometrical properties of visual space. To address this issue, one must determine the relationships between geometrical features of visual space, distance, direction, angle, and size. Consistent evidence indicates that visual angle is a determinant of perceived exocentric distance. Previous evidence suggests that exocentric distance and direction are hierarchically processed, with distance preceding direction. The present study investigated the relationship between the perceptual processing of egocentric direction and exocentric direction using a task that independently provides both perceptual variables in a single judgment. The results indicated that egocentric directions were systematically overestimated, and this was not caused by either the global shape of the layout or leg length effects. Exocentric directions presented a discontinuous pattern of overestimation of smaller angles that were subtended by radial orientations and accuracy of right angles that were subtended by horizontal orientations. This could be explained by the anisotropy of visual space, a well-established phenomenon from visual space studies. The analysis of the association between the processing of these two variables revealed independence between them in which exocentric direction processing did not depend on the processing of egocentric direction processing, and vice versa. The present results and prior evidence converge on the notion of hierarchical processing in which the visual system processes the egocentric distance of objects followed by exocentric distance processing and subsequent processing. The precise positions of egocentric and exocentric directions in this chain of processing remain to be determined.