ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: El food craving o ansia por comer es una respuesta motivacional y fisiológica por comer alimentos específicos, principalmente con alto contenido calórico. Para evaluarlo se usa, entre otros, el Food Craving Questionnaire Trait, estructurado multidimensionalmente y validado en diversos países, el cual ha mostrado ser sensible y adaptable a los cambios contextuales-culturales. Objetivos: Validar y estandarizar el Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait en adultos de la Ciudad de México. Método: Estudio no experimental, transversal y aleatorizado de 1059 sujetos de uno y otro sexo, entre 18 y 84 años; 71.86 % del sexo femenino. Se examinaron propiedades psicométricas con análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Resultados: Se redujeron los factores del cuestionario y los ítems se reorganizaron de forma diferente al original. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró ajuste adecuado y estandarización aceptable de los factores. Se encontró alta consistencia interna para el cuestionario global (a = 0.973 y rho = 0.975) para cada uno de los factores. Conclusión: Este estudio determina la viabilidad del Food Craving Questionnaire para población de la Ciudad de México.
Abstract Introduction: Food craving is a motivational and physiological response for eating specific foods, mainly with high caloric content. To assess food craving, self-reports, inventories and questionnaires are used. The Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait is multi-dimensionally structured and has been validated in several countries, since it is sensitive and adaptable to contextual-cultural changes. Objectives: To validate and standardize the Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait in adults of Mexico City. Method: Non-experimental, cross-sectional, randomized study of 1059 subjects of both genders, between 18 and 84 years of age; 71.86 % of the female gender. Psychometric properties were examined with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: The domains of the questionnaire were reduced and the items were reorganized differently from the original version. The confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit and acceptable standardization of factors. High internal consistency was found for the global questionnaire (a = 0.973 and rho = 0.975) for each one of the domains. Conclusion: This study determines the viability of the Food Cravings Questionnaire for the population of Mexico City.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Appetite/physiology , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Craving/physiology , Food , Psychometrics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Emotions , Feeding Behavior , Anticipation, Psychological , Guilt , Impulsive Behavior/physiology , MexicoABSTRACT
O viés retrospectivo é o fenômeno de perceber e avaliar eventos diferentemente, uma vez que eles tenham ocorrido. Dada uma falha cognitiva, pessoas tendem a ter distorções da memória e a produzir falsas sensações de inevitabilidade e previsibilidade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram fazer uma revisão de literatura do viés retrospectivo e discutir as implicações teóricas e práticas do tema. Uma pesquisa, realizada nas principais bases de dados do país, não encontrou nenhum artigo relacionado com o tema. A partir de uma seleção das principais pesquisas internacionais sobre o assunto, foi feita uma análise que mostrou os níveis cognitivos do viés retrospectivo, suas implicações e as estratégias usadas para atenuar o viés. Nas considerações finais, são discutidos o impacto e a importância do conhecimento desse fenômeno no dia a dia de tomadores de decisão e cidadãos, assim como a necessidade de se explorar o tema em pesquisas nacionais.
Hindsight bias is the phenomenon of perceiving and evaluating events differently once they are occurred. Given a cognitive flaw, people tend to have distortions of memory and produce false sensations of inevitability and predictability. The objective of this work is to make a literature review of the hindsight bias and to discuss both theoretical and practical implications of the theme. A search conducted in the Brazilian's main databases did not find any articles related to the topic. From a selection of the main international studies on the subject, an analysis was made showing the cognitive levels of the hindsight bias, its implications and the strategies used to attenuate the bias. In the final considerations, the impact and importance of day-to-day knowledge of the phenomenon and the need to explore the subject in national research are discussed.
Subject(s)
Anticipation, Psychological , Cognition , Mental Processes , Decision Making , Heuristics , PsychologyABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo del estudio es cuantificar el efecto de la información situacional probabilística (ISP) sobre el rendimiento deportivo y en concreto sobre el inicio en el tiempo de respuesta y la precisión de los deportistas. Existe evidencia científica de que los deportistas de mayor nivel deportivo desarrollan la habilidad perceptiva para usar la ISP, realizando comportamientos anticipatorios, si bien se desconoce la magnitud de dicho efecto. Se realiza un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios para cuantificar el tamaño del efecto (TE) de la ISP en el comportamiento motor de los deportistas. Los resultados muestran un TE medio final grande de 1.29 para el tiempo de respuesta (en 7 estudios y 252 participantes) y de 1.31 para la precisión (en nueve investigaciones y 292 participantes), seleccionados de acuerdo con los criterios establecidos. Con la limitación del reducido número de estudios analizados (n = 9), los resultados indican que los deportistas expertos anticipan más respuestas y con más precisión que los noveles debido al uso de la ISP. Se recomienda entrenar perceptivamente la identificación y el uso de la ISP a nivel deportivo, ya que aquellos deportistas que hagan un mejor uso de esta información contextual podrán anticipar sus respuestas con precisión.
Abstract The aim of the study is to quantify the effect of Situational Probability Information (SPI) on athletic performance, specifically on the onset of the response time and the accuracy of athletes. There is scientific evidence that shows that higher sport level athletes develop the perceptive skills to use SPI, thereby performing anticipatory behaviors. However, the magnitude of this effect remains unknown. A meta-analysis of random effects was carried out to quantify the effect size (ES) of SPI on the motor behavior of athletes. The results showed an overall final mean ES of 1.29 for the response time (in 7 studies and 252 participants), and 1.31 for accuracy (in 9 studies and 292 participants), according to the criteria established. With the limitation of the low number of studies analyzed (n = 9), the results suggest that expert athletes anticipate more frequently and with higher accuracy than beginners, due to the use of SPI. It is recommended to train in the identification and use of the SPI in the sports domain, as athletes who use this contextual information more effectively could anticipate the responses with precision.
Subject(s)
Sports , Learning , Meta-Analysis , Precision Medicine , Anticipation, PsychologicalABSTRACT
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de antecipação em jogadores novatos e inexperientes através do método de oclusão temporal, com a utilização de um jogador experto com performance profissional no saque de tênis. O resultado principal demonstrou diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p<0,05), os novatos antecipam melhor nos estágios mais anteriores do movimento, à -0,3s e -0,4s do momento de contato da raquete com a bola no saque. Conclui-se que há aprendizagem perceptiva nesta fase e que o tema da antecipação deve ser incluído dentro dos planos de ensino e treinamento de iniciantes no esporte.
The study objective was to evaluate anticipation level in novices and inexperienced players trough temporal occlusion paradigm, using an expert player with professional performance on tennis serve. The main result shows significant differences between groups (p<0.05), novices anticipates better on the earlier stages of the movement, at -0.3s and -0.4s from racquet and ball contact. The conclusion points out the existence of perceptual learning in these first stages of learning and that anticipation content should be part of education and training plans for sports beginners.
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el nivel de anticipación en jugadores novatos e inexpertos por medio del método de oclusión temporal, con la utilización de un jugador experto con rendimiento profesional en el servicio del tenis. El resultado principal demostró diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (p<0,05), los novatos anticipan mejor en los momentos más anteriores del movimiento, a -0,3s e -0,4s del momento de contacto de la raqueta con la pelota en el servicio. Se concluye que existe aprendizaje perceptivo en esta fase y que el tema de la anticipación debe ser incluido en los planes de enseñanza y entrenamiento de iniciantes en el deporte.
Subject(s)
Humans , Visual Perception , Tennis , Anticipation, Psychological , Psychology, SportsABSTRACT
Anticipatory dementia is related to anxiety, which is a clinical predictor of early conversion to Alzheimer's disease. The Fear of Alzheimer's Disease Scale (FADS) is a reliable and valid instrument to address anticipatory dementia. The aim of the present investigation was to develop the Korean version of the Fear of Alzheimer's Disease Scale (K-FADS) and to verify its reliability and validity. We developed the K-FADS to consist of 30 items with total scores ranging from 0 to 120, as in the original FADS. One hundred eight healthy volunteer participants, drawn from 3 different university hospitals, were evaluated. The K-FADS revealed good reliability (Cronbach alpha=0.96) and good validity as compared to the Korean version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form (r=0.242, P=0.013). Test-retest reliability was excellent, as the intra-class correlation coefficient comparing the retest to test was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.96-0.99). Our results show that the K-FADS is a suitable and valuable scale to assess anticipatory dementia in elderly Koreans.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Anticipation, Psychological , Anxiety , Asian People , Dementia/diagnosis , Demography , Fear , Hospitals, University , Internal-External Control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Republic of Korea , TranslationsABSTRACT
The present study used the experimental patterns of Go/No Go and no motion contingent negative variation (CNV) task into the research in order to study whether the CNV can express the implication of expectation. Through comparing the CNV under different conditions, the data collected from experiment showed that the key to evoked CNV was close to the warning signal and command signal. Whether the command signal was related to the task would impact on the amplitude of the CNV. This characteristics responses to the subjects' expectation. On this basis, CNV can be used as the electrophysiological index for the reflection of expected value in the conditions of this experiment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anticipation, Psychological , Brain Waves , Contingent Negative VariationABSTRACT
O comportamento pró-ativo se refere a uma série de comportamentos dirigidos a metas em que o trabalhador busca ativamente por oportunidades de mudança e está associado com desempenho e efetividade organizacional. Verifica-se um aumento na literatura sobre o tema e na agenda de pesquisa é apontada a necessidade de serem investigados novos antecedentes, como a influência do grupo. Considerando a lacuna apresentada, o objetivo geral do presente estudo é identificar o impacto das normas sociais na emissão de comportamentos pró-ativos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos três estudos distintos. No primeiro, foi construída e validada uma medida de normas sociais para a pró-atividade; no segundo, foi validada uma versão reduzida da Escala de Comportamentos Pró-ativos nas Organizações (ECPO), e o terceiro investigou a influência das normas sociais no comportamento pró-ativo. Os resultados mostraram que as medidas desenvolvidas apresentam qualidade psicométrica elevada. A variável antecedente incluída no modelo se mostrou preditora de comportamento pró-ativo, sendo a norma social com maior intensidade aquela que versa sobre o trabalhador que apresenta comportamentos pró-ativos e também encoraja os colegas a fazer o mesmo. Os impactos dos resultados são discutidos no trabalho...
Proactive behavior refers to a series of behaviors directed toward goals in which the employee actively seeks opportunities for change. It is also associated with performance and organizational effectiveness. There is an observed increase in the literature on the topic, and, in the research agenda, an indicated need to investigate new variables, such as the influence of the group. Given the lack of studies that have investigated the influence of the group in these behaviors, the overall goal of this study is to identify the impact of social norms on proactive behavior. To this end, three separate studies were developed. In the first one, a measure of pro-active social norms was constructed and validated; in the second, a short version of the scale of proactive behavior in organizations was validated; and the third one investigated the relationship between the social norm and pro-active behavior variables. The measures developed presented high psychometric properties. Social norms predicted proactive behavior, and the social norm with greater intensity was the one dealing with the worker who presents proactive behaviors, and also encourages co-workers to do the same. The impacts of the results are discussed...