In vitro antibacterial effect of Argentine propolis extracts on Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus / Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de extractos de propóleos argentinos sobre Streptococcus mutans y Actinomyces viscosus / Efeito antibacteriano in vitro de extratos de própolis argentinos sobre Streptococcus mutans e Actinomyces viscosus

Aim: In the present study, the antibacterial activity of the Ethanol Extract of Propolis (EEP), collected from various regions (Mendoza, Santiago del Estero, and Corrientes) in Argentina, against Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 35668™ and Actinomyces viscosus ATCC® 15987™ (MicroBioLogics Inc., USA) was investigated. Methods: Identification of geographic and botanical origin was based on a reconnaissance survey. Phytochemical screening of propolis was carried out on ethanolic extracts using standard methods to identify the constituents (aluminum chloride colorimetric method, Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography). The agar diffusion method (discs and wells) and serial dilution method (plates and tubes) were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of EEP. Results: EEP exerted various degrees of antibacterial activity against S. mutans and A. viscosus, depending on the geographic area of collection. Phytochemical screening showed that the bioactive compounds correspond to phenolic compounds and flavones. EEP from Tunuyán (Mendoza), where the most abundant vegetation belongs to Populus sp., showed the highest content of phenolic compounds (220.92±2.01 mg/g) and flavonoids (30.39±0.25 mg/g). This sample showed the most profound antibacterial activity among the EEP tested. By the agar-well diffusion method, we found a high susceptibility with an inhibitory halo of 11.25 ± 4.68 mm and 10.90 ± 4.21 mm against S. mutans and A. viscosus, respectively. It also presented low Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values against S. mutans (MIC 0.05 mg/mL - MBC 0.46 mg/mL) followed by A. viscosus (MIC 0.11 mg/mL - MBC 0.93 mg/mL). Conclusions: The combined results from all methods indicated that S. mutans is more susceptible to the effect of the Tunuyán EEP than A. viscosus.(AU)

Objetivo: En el presente estudio, fue investigada la actividad antibacteriana de los Extractos Etanólicos de Propóleos (EEP), coleccionados de diversas regiones (Mendoza, Santiago del Estero, Corrientes) de Argentina, contra Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 35668™ y Actinomyces viscosus ATCC® 15987™ (MicroBioLogics Inc., USA.). Métodos: La identificación del origen geográfico y botánico se basó en el estudio de reconocimiento. El tamizaje fitoquímico de propóleos se llevó a cabo en extractos etanólicos utilizando métodos estándar para identificar los componentes (método colorimétrico de cloruro de aluminio, método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu, cromatografía en capa fina). El método de difusión en agar (discos y pocillos) y métodos de diluciones en serie (placas y tubos) se llevaron a cabo para evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de los EEP. Resultados: EEP ejercieron diversos grados de actividad antibacteriana contra S. mutans y A. viscosus, dependiendo de la zona geográfica de recolección de propóleos. El tamizaje fitoquímico mostró que los compuestos bioactivos corresponden a compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides. El EEP de Tunuyán (Mendoza), donde la vegetación más abundante pertenece a Populus sp., mostró el mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos (220.92±2.01 mg/g) y flavonoides (30.39±0.25 mg/g) y la más importante actividad antibacteriana entre los EEP estudiados. Por el método de difusión en agar en pocillos, se apreció una alta susceptibilidad con un halo inhibidor de 11,25 ± 4,68 mm y 10,90 ± 4,21 mm frente a S. mutans y A. viscosus, respectivamente. Se observaron valores bajos de Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima y valores mínimos de concentración bactericida contra S. mutans (CIM 0,05 mg/ml - CBM 0,46 mg/ml) seguido de A. viscosus (CIM 0,11 mg/ml - CBM 0,93 mg/ml). Conclusiones: Los resultados combinados de todos los métodos indicaron que S. mutans es más susceptible a los efectos de EEP que A. viscosus.(AU)

Combined effect of a mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent, and Nisin against Enterococcus faecalis and Actinomyces viscosus biofilms

To evaluate the combined effect of a mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent [MTAD] and Nisin against Enterococcus faecalis [E. faecalis] and Actinomyces viscosus [A. viscosus] biofilms. This study was conducted between June and December 2013 in collaboration with Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Single-species biofilms [n=9/species/observation period] were generated on membrane filter discs and subjected to 5, 10, or 15 minute incubation with MTADN [MTAD with 3% Nisin], 5.25% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], or normal saline. The colony forming units were counted using the Dark field colony counter. A 100% bactericidal effect of 5.25% NaOCl was noted during the 3 observation periods; a significant reduction [p=0.000] in mean survival rates of E. faecalis [77.3+13.6] and A. viscosus [39.6+12.6] was noted after 5 minutes exposure to MTADN compared with normal saline [78000000+5291503] declining to almost no growth after 10 and 15 minutes. The survival rates of the E. faecalis and A. viscosus biofilm were no different after treatment with MTADN and 5.25% NaOCl at the 3 observation periods [p=1.000]. A combination of MTAD and Nisin was as effective as NaOCl against E. faecalis and A. viscosus biofilms

Effects of Yili dark bee propolis on oral cariogenic biofilm in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effects of Yili dark bee propolis on the main cariogenic biofilm and mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Susceptibilities to the ethanolic extract of propolis against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus), and Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were analyzed by crystal violet stain method to determine the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). The biofilm was initially cultivated for 24 h. Subsequently, the propolis groups with different concentration MBEC and initial pH 7.0 were cultured for 24 h. Moreover, the pH value was measured to evaluate the acid-producing ability of the tested plaque biofilm. The effects of propolis on the insoluble extracellular polysaccharide synthesis of S. mutans biofilm were evaluated by anthrone method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MBEC of Yili propolis on S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguis, A. viscosus, and A. naeslundii were 6.25, 1.56, 3.13, 0.78, and 0.78 mg.mL-1, respectively. Propolis could decrease the ΔpH of the tested plaque biofilm, and the differences between the control and propolis groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). At MBEC, propolis could reduce the ability of S. mutans in synthesizing insoluble extracellular polysaccharides.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Yili propolis demonstrate remarkable eradicative effects on the cariogenic plaque biofilm, showing inhibition of the synthesis of biofilm-produced acids and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides.</p>

In vitro study of xylitol on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This research aimed to study the inhibitory effect of xylitol on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We cultivated A. viscosus in anaerobic conditions with different concentrations (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, and 4 g x L(-1)) of xylitol brain heart infusion liquid medium and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Subsequently, we measured the pH value of the control group, as well as those of 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 MIC, and MIC concentration groups at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The Delta pH and OD550 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h were calculated. We discovered that the minimum xylitol concentrations suppressed 50% and 90% A. viscosus biofilm formation (i.e., MBIC50 and MBIC90). SPSS 19.0 was used to analyze the collected data, and conclusions were drawn afterward.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Xylitol inhibited the growth ofA. viscosus at MIC of 64 g x L(-1). After 12 h, the differences of pH value among groups were all statistically significant (P < 0.05), and Delta pH increased when the MIC concentration decreased. Except for the 1/2 MIC and MIC groups, the differences of OD550 among groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05), and OD550 also increased when the MIC concentration decreased. These results imply that the ability ofA. viscosus to grow and produce acid in 1/2 MIC and MIC conditions will be reduced with the increase in xylitol concentration. The value of MIBC50 was 64 g x L(-1), whereas the value of MIBC90 was 128 g x L(-1). This finding indicates that the xylitol medium can restrict A. viscosus biofilm formation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Xylitolcan effectively inhibit the growth, adhesion, and acid production ofA. viscosus, protecting teeth from cariogenic bacteria and preventing caries to a certain extent.</p>

Comparative studies on cariogenic bacteria of the root surface before and after post-core crown restoration in aged people / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes in the quantity of colonizing Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) and Actinomyces on the root surface plaque before and after post-core crown restoration of the mandibular first molars in the elderly patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 30 elderly patients, each with one post-core crown restoration of the mandibular first molar, were randomly chosen to participate in the studies. Patients with mandibular first molars with post-core crown restoration and those with healthy contralateral mandibular first molars were divided into the test and control groups, respectively. Root surface plaques of the two groups were collected before tooth preparation, 72 h after preparation, one week after preparation, and one month after restoration. S. mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) and Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus), were identified using colony morphology, biochemical techniques, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plaque count was measured using microbial colony count.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The number of S. mutans and A. viscosus and A. naeslundii in the test group, which was statistically significant (P<0.05), increased 72 h after preparation. The quantities of S. mutans, A. viscosus, and A. naeslundii one week after preparation were significantly different (P<0.05). The plaque count of S. mutans, A. viscosus, and A. naeslundii in the test group decreased one month after restoration (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The quantities of S. mutans, A. viscosus and A. naeslundii increase one week after preparation but decrease one month after restoration. The finding suggests that dentists should educate patients about plaque control during the early period after tooth preparation.</p>

Preparation and antibacterial properties of nano-TiO(2-x)N(x) film / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare a nano-TiO₂ film and characterize its antibacterial properties for dental application.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The TiO(2-x)N(x) antibacterial film was prepared by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the film were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and EDS, and the antibacterial properties of the film against common dental pathogenic bacteria were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The TiO(2-x)N(x) antibacterial film presented with an anatase phase with a mass ratio of nitrogen of 0.13% and compact and smooth surface. Antibacterial assay of the film showed a resistance rate of 97.79% against Streptococcus mutans, 49.42% against Actinomyces viscosus, and 96.84% against Candida albicans.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The nano-TiO(2-x)N(x) film shows strong antibacterial effects against common dental pathogenic bacteria and can be used as a novel antibacterial dental material.</p>

[Antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium against cariogenic microorganisms: an in vitro investigation]

There is an increasing global tendency to use traditional medicines and drug-extracts from natural plant materials. This in-vitro study was conducted in order to evaluate the cariostatic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium. In this experimental study, hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium using maceration method. The antibacterial activity of these two extracts against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces viscosus were evaluated through broth macrodilution method. Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney test. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] of Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium for streptococcus mutans were 6.25 and 50 micro gram per milli liter, respectively. The corresponding figures for Lactobacillus rhamnosus were 1.56 and 12.5 micro gram per milli liter; and for Actinomyces viscosus the value were 12.5 and 50 micro gram per milli liter, respectively. The differences between the two extracts were statistically significant. Both extracts had growth inhibitory effect on all three bacteria. Salvia officinalis showed greater inhibitory effect on growth of all three bacteria. Both extracts had bactericidal effect in the considered concentration range

Study the inhibitory effects of three oral actinomyces on growth of oral Candida albicans in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to investigate whether the three species of oral Actinomyces have inhibitory effects on the growth of oral Candida albicans in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Straight o'clock method was used to observe the bacteriostasis circle. Reverse o'clock and mixed culture method were used to study the quantitative changes of Candida albicans colony respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) None of the groups had been viewed the bacteriostasis circle. (2) Compared with control groups, there was a significant decrease of Candida albicans colony on Actinomyces viscosus TPY soft agar (P < 0.05). Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus TPY soft agar were both devoid of obvious Candida albicans colony (P < 0.01). The former group (Actinomyces viscosus) and the two latter groups (Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus) showed a striking contrast (P < 0.01). (3) Compared with control groups, a decrease of Candida albicans showed up in the mixed culture, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The discrepancies among the three experimental groups were of no statistical value (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oral Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces odontolyticus could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans in vitro. However, which of them contributed more to the inhibitory effects was still not affirmed.</p>

Cutaneous actinomycosis: a rare case.

Cutaneous actinomycosis is a rare presentation. Here we present a case of cutaneous actinomycosis with no history of trauma or systemic dissemination. The isolate was identified as Actinomyces viscosus by standard methods. The isolate was found to be penicillin resistant by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Therefore, the patient was treated with cotrimoxazole and improved. Thus, this case highlights the importance of isolation and susceptibility testing in actinomycotic infection. The sinuses have healed, and the patient has recovered.

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine on oral bacteria biofilm / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of compounds of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) and Nidus vespae extract-1 (WVE1) on oral bacteria biofilm structure and activity and to determine the possibility of caries prevention by the compounds.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The morphology and activity of treated-oral bacterial biofilm and untreated-oral bacterial biofilm were observed by using fluorescence microscope in combination of idio-fluorochrome to label the died and living bacteria. The visible light semiquantitative method was used to measure biomass glucosyltransferase (GTF, A620) values and to determine the effects of active compounds of GCE and NVE1 on GTF of oral bacteria biofilm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The living bacteria in the untreated 24 h bacterial biofilm was dominant, and only a small number of died bacteria were found, the biofilm structure was regular and clear. GCE, GCE-B and NVE1 could inhibit the bacteria in the dental biofilm, which showed significant difference with the negative control. GCE and NVE1 could also inhibit GTF activity of 24 h bacterial biofilm in comparison with the negative control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The traditional Chinese medicine Galla chinensis and Nidus vespae could not only inhibit bacteria growth on oral bacterial biofilm, but also function by adjusting biofilm structure, composition and GTF activity of 24 h bacterial biofilm.</p>

Antimicrobial activity of four different dental gel formulas on cariogenic bacteria evaluated using the linear regression method

The antimicrobial activity of four different dental gel formulas was evaluated on theree microorganisms associated with cariogenesis: Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Actinomyces viscosus. The preliminary antimicrobial activity evaluation was performed using an agar diffusion method. In addition, the formulas were challenged using each microorganism with subsequent determinations of survivors at time intervals of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. The decimal reduction time (D-value) calculated from the obtained curves (logCFU/mL vs. time) was employed for the antimicrobial activity comparison of the formulas. The selected method for survivor enumeration was validated according to official compendia...

The effect of galla chinensis on the growth of cariogenic bacteria in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The purples of this study was to investigate the role of different components of Galla Chinensis extract on the growth of 6 kinds of cariogenic bacteria, and to find out the most effective components of Galla Chinensis extract.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four different components (GCE1, GCE2, GCE3 and GCE4) were separated from Galla Chinensis and there antibacterial activities to Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556, Streptococcus salivarius SS 196, Actinomyces naeslundii WVU 627, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC 413 were checked. There effects on the growth curve of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 were also investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The most effective part of Galla Chinensis was found to be GCE2 and GCE4, which were found to be a mixture of polyphenol-rich fractions. All of the different components had an inhibitory effect to the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All of the 4 different components of Galla Chinensis extract could inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of Galla Chinensis extract is caused by a synergistic effect of monomeric polyphenols, which can easily bind to proteins.</p>

Effects of cecropin-XJ on growth and adherence of oral cariogenic bacteria in vitro / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cecropin-XJ belongs to cecropin-B, which is the most potent antibacterial peptide found naturally. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cecropin-XJ on growth and adherence of oral cariogenic bacteria.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four oral cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii) were chosen for this experiment. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and reductive percent of bacterial growth were used to assay the antibacterial activity of cecropin-XJ. Mammalian cytotoxicity of cecropin-XJ was tested with human periodontal membrane fibroblasts by tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. The bacterial morphological changes induced by cecropin-XJ were examined on scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of cecropin-XJ on bacterial adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA) was measured by scintillation counting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MICs of cecropin-XJ for inhibition of the growth of four bacteria ranged from 4.0 to 42.8 micromol/L with the highest susceptible to A. naeslundii and the lowest susceptible to L. acidophilus. At pH 6.8, 5.5 and 8.2, 1/2 MIC of cecropin-XJ reduced the number of viable bacteria by 40.9%, 67.8% and 32.8% for S. mutans and by 28.1%, 57.2% and 37.9% for L. acidophilus. The activities against S. mutans and L. acidophilus increased at pH 5.5 compared with pH 6.8 (P < 0.01, respectively). In present of 50% saliva, 1/2 MIC of the peptide decreased the direct count of viable cells by 29.2% and 14.4% for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively (P < 0.01 and P > 0.05, respectively), whereas almost no reduction counts were detected in the presence of 20% serum for both bacteria (P > 0.05, respectively). Mammalian cytotoxicity of cecropin-XJ from 1.0 to 100 micromol/L exhibited no cytotoxicity against human periodontal membrane fibroblasts (P > 0.05). Bacterial morphological changes induced by MIC of cecropin-XJ examined on SEM showed cell surface disruption. Furthermore, the ability of A. naeslundii adhesion to S-HA decreased significantly with MIC of cecropin-XJ for 10 and 20 minutes (P = 0.001 and 0.000, respectively), and S. mutans, A. viscosus to S-HA decreased significantly with MIC of cecropin-XJ for 20 minutes (P = 0.000, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cecropin-XJ exhibited bactericidal action against cariogenic pathogens, and the antibacterial activity enhanced in the acid environment. The results also demonstrate that cecropin-XJ prevents S. mutans and actinomyces adsorption to S-HA. These findings suggest that Cecropin-XJ may have potential to prevent caries.</p>

Comparación del crecimiento in vitro del Actinomyces viscosus con edulcorantes / Comparison of the in vitro growing of Actinomyces viscosus with sweeteners

El objetivo de este estudio fue observar las posibles variaciones del crecimiento y el pH in vitro del Actinomyces viscosus en un medio mínimo con edulcorantes (xilitol, sorbito, aspartame, sacarina sódica y sucralosa) en concentraciones del 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 por ciento, en cinco tiempos de observación (0, 7, 24, 31 y 48 horas), teniendo como cultivos control uno con sacarosa y otro sin edulcorantes, con el fin de analizar su potencial cariogénico. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo comparativo y el diseño experimental. Se hicieron tres réplicas de la prueba. El crecimiento se registró a través de turbidimetría con espectrofotómetro y el pH con pHmetro. Los resultados se agruparon a través de promedios y se analizaron con la prueba H de Kruskal-Wallis o análisis de varianza de un factor por rangos. Se encontró que la sacarina sódica produjo la mayor inhibición de crecimiento del A. viscosus, seguida del sorbitol; el microorganismo ante xilito, sucralosa y aspartame presentó crecimiento; el pH en todas las mediciones se mantuvo constante en 6 (p<0.01)

Comparación del crecimiento in vitro del actinomyces viscosus con edulcorantes / In vitro comparison of the growth of actinomyces viscosus with sweetening agents

El objetivo del estudio fue observar las posibles variaciones del crecimiento y le pH in vitro del actinomyces viscosus en medio mínimo, con edulcorantes (xilitol, sorbitol, aspartame, sacarina sódica, sucralosa) en concentraciones del 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5 por ciento, teniendo como cultivo control uno sin ningún tipo de edulcorante y otros con sacarosa, con el fin de analizar su potencial cariogénico. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptivo comparativo de diseño experimental. Se tomó como control positivo el azúcar y como control negativo el medio de cultivo sin edulcorante. El crecimiento del microorganismo se estableció a través de la turbidimetría. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con la prueba H de Krusal-Wallis o fórmula de análisis de varianza de un factor por rangos. Se concluyó que la sacarina sódica produjo la mayor inhibición en el crecimiento del Actinomyces viscosus, seguida por el sorbitol. El actinomyces viscosus en la presencia de xilitol, sucralosa, aspartame y sacarosa presentó crecimiento. El pH en todas las mediciones se mantuvo constante en 6

The Antimicrobial Effect of Pulsatilla Koreana Extracts to Oral Micro-Organism / 대한치주과학회지

Gingivitis and periodontitis are infectious diseases in that microorganisms are the primary extrinsic cause of the diseases. the occurrence of gingivitis has been associated clearly with the presence of microorganisms at the disease site, and the histologic nature of the tissue involved is indicative of an inflammatory response induced by microorganisms. additional evidence for the microbial etiology of periodontal disease is that numerous antimicrobial agents are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and periodontal diseases. the purpose of this article is to analyze the antimicrobial effects of Pulsatilla koreana. Well-dried Pulsatilla koreana purchased from herbs distributor was ground and extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform(CHCl3) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH). we have then applied each solution to the bacteria samples(Bacteroides forsythus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphylomonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella nigrescens, Rothia dentocariosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) collected from several organizations. To conduct susceptibility test(Kirby-Bauer method), plate contained each periodontopathic bacteria is spread extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform(CHCl3) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH) and to measure the minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the bacteria against the solutions to ultimately determine antimicrobial effects of the solutions, insert bacteria sample into 20microliter/ml, 10microliter/ml, 5microliter/ml, 2.5microliter/ml of each solution and control group(not contained solution) 1. Solution extracted into methanol did not show clear zone against all bacteria samples. Only P. nigrescens, S. mutans and S. sanguis in soluton extracted into ethylacetate, S. mutans and S. anguis in solutions extracted into chlorform and Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against all bacteria samples. Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against 13 types of bacteria, excluding P. gingivalis. 2. In Solution extracted into methanol, the bacteria samples grew in the highest concentrated plate, showing minimal variation from control group. 3. In Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol, S. aureus, P. intermedia, E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, P. gingivalis et al. showed decreased growth in the highest concentrated plate. P. auruginosa, R. dentocariosa, A. viscosus, P. nigrescens, S. mutans et al. showed decreased growth at MIC 20microliter/ml and S. sanguis showed decreased growth at MIC 10microliter/ml. 4. By analyzing the MIC level through considering the results from Kirby-Bauer method, Solution extracted into methanol did not reveal any antimicrobial effects and Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed the highest antimicrobial effects In conclusion, it can be used the extracts of Pulsatilla koreana as wide spectrum antimicrobial agent.

Long-term effects of chlorhexidine varnish treatment on microbial changes of dental plaque in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances / 대한치과교정학회지

The authors observed the long term effects of chlorhexidine varnish treatment on microbial of dental plaque in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. The initial sample was 100 patients who were arranged to be treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. The final sample consisted of 21 patients who could be traced for 32 weeks after application of fixed orthodontic appliances. They were classified into the experimental group (12 patients) and the control group (9 patients). The experimental group was treated with chlorhexidine varnish once a week for 4 weeks before application of fixed orthodontic appliance. The control group was not treated with chlorhexidine varnish before application of fixed orthodontic appliance. The experimental group was treated once more after 20 weeks. The microbial changes of dental plaque were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence technique at pre-treatment 4, 8, 20, and 32 weeks. The result were as follows. 1. In the experimental group, streptococcus mutans was significantly suppressed during experimental period. (p<0.01) But, in the control group, streptococcus mutans was significantly increased after placement of fixed orthodontic appliances during experiment period. (p<0.05) 2. Streptococcus sanguis, streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii did not show significant change between the experimental and the control group during experiment period.

Antibacterial Effects and Cytotoxicity of Crassirhizomae Rhizoma / 대한치주과학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Crassirhzimae rhizoma and its possible use as an oral antiseptics for prevention of periodontitis. Its antibacterial activity against periodontopathic microorganisms including Actinobacillus actiomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatumwas evaluated via modified stab culture method. The cytotoxicity against gingival fibroblasts and rat osteoblasts was investigated via [3H]thymidine incorporation and cellular activity was investigated via MTT assay. Chlorhexidine was used as control group. Crassirhizomae rhizoma was prepared at concentrations of 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05%. Chlorhexidine was also prepared at the same concentration. Crassirhizomae rhizoma showed lower antimicrobial antivity against these microorganism than chlorhexidine, but this difference was not significant. And, Crassirhzomae rhizoma showed more cellular activity and less cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine on human gingival fibrablast and rat osteoblast. This study suggests that Crassirhzomae rhizoma might be a candidate for a safe oral antiseptic for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

Mecanismos biológicos e influência de fatores ambientais na fluorose dentária e a participaçäo do flúor na prevençäo da cárie: revisäo de literatura / Biological mechanisms and influence of environmental factors in the dental fluorosis. The role of fluoride in the caries prevention: a literature review

O flúor tem uma importante participaçäo na prevençäo da cárie dentária, estando disponível principalmente na água de abastecimento. Este íon tem sido associado com a inibiçäo da desmineralizaçäo e a aceleraçäo da remineralizaçäo durante o processo carioso. A presença constante do flúor nos fluídos bucais constitui o principal fator na prevençäo da cárie. Além disso, tem-se demonstrado que o flúor na placa bacteriana pode inibir a produçäo de ácidos pelas bactérias cariogênicas. Entretanto, fluorose dentária pode ocorrer se as concentraçöes de flúor forem excessivas no interior ou nas proximidades do esmalte em formaçäo, durante sua fase de desenvolvimento pré-eruptiva. A fluorose caracteriza-se pelo aumento da porosidade na superfície e subsuperfície do esmalte, resultando em esmalte com aparência opaca. Os efeitos tóxicos do flúor sobre o esmalte em desenvolvimento estäo associados com sua influência tanto sobre os ameloblastos, como sobre o estágio de maturaçäo da formaçäo do esmalte. No momento da prescriçäo de terapia com flúor, os profissionais devem ter conhecimento da exposiçäo total do paciente ao flúor, bem como dos fatores ambientais que podem influenciar a sua absorçäo e aumentar a incidência e gravidade da fluorose dentária. O objetivo desta revisäo é discutir os mecanismos biológicos e a influência dos fatores ambientais na fluorose dentária. A participaçäo do flúor na prevençäo da cárie também será discutida, abordando a desmineralizaçäo e remineralizaçäo dentária e seu efeito inibitório sobre a placa bacteriana

Análise da placa bacteriana subgengival em pacientes de risco à doença periodontal e sua capacidade previsora de perda de inserçäo periodontal / Microbiological analysis of subgingival plaque in risk patients of periodontal diseases and its predictive value for periodontal attachment loss

Examinou-se 104 amostras de placa bacteriana subgengival de 25 pacientes adultos com 18 a 45 anos, considerados de risco à doença periodontal, quanto à presença de bactérias periodontopáticas e valor previsor de perda de inserçäo, usando-se a técnica "slot immunoblot". As bactérias analisadas foram: P.g., P.i., T.d., A.v., S.sg. Dos 104 sítios amostrados, apenas 12 apresentaram perda de inserçäo quando este critério foi avaliado com intervalo de 6 meses, utilizando-se sonda computadorizada (Florida Probe) e um critério de "cohort" de 0,9 mm. A partir da análise dos resultados, vê-se que poucos sítios tiveram perda de inserçäo e que a quantidade de bactérias detectadas parece ter pouco ou nenhum valor previsor positivo de perda de inserçäo. O método de análise por "slot immunoblot" é pouco sensível e altamente específico para detectar perda de inserçäo em funçäo da presença de bactérias. Parece que, os métodos de análise microbiológica ainda näo säo suficientemente seguros para serem utilizados sozinhos como método de diagnóstico para prever perda de inserçäo periodontal