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2.
Rev. chil. neurocir ; 33: 11-16, dic. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-665151

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: En el presente trabajo se revisará nuestra serie de casos de Adenomas Corticotrópos silentes y revisar la literatura acerca de esta patología fascinante. Material y Método: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 5 pacientes del Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá en el periodo de enero de 1990 a enero de 2008, que se le realizó tratamiento para una masa sellar y se le realizó diagnóstico patológico de Adenoma Corticotrópos Silente. Discusión: Los adenomas de hipófisis corresponden entre el 17 por ciento de los tumores intracraneales. El 60 por ciento de estas lesiones se asocian a hipersecreción hormonal. Los adenomas corticotropos silentes son tumores hipofisarios que histológicamente muestran diferenciación corticotrópica con algún grado de secreción de ACTH pero sin la evidencia clínica de síndrome de Cushing. Conclusión: Aunque estos tumores sean clínicamente significativos y su histopatología fascinante, hay poca literatura y estudios clínicos con enfoque especial sobre estas lesiones. Estos tumores son muy importantes tenerlos en cuenta en la patología selar ya que su tratamiento requiere mayor dedicación y seguimiento a estos pacientes.


Objectives: In the present paper we want to review our series of silent corticotrofic adenomas and review the literature concerning this fascinating pathology. Material and Methods: we review the clinical history of 5 patients treated and diagnosed with Silent corticotrofic adenomas in University Hospital Fundacion Santa Fe de Bogota in the period of January 1990 till January 2008. Discussion: Pituitary adenomas count for 10 to 15 percent of intracranial tumors. In 60 percent of the cases there is a hormonal hypersecretory syndrome associated with these mass. Silent Corticotophic adenomas are pituitary tumors which histologically show a corticotrophic differentiation with secretion of ACTH but do not present with clinical evidence of Cushing disease. Although silent corticotophic adenomas are clinically significant and histologically fascinating there are only few clinical studies and medical literature with regard to these tumors. Conclusion: Although silent corticotophic adenomas are clinically significant and histologically fascinating there are only few clinical studies and medical literature with regard to these tumors. It is very important to take in regard this tumor in the pathology of the selar region since these patients demand a major dedication and a strict follow up.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/diagnosis , Corticotrophs , Pituitary Gland/pathology , Pituitary Neoplasms
3.
Rev. chil. endocrinol. diabetes ; 1(3): 170-173, jul. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612516

ABSTRACT

Cushing´s disease results from overproduction of glucocorticoids due to excessive corticotropin secretion by a tumor of the pituitary gland´s corticotroph cells and is the cause of 80 percent of all forms of ACTH dependent hypercortisolism. Both its diagnosis and treatment represent a challenge and transsphenoidal surgical resection is currently the treatment of choice.The success of the surgery depends on the tumor size and on the experience of the center which performs the intervention, achieving remission of the disease in around 70 percent of microadenomas and 15 percent of tumors larger than 1 cm. Among patients who achieved control of hypercortisolism, there is a relapse rate that fluctuates between 5 and 25 percent. The clash of these cases represents an even greater challenge than the previous one, especially with regard to the treatment. We report the case of a 30 years old woman with Cushing's disease, operated on and cured through a transsphenoidal resection, who relapsed 10 years after surgery.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , Adenoma/surgery , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Adrenalectomy , Sphenoid Bone/surgery , Recurrence , Reoperation , Nelson Syndrome
4.
SQUMJ-Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2008; 8 (2): 211-214
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-90414

ABSTRACT

We describe two patients of the Department of Medicine at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, with Cushing's disease. Their magnetic resonance imaging scans of the pituitary were negative. One patient was treated by transsphenoidal surgery and the other by bilateral endoscopic adrenalectomy. Both procedures were successful and the patients cured. The advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches are discussed


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery , Adrenalectomy/methods , Pituitary Gland/surgery , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone , Endoscopy/methods , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery
5.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1355-1361, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471752

ABSTRACT

Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) remains the treatment of choice for Cushing's disease (CD). Despite the widespread acceptance of this procedure as the first line treatment in CD, the indication of a second TSS in not cured or relapsed DC patients is not consensus. We report the results of TSS in 108 patients with CD (a total of 117 surgeries). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 6 years. Remission was defined as clinical and laboratorial signs of adrenal insufficiency, period of glucocorticoid dependence, serum cortisol suppression on oral 1-mg dexamethasone overnight suppression test and clinical remission of hypercortisolism. We evaluated 103 patients with CD by the time of the first TSS. Fourteen patients underwent second TSS (5 had already been operated in others centers; in 5 patients the first surgery was not curative; in 4 patients CD relapsed). Remission rates were 85.4 percent and 28.6 percent (p < 0.001) after first and second TSS, respectively. In microadenomas, remission rates were higher than macroadenomas (94.9 percent vs. 73.9 percent; p = 0.006). In patients with negative pituitary imaging remission rates were 71.4 percent (p = 0.003; vs. microadenomas). Postoperative complications were: transient diabetes insipidus, definitive diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, stroke and one death. Only hypopituitarism was more frequent after second TSS (p = 0.015). In conclusion, TSS for CD is an effective and safe treatment. The best remission rates were observed at the first surgery and in microadenomas. The low remission rates after a second TSS suggest that this approach could not be a good therapeutic choice when the first one was not curative.


O tratamento de escolha para a doença de Cushing (DC) ainda é a cirurgia transesfenoidal (CTE) para ressecção do adenoma hipofisário produtor de ACTH. Porém, a indicação de uma segunda CTE representa uma questão controversa, tanto nos pacientes não curados após a primeira cirurgia quanto nos casos de recidiva. Neste trabalho, relatamos os resultados da CTE em 108 pacientes com DC (totalizando 117 cirurgias). O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 6 anos. Critérios de cura: ocorrência de insuficiência adrenal (clínica ou laboratorial), período de dependência ao glicocorticóide, supressão do cortisol sérico pós-1 mg de dexametasona overnight e remissão clínica do hipercortisolismo. Foram avaliados 103 pacientes com DC submetidos à primeira CTE. Quatorze pacientes foram submetidos a uma segunda CTE (5 já tinham sido operados em outros centros; a primeira cirurgia não fora curativa em 5; 4 pacientes com recidiva da DC). Índices de cura: 85,4 por cento e 28,6 por cento (p < 0,001) após a primeira e segunda CTE, respectivamente. Nos microadenomas, remissão maior que nos macroadenomas (94,9 por cento vs. 73,9 por cento; p = 0,006). Nos pacientes com imagem hipofisária negativa, cura foi de 71,4 por cento (p = 0,003; vs. micro). Complicações pós-operatórias: diabetes insipidus transitório e definitivo, hipopituitarismo, acidente vascular cerebral e um óbito. Apenas a ocorrência de hipopituitarismo foi mais freqüente após a segunda CTE (p = 0,015). Assim sendo, a CTE para a DC representa uma terapêutica efetiva e segura. Os melhores índices de cura foram obtidos na primeira cirurgia e em microadenomas. O baixo índice de cura após a segunda CTE sugere que esta abordagem não deve ser considerada uma boa opção terapêutica quando a primeira cirurgia não for curativa.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , Adenoma/surgery , Hypophysectomy/standards , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Sphenoid Sinus/surgery , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/pathology , Adenoma/pathology , Follow-Up Studies , Hypophysectomy/methods , Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Recurrence , Remission Induction , Reoperation , Treatment Outcome
6.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1362-1372, nov. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471753

ABSTRACT

We review the clinical and biochemical criteria used for evaluation of the transsphenoidal pituitary surgery results in the treatment of Cushing's disease (CD). Firstly, we discuss the pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in normal subjects and patients with CD. Considering the series published in the last 25 years, we observed a significant variation in the remission or cure criteria, including the choice of biochemical tests, timing, threshold values to define remission, and the interference of glucocorticoid replacement or previous treatment. In this context we emphasize serum cortisol levels obtained early (from hours to 12 days) in the postoperative period without any glucocorticoid replacement or treatment. Our experience demonstrates that: (i) early cortisol < 5 to 7 µg/dl, (ii) a period of glucocorticoid dependence > 6 mo, (iii) absence of response of cortisol/ACTH to CRH or DDAVP, (iv) return of dexamethasone suppression, and circadian rhythm of cortisol are appropriate indices of remission of CD. In patients with undetectable cortisol levels early after surgery, recurrence seems to be low. Finally, although certain biochemical patterns are more suggestive of remission or surgical failure, none has been proven to be completely accurate, with recurrence observed in approximately 10 to 15 percent of the patients in long-term follow-up. We recommended that patients with CD should have long-term monitoring of the CRH-ACTH-cortisol axis and associated co-morbidities, especially hypopituitarism, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disturbances, and osteoporosis.


Neste artigo, são revisados os principais critérios clínicos e hormonais utilizados para avaliação do tratamento cirúrgico da Doença de Cushing (DC). Inicialmente são comentados aspectos fisiopatológicos que orientam a avaliação hormonal e os principais fatores clínicos, laboratoriais, cirúrgicos e histológicos associados com melhores resultados, observados nas principais séries da literatura e em pacientes acompanhados prospectivamente pelos autores. Foram revisados, também, critérios adotados nas principais séries da literatura, nos últimos 25 anos, chamando-se atenção para as dosagens hormonais, o momento em que foram realizadas, a possibilidade de interferência de tratamentos prévios e da reposição glicocorticóide. À seguir, essas dosagens são discutidas salientando-se a importância do cortisol obtido seqüencialmente no pós-operatório e sem a interferência de reposição glicocorticóide. A experiência prospectiva dos autores, recentemente referendada na literatura, demonstra que valores de cortisol < 5 a 7 µg/dl associados com um período de dependência aos glicocorticóides > 6 meses, ausência de resposta do ACTH/cortisol ao DDAVP e/ou CRH, retorno da supressão à dexametasona e do ritmo circadiano, estão associados com remissão da DC. Em pacientes com cortisol indetectável após cirurgia transesfenoidal, a chance de recidiva parece ser menor do que naqueles em que se observa cortisol detectável. Finalmente, chamamos a atenção para que, mesmo adotando critérios rígidos de avaliação, a recidiva da DC pode ocorrer a longo prazo em até 15 por cento dos casos, recomendando-se, portanto, que esses pacientes sejam acompanhados por tempo indeterminado, com monitorização cuidadosa do eixo CRH-ACTH-cortisol e de suas co-morbidades, especialmente hipopituitarismo, diabete melito, hipertensão arterial, alterações cardiovasculares e osteoporose.


Subject(s)
Humans , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma , Adenoma , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion , Pituitary Neoplasms , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/physiopathology , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , Adenoma/physiopathology , Adenoma/surgery , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood , Hypophysectomy , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hydrocortisone/urine , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/physiopathology , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery , Pituitary Neoplasms/physiopathology , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Recurrence , Treatment Outcome
7.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(8): 1373-1380, nov. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471754

ABSTRACT

Patients with residual or recurrent Cushing's disease receive external beam radiotherapy (RT) with the aim of achieving long-term tumour control and normalization of elevated hormone levels. Treatment is given either as conventional radiotherapy using conformal techniques or as stereotactic radiotherapy, which is either used as fractionated treatment (SCRT) or as single fraction radiosurgery (SRS). We describe the technical aspects of treatment and report a systematic review of the published literature on the efficacy and toxicity of conventional RT, SCRT and SRS. There are no studies directly comparing the different radiation techniques and the reported results are inevitably of selected patients by investigators with interest in the treatment tested. Nevertheless the review of the published literature suggests better hormone and tumour control rates after fractionated irradiation compared to single fraction radiosurgery. Hypopituitarism represents the most commonly reported late complication of radiotherapy seen after all treatments. Although the incidence of other late effects is low, the risk of radiation injury to normal neural structures is higher with single fraction compared to fractionated treatment. Stereotactic techniques offer more localized irradiation compared with conventional radiotherapy, however longer follow-up is necessary to confirm the potential reduction of long-term radiation toxicity of fractionated SCRT compared to conventional RT. On the basis of the available literature, fractionated conventional and stereotactic radiotherapy offer effective treatment for Cushing's disease not controlled with surgery alone. The lower efficacy and higher toxicity of single fraction treatment suggest that SRS is not the appropriate therapy for the majority of patients with Cushing's disease.


Pacientes com doença de Cushing residual ou recorrente recebem radioterapia externa em feixe (RT) com o objetivo de alcançar um controle tumoral prolongado e a normalização dos níveis hormonais elevados. O tratamento é realizado tanto com RT convencional, usando técnicas conformacionais, ou com RT estereotáxica, que é usada tanto como tratamento fracionado (RTF) ou como radiocirurgia em procedimento único (RCU). Descreveremos os aspectos técnicos do tratamento e mostraremos uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a eficácia e toxicidade da RT convencional, da RTF e da RCU. Não existem estudos comparando diretamente as diferentes técnicas de radiação, e os resultados reportados são inevitavelmente os de pacientes selecionados pelos investigadores com interesse no tratamento testado. De qualquer maneira, a revisão dos dados publicados sugere que há melhores taxas de controle hormonal e tumoral após RTF em comparação com RCU. O hipopituitarismo representa a complicação tardia mais comumente relatada da RT, vista após todos os tipos de tratamento. Embora a incidência de outros efeitos tardios seja baixa, o risco de a radiação comprometer estruturas neurais normais é mais elevado com RCU do que com RTF. Técnicas estereotáxicas oferecem irradiação mais localizada se comparadas com a RT convencional, embora um acompanhamento prolongado seja necessário para confirmar a possível redução da toxicidade continuada da radiação na RTF em comparação com a RT convencional. Com base na literatura disponível, a RT fracionada convencional e a estereotáxica oferecem tratamento efetivo para a doença de Cushing não controlada isoladamente pela cirurgia. A baixa eficácia e alta toxicidade do tratamento em dose única sugere que a RCU não seja a terapia mais apropriada para a maioria dos pacientes com doença de Cushing.


Subject(s)
Humans , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma , Adenoma , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion , Radiosurgery , Radiotherapy, Conformal , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/radiotherapy , ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma/surgery , Adenoma/radiotherapy , Adenoma/surgery , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Neoplasm, Residual/radiotherapy , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/radiotherapy , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/surgery , Radiotherapy, Conformal/adverse effects , Radiotherapy, Conformal/methods , Radiotherapy, Conformal/standards
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