Análise do conhecimento sobre boas práticas de fabricação dos manipuladores de alimentos de uma agroindústria no oeste do Paraná

As Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) constituem uma ferramenta importante para garantir a segurança alimentar e a qualidade dos produtos alimentícios. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar uma análise das avaliações sobre Boas Práticas de Fabricação aplicadas na integração dos funcionários ao ingressarem na empresa após terem recebido treinamento sobre o assunto, avaliaram-se também as não conformidades (NC) dos funcionários da mesma agroindústria nas inspeções pessoais durante o período de trabalho, (motivos e sua categorização em relação às BPF). Observou-se nas avaliações aplicadas aos funcionários no seu ingresso na empresa, que a questão relacionada às unhas compridas não obteve nenhum erro, entretanto este item apresenta maior irregularidade entre os funcionários durante as inspeções pessoais apontando 31% das NC avaliadas, e que a relação da NC objetos no bolso que na inspeção dos funcionários na empresa, representou 13% das NC e quando relacionado à avaliação efetuada no ingresso, a mesma apresentou apenas 1,55% das respostas com erro...

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is an important tool to ensure food safety and the quality of food products. The objective of this research was to perform an analysis of the Good Manufacturing Practices assessments applied to the integration of employees upon joining the company after having received training on the subject. It was also evaluated the nonconformities (NC) of the same agribusiness employees in the personal inspections. during the working period, (reasons and their categorization in relation to GMP). It was observed in the assessments applied to employees when joining the company, that the issue related to long nails did not get any error, however this item presents greater irregularity among employees during personal inspections pointing 31% of the evaluated NC, and that the relationship of the NC objects in the pocket that in the inspection of the employees in the company, represented 13% of the NC and when related to the evaluation made in the entrance, it presented only 1.55% of the answers with error...

Desempenho de doadoras leiteiras mestiças F1 (Gir x Holandês) no sistema de produção in vitro de embriões / Performance of dairy crossbred F1 donnors (Gir x Holstein) in the production system in vitro embryo

O Brasil atualmente é detentor do terceiro maior rebanho de vacas leiteiras do mundo, composto, em sua maioria, de animais mestiços F1 (Gir X Holandês), os quais são bem adaptados às áreas tropicais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a eficiência da ovum pick-up (OPU) e da produção in vitro de embriões oriundos de doadoras Girolando com sêmen sexado de touros provenientes de duas raças, Gir e Holandesa. Foram utilizados dados referentes a 232 animais de diversos rebanhos, totalizando 4334 oócitos recuperados. Os oócitos foram classificados, e as estruturas viáveis (GI, GII e GIII) foram utilizadas para produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE). Foi observada uma média de oócitos recuperados para as doadoras F1 de 18,14±1,33. Além disso, notou-se que não houve diferença entre os dois cruzamentos utilizados, considerando média de total de embriões (4,96±0,40 e 6,56±0,76) para o cruzamento F1 X HPB (Holandês preto e branco) e F1 X Gir, respectivamente. Portanto, as doadoras F1 apresentaram potencial como doadoras de oócitos no sistema de produção in vitro de embriões, independentemente da raça do touro cujo sêmen foi utilizado.(AU)

Brazil currently has the third largest herd of dairy cattle in the world, composed mainly by F1 crossbreed animals (Gyr x Holstein), which are well adapted to tropical areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Girolando donors in OPU and in vitro production of embryos (IVEP) using sexed semen of bulls from two breeds, Gyr and Holstein. We used data from 232 animals coming from different herds and the total of recovered oocytes was 4334. The oocytes were classified according to their viability and the viable ones (GI, GII and GIII) were used for IVP. The average of oocyte recovery from F1 donors was 18.14±1.33. There was no difference on the average of embryos considering the crossing F1 X Holstein (4.96±0.40) and F1 X Gyr (6.56±0.76). In conclusion, F1 donors showed a potential for being oocyte donors in the system of in vitro production of embryos, regardless the breed of the bull.(AU)

Caracterização sumária dos empreendimentos tipo pesque-pague em cidades do Rio Grande do Norte / Summary characterization of fish-and-pay establishment in cities from Rio Grande of Norte / Caracterización sumaria de los emprendimientos del tipo estanques de pesca en ciudades del Rio Grande do Norte

Os "pesque-pague" podem ser descritos como uma atividade econômica inserida no contexto de turismo rural ao oferecer o lazer, mediante pesca esportiva, como principal serviço. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho identificar os estabelecimentos de pesca esportiva tipo pesque-pague da capital Natal e cidades circunvizinhas, situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, e caracterizá-los quanto a sua estrutura física, práticas de manejo, espécies cultivadas, abastecimento de insumos, perfil do proprietário e marketing empregado. Na região estudada foi possível identificar a existência de estabelecimentos tipo pesque-pague nas cidades de Ceará-Mirim, Nísia Floresta, Natal e Arês, sendo um em cada cidade. A Tilápia é o peixe mais utilizado para a pesca esportiva nos "pesque-pague" estudados, e sua reprodução natural nos viveiros de pesca ocorre por ação de peixes carnívoros. O pesque-pague não é uma atividade recente na região, a maior parte da mão de obra empregada é familiar com contratação de empregados nos dias de maior fluxo e, segundo a maioria dos proprietários, gera um bom lucro. Porém, esses também relatam a necessidade de uma cadeia produtiva bem estruturada disponibilizando peixes, insumos de qualidade e assistência técnica especializada.

The "fish-pay" can be described as an economic activity inserted in the context of rural tourism by offering leisure through sport fishing as the main service. The objective of this study was identify fish-and-pay establishments in Natal and surrounding towns, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, and features as their physical structure, practices management, cultivated species, supply of inputs, owner profile and employee marketing. In the region studied was possible to identify the existence establishments fish-and-pay type in the cities of Ceará-Mirim, Nísia Floresta, Natal and Arês, one in each city. The Tilapia is the most widely used fish for sport fishing in " fish-pay" studied, and its natural reproduction in fish ponds occurs per share of carnivorous fish. The "fish-and-pay" is not a new activity in the region, most of the employed workforce is familiar with hiring employees on days of increased flow and, according to most owners, it generates a good profit. However, they also report the need for a good structured production chain offering fish, quality inputs and specialized technical assistance.

Los estanques de pesca pueden ser descriptos como una actividad económica inserida en el contexto del turismo rural al ofrecer el ocio, a través de la pesca deportiva, como servicio principal. Se ha buscado con ese estudio identificar los establecimientos de pesca deportiva del tipo estanques en la capital Natal y pueblos de los alrededores, ubicados en el Estado del Rio Grande do Norte, y caracterízalos cuanto a su estructura física, prácticas de manejo, especies cultivadas, suministro de insumos, perfil del propietario y marketing empleado. En la región estudiada ha sido posible identificar la existencia de estanques de pesca en las ciudades de Ceará-Mirim, Nísia Floresta, Natal y Arês, siendo uno en cada ciudad. La Tilapia es el pescado más buscado en la pesca deportiva en los estanques estudiados, y su reproducción natural en los viveros de peces ocurre por acción de peces carnívoros. Los estanques de pesca no es actividad reciente en la región, la mayor parte de la fuerza de trabajo empleada es familiar, con contratación de empleados en los días de mayor flujo y, según la mayoría de los propietarios, genera buena ganancia. Sin embargo, estos también informan de la necesidad de una cadena productiva bien estructurada suministrando peces, insumos de calidad y asistencia técnica especializada.

Effect of acid hydrolysis and fungal biotreatment on agro-industrial wastes for obtainment of free sugars for bioethanol production

This study was designed to evaluate selected chemical and microbiological treatments for the conversion of certain local agro-industrial wastes (rice straw, corn stalks, sawdust, sugar beet waste and sugarcane bagasse) to ethanol. The chemical composition of these feedstocks was determined. Conversion of wastes to free sugars by acid hydrolysis varied from one treatment to another. In single-stage dilute acid hydrolysis, increasing acid concentration from 1 % (v/v) to 5 % (v/v) decreased the conversion percentage of almost all treated agro-industrial wastes. Lower conversion percentages for some treatments were obtained when increasing the residence time from 90 to 120min. The two-stage dilute acid hydrolysis by phosphoric acid (1.0 % v/v) followed by sulphuric acid (1.0 % v/v) resulted in the highest conversion percentage (41.3 % w/w) on treated sugar beet waste. This treatment when neutralized, amended with some nutrients and inoculated with baker's yeast, achieved the highest ethanol concentration (1.0 % v/v). Formation of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were functions of type of acid hydrolysis, acid concentration, residence time and feedstock type. The highest bioconversion of 5 % wastes (37.8 % w/w) was recorded on sugar beet waste by Trichoderma viride EMCC 107. This treatment when followed by baker's yeast fermentation, 0.41 % (v/v) ethanol and 8.2 % (v/w) conversion coefficient were obtained.

Nutritional diversity of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products for ruminant feeding / Diversidade nutricional de subprodutos agrícola e agro-industrial para alimentação de ruminantes

Fifty-seven by-products were collected from regions throughout Brazil. Chemical composition, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were determined with the objective of grouping by-products with similar nutritional characteristics. The by-products belonging to group one (G1) presented the highest content of neutral detergent fiber exclusive of ash and nitrogenous compounds [aNDFom(n)] and lowest energy content, with 42.5% and 38.8% of IVNDFD and TDN, respectively. A new cluster analysis was carried in order to better characterize G2 by-products, six subgroups (SGs) were established (SG1 to SG6). SG1 by-products had the highest and the lowest values for lignin and TDN, respectively. SG2 by-products had the highest aNDFom(n) value, with TDN and IVNDFD values greater than 600 and 700g/kg, respectively, and crude protein (CP) value below 200g/kg in dry matter (DM). Among all the subgroups, SG3 had the highest TDN (772g/kg) and IVNDFD (934g/kg) values and the lowest lignin (23g/kg in DM) value. The ether extract was what most influenced the hierarchical establishment of residual grouping in SG4. SG5 by-products had the highest concentration of non-fibrous carbohydrate. Different from the other subgroups, SG6 by-products had the highest value of available CP.

Cinquenta e sete subprodutos foram coletados de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Foram determinados a composição química, a digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN) e os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), com o objetivo de agrupar os subprodutos com características nutricionais semelhantes. Os subprodutos pertencentes a um grupo (G1) apresentaram maior conteúdo de fibra em detergente neutro corrida para cinzas e compostos nitrogenados (FDNcp) e menor teor energético, e tinham 42,5% e 38,8% de DIVFDN e NDT, respectivamente. Uma nova análise de cluster foi realizada no intuito de melhor caracterizar os subprodutos do G2; seis subgrupos (SG) foram estabelecidos (SG1 a SG6). Os subprodutos SG1 tiveram os maiores e os menores valores de lignina e NDT, respectivamente. Os subprodutos SG2 tiveram o maior valor de FDNcp, com valores de NDT e DIVFDN acima de 600 e 700g/kg, respectivamente, e de proteína bruta (PB) abaixo de 200g/kg de matéria seca (MS). Entre todos os subgrupos, SG3 tiveram os maiores valores de NDT (772g/kg) e DIVFDN (934g/kg) e o menor valor de lignina (23g/kg de MS). O extrato etéreo foi o que mais influenciou no estabelecimento hierárquico de agrupamento em SG4. Os subprodutos SG5 tinham maior concentração de carboidratos não fibriosos. Diferentemente dos demais subgrupos, subprodutos SG6 tinham o valor mais elevado de PB disponível.

Amylase production by solid-state fermentation of agro-industrial wastes using Bacillus sp

Solid state fermentation was carried out using various agro- industrial wastes with the best amylase producing strain isolated from soil. Different physicochemical conditions were varied for maximum enzyme production. The strain produced about 5400 units/g of amylase at 1:3 moisture content, 20 percent inoculum, after 72 h of incubation with Mustard Oil seed cake as the substrate. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity were found to be 50ºC and 6 respectively. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at 70ºC for about 2 h without any salt. It showed stability at pH range 5-7. The metal ions as Na+, Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ enhanced the enzyme activity.

Producción y purificación parcial de enzimas hidrolíticas de aspergillus ficuum en fermentación sólida sobre residuos agroindustriales / Production and partial purification of aspergillus ficuum hydrolytic enzymes in solid state fermentation of agroindustrial residues

En el presente trabajo se describe la producción de las enzimas fitasa, celulasa, xilanasa y proteasa con Aspergillus ficuum cepa DSM 932 mediante fermentación en estado sólido (SSF) usando torta de canola y pomaza de cranberry como sustratos. Como medida indirecta de la producción de las enzimas se usó en cada caso la actividad enzimática. la torta de canola resultó ser un mejor sustrato para fitasa, celulasa y xilanasa, en tanto que la pomaza de cranberry resultó ser un sustrato potencial para proteasa. Mediante ultrafiltración escalonada fue posible purificar parcialmente los extractos enzimáticos de fitasa, celulasas y xilanasas, obtenidos a partir de torta de canola. La fitasa resultó tener un tamaño >100 kDa, en tanto que las celulasas y xilanasas presentan actividad en los retenidos de 10, 30 y 50 kDa, lo que indicaría que las isoenzimas de ambos complejos tienen pesos moleculares que oscilan entre 10 y 100 kDa.

In this paper, describes the production of the enzymes phytase, cellulase, xylanase and protease by Aspergillus ficuum DSM 932 strain, in solid state fermentation (SSF) using canola cake and cranberry pomace as substrates. The enzyme activity was used in each case as an indirect measure of the enzymes production. Canola meal turned out to be a better substrate for phytase, cellulase and xylanase, while cranberry pomace was found to be a potential substrate for protease. Various ultrafiltration operations were carried out, decreasing the cut off membranes out in order to purify partially extracts of enzymes phytase, cellulase and xylanase, obtained from canola meal. Phytase was found to have a size >100 kDa, whereas cellulase and xylanase activity present in the retained 10, 30 and 50 kDa, suggesting that isozymes of both complexes have molecular weights ranging between 10 and 100 kDa.

Grado de sustentabilidad del desarrollo rural en productores de subsistencia, transicionales y empresariales, bajo un enfoque autopoiético / Degree of sustainability of rural development in subsistence, intermediate, and comercial farmers, under an autopoietic view point

Se comparó, desde un enfoque autopoiético, el grado de sustentabilidad del desarrollo rural en el distrito de Desarrollo Rural 006, La Antigua, Veracruz, México. El estudio se realizó en agosto 2007, mediante entrevistas a 30 productores de subsistencia, 30 transicionales y 20 empresarios, definidos heurísticamente. Los criterios específicos para la selección de productores fueron: Nivel de interacción con las instituciones, diversificación de sus agroecosistemas e innovación de prácticas de manejo. El análisis de eficiencia energética por tipo de productor, mostró diferencias estadísticas (P<0,01), donde el grupo transicional, que son productores de caña de azúcar, fue el más eficiente (4,62 ± 1,4); en comparación con el de subsistencia (2,01 ± 0,7) y empresarial (2,56 ± 0,8). Los empresarios mostraron mayor grado de cognición ecológica (3,01 ± 0,1), en relación (P<0,01) con el grupo de subsistencia (2,65 ± 0,1) y transicional (2,77 ± 0,1), siendo los empresarios los productores más jóvenes y con mayor nivel educativo. El mayor índice de bienestar económico racional correspondió a los empresarios (1,61 ± 0,1) en relación con los grupos subsistencia (1,46 ± 0,09) y transicional (1,52 ± 0,1) (P<0,01). El índice de manejo agrícola sustentable, resultó igual para los empresarios (1,46 ± 0,2) y para el grupo transicional (1,42 ± 0,1). El grado de sustentabilidad del desarrollo rural, fue diferente (P<0,01) y más alto en los transicionales (2,58 ± 0,3), en comparación con los de subsistencia (1,85 ± 0,1) y empresarios (2,16 ± 0,2), lo cual muestra el gran peso del indicador de eficiencia energética en el análisis. Se demostró que hubo procesos autopoiéticos en los tres grupos, solo que la reproducción socio cultural en ninguno de los sistemas está dirigida a lograr autopoiésis para la sustentabilidad. El grupo de subsistencia reprodujo procesos para poder subsistir, el transicional reprodujo su obediencia al esquema agroindustrial y los empresarios...

The degree of sustainable rural development in Rural Development District 006, La Antigua, Veracruz, Mexico was compared under an autopoietic view point. During August 2007, 30 subsistence farmers, 20 commercial farmers, and 30 farmers managing operations having both objectives (intermediate to the two extremes) were interviewed. Farmers were selected using three predetermined criteria: level of interaction with institutions, diversity of farm production, and innovation of management practices. The energy efficiency statistical analysis showed differences (P<0.01) among groups, the intermediate group, which are sugar cane growers, was the most efficient (4.62 ± 1.4) than subsistence (2.01 ± 0.7) and commercial operations growers (2.56 ± 0.8). On the other hand, commercial operations growers showed high ecological cognition (3.01 ± 0.1) compared to subsistence (2.65 ± 0.1) and intermediate (2.77 ± 0.1); commercial operations growers were youngest and with higher educational level compared to other groups. The well-being economic index was higher (P<0.01) in the commercial operations growers (1.61 ± 0.1) than in subsistence (1.46 ± 0.09) and intermediate (1.52 ± 0.1). The sustainable agricultural management index was similar between commercial operations (1.46 ± 0.2) and intermediate growers (1.42 ± 0.1). Degree of sustainable rural development, was different (P<0.01) among the three groups, with the intermediate group achieving the most (2.58 ± 0.3), followed by those from commercial operations (2.16 ± 0.2), and subsistence farming (1.85 ± 0.1); this showed the high influence of energy efficiency index. It was found autopoietic process in the three groups; however, none of the socio-cultural reproduction is intended for achieving autopoietic process for sustainability. The subsistence farming group repeat process to survive, the intermediate group reproduced the submission to agroindustry plan, and the commercial operations farmers followed...