Evaluation of some biochemical changes in diabetic patients

The present study consisted of 50 subjects were classified into three groups; Group [GI] Control group consisted of 10 clinically healthy adult subjects of both sexes free from any liver, kidney or cardiovascular diseases. Group [GII] diabetes mellitus type 1 consisted of 20 patients of both sexes. Group [GIII] diabetes mellitus type 1 with nephropathy consisted of 20 patients of both sexes. All subjects were undergo to the following investigated parameters; Ascorbic acid [vitamin C], Catalase, Total antioxidant capacity, Aldolase and Pyruvate kinase enzyme. vitamins C, catalase, total antioxidant capacity enzymes were highly significant decreased [P < 0. 01] in diabetes mellitus type 1 [GII] and diabetes mellitus type 1 with nephropathy [GIII] when compared to the control group. Adolase activity was highly significant increased [P < 0. 01] in diabetes mellitus type 1 with nephropathy [GIII] when compared to the control group. Pyruvate Kinase activity was highly significant increased [P < 0. 01] in diabetes mellitus type 1 [GII] when compared to the control group. The antioxidant and enzymes can be used for follow up in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus type 1 and predict other complications

Evaluation of some micronutrients, antioxidant biomarkers and total antioxidant capacity in human giardiasis

Giardia lamblia, a common parasite of the human small bowel, is responsible for diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies and production of free radicals. Micronutrients regulate many physiological functions and participate in antioxidant defense. Changes in their serum levels occur in several gastrointestinal disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the homeostasis of some micronutrients and antioxidant defense in human giardiasis. The study was designed to compare serum levels of some micronutrients and antioxidant status in 30 patients with symptomatic giardiasis and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. Giardia trophozoites and/or cysts were detected in the stool samples of patients using saline and iodine wet mount preparations and formol ether technique. Levels of magnesium, iron, manganese, copper and chromium were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Vitamin E level was determined as well as total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and serum levels of the antioxidant biomarkers; albumin, total bilirubin and uric acid were evaluated. Giardia-infected patients displayed significantly lower levels of magnesium, iron, manganese, chromium and vitamin E and higher levels of copper and uric acid compared to controls. TAC, albumin and bilirubin in Giardia-infected patients were not significantly different from the controls. The pathophysiological changes in giardiasis alter the homeostasis of some micronutrients. Uric acid constitutes an important antioxidant defense in human giardiasis that may compensate for the deficiency of some antioxidant micronutrients. Prevention and treatment of giardiasis may have a positive impact on the micronutrient status and on the general health of the population

Antioxidants and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculosis [TB], is one of the major common air born infectious bacteria! diseases whichremains a major worldwide health problem with global mortality. To evaluate the efficiency of serurr samples compared to sputum for the early diagnosis of TB, and to evaluate the levels of superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], total antioxidant status [TAS] and tumor necrosis factor-a [TNF-alpha] in patients witt pulmonary tuberculosis [PTB]. One hundred patients with clinically suspected PTB and 25 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. According to the bacteriological results, 78 patients were diagnosed as having PTB infection. These cases were categorized into 69 culture positive cases [sputum anc serum PCR positive patients [n=42], sputum PCR positive and serum PCR negative patients [n=16] and sputurr and serurr. PCR negative patients [n=11]] and 9 culture negative and sputum PCR positive cases witi radiological lung abnormalities suggestive for PTB. For these 78 cases, erythrocyte SOD, CAT, serum TAS an? TNF-alpha were determined. Twenty two patients were culture negative and negative for both sputum and serun PCR. They had no PTB and were not involved in biochemical studies. In all 78 PTB patients erythrocyte SOD, CAT and serum TAS levels were statistically lower than controls [p<0.05], while TNF-alpha was highly significantly .increased [p=0.001]. There was a significant direct linear correlation between SOD and CA" and TAS [p<0.0001, r= 0.78; p<0.0001, r= 0.88; p<0.0001, r=0.80 respectively] and a significant reverse linea correlation between TNF-alpha and SOD, CAT and TAS level [p<0.0001 r=-0.55; p<0.0001, r=-0.51; p<0.0001, r= 0.65 respectively]. Although the sputum culture is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of patientt with PTB, sputum PCR is an efficient method that could be used as an alternative to the culture for the rapk identification of PTB cases. The lower levels of SOD, CAT and TAS may be improved by the antioxidant therap which may help in better prognosis. Also anti TNF-alpha therapy may help in decreasing the elevated level of TNF-alpha shown in all PTB patients

Effect of physical training on oxidative stress in physical education students "girls" in Alexandria

Physical training seems to reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress and to increase the antioxidant defense system. However intense physical aerobic and anaerobic training can induce an increase of oxidative stress which can be implicated with overt raining. Was to study the effect of physical training on oxidative stress parameters in a sample of students of the second year of the faculty of physical education "girls" in Alexandria during the year 2004-2005, in order to demonstrate whether the load of training program implemented in their curriculum may or may not induce oxidative stress. A coherent prospective study was conducted on 21 apparently healthy adult females their age ranged from 18 to 19 years old with no history of chronic illness. The implemented training program consisted of about one and half hour of physical exercise per day, 6 days/week divided into aerobic and anaerobic sessions Blood samples were withdrawn at four different occasions. "the beginning of the first term, end of the first term, beginning of the second term, and finally at the end of the second term ". Plasma total antioxidant status [TAS], advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP], malondialdehyde [MDA] and serum iron were measured. Our results demonstrated that by the end of second term, the girls had about 30% significant increase in their TAS levels, 15% significant decrease in their AOPP levels and 29% significant decrease in their serum iron compared to their values at the beginning of the first term. However the MDA levels did not change. Significantly during the whole study period. Regular training induced an improvement of plasma antioxidant status accompanied by a decrease in the levels of the novel protein oxidation marker AOPP. However as iron plays a critical role in athletic performance and deficiencies are not uncommon, female athletes are advised to consume at least the recommended dietary allowance [RDA] of this micronutrient and to check regularly their iron status

Resveratrol ameliorates experimentally-induced gentamicin nephrotoxicity: a biochemical and histological evaluation in rats

This experimental study aimed to investigate the possible effect of resveratrol [RSV], an antioxidant agent, during Gentamicin [GEN] treatment as a prophylactic modality against drug induced renal tubular affection. The study comprised 30 normal rats divided into 3 equal groups: Control group: Did not receive medications, GEN Group: Received IP injection of GEN [80mg/kg/day for 6 days] and RSV+GEN Group: Received IP injection of GEN [80mg/kg/day] and RSV [10mg/ kg/day for 6 days]. At the 6th day, blood samples were withdrawn for estimation of serum creatinine, urea and Na and K ions, then all animals were sacrificed and both kidneys were immediately removed and a renal cortex biopsy was obtained for estimation of renal tissue extract activity of glutathione [GSH], glutathione-S-transferase [GST], superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT] and tissue content of non-protein sulphydryl [NPSH] and lipid peroxides. Both kidneys were dissected out for histological studies and scored for seventy of tubular changes. In comparison to control group; GEN caused a significant elevation [p[1]<0.001] of serum urea and creatinifte associated with increased serum Na+ and decreased K+ levels with significantly increased levels of SOD, MDA and NPSH levels and decreased levels of GSH, GST and CAT in renal tissue extract. On contrary, RSV injection in combination with GEN significantly ameliorated the effects imposed by GEN on the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium manifested as a non-significant increase of tissue extract levels of MDA and NPSH associated with non-significant decrease of tissue extract level of GSH and GST in GEN+RS V group compared to control group [p[1]>0.05] but tissue extract levels of SOD and CAT were significantly increased [p[1]=0.016 and 0.005, respectively] compared to control group. RSV lessened the nephrotoxic effect of Gentamicin in combination group with a significant decrease of serum urea and creatinine levels compared to that estimated in GEN group, [p[2]=0.008] with a significantly decreased serum Na+ and increased serum K+ compared to levels estimated in GEN group [p[2]=0.007 and =0.008, respectively]. Light microscopic examination of renal tissue obtained from rats injected with GEN for 6 days, showed degenerative changes with necrosis of proximal tubular cells and contracted glomeuli associated with tubular and glomerular vacuolation. There was tissue edema and intense inflammatory cellular infiltrates. Semi-quantitative analysis of tubular necrosis, tubular vacuolization and parietal cell hyperplasia in animals treated by GEN and GEN+RSV showed a significant reduction of scores of each parameter in GEN+RSV group compared to GEN group with no necrosis reported in 55.6% and no parietal cell hyperplasia in 33.3% of animals included in GEN+RSV group, while all GEN treated animals showed tubular necrosis and vacuolation with parietal cell hyperplasia of varied scores. It could be concluded that concomitant administration of resveratrol during Gentamicin therapy in high dose and for long period could ameliorate the structural changes and preserve the oxidant/antioxidant balance in renal tissue with minimization of affection of renal function tests

Nitric oxide and oxidative stress in Egyptian children with congenital heart disease

This study focused on the relationship between NO concentration and different parameters of the free radical scavenging system. The study was performed on 40 children with congenital heart disease [20 cyanotic and 20 acyanotic] as well as 15 healthy children serving as a control group, aiming to evaluate the effect of a long period of hypoxia on NO level, enzymatic antioxidants [copper-zinc superoxide dismutase] and glutathione peroxidase [GPX], nonenzymatic antioxidants [vitamins C and E] and plasma level of malondialdehyde [MDA] as a marker of lipid peroxidation plus reduced glutathione [GSH]. The results showed that there was a significant reduction in the NO concentration in parallel with a reduction in the plasma antioxidant vitamins, blood enzymes and GSH in children with cyanotic heart defects, meanwhile the level of MDA was significantly increased

Study ofMDA, antioxidant vitamins, lipoproteins serum levels and anthropometry parameters in coronary artery disease patients

To compare the serum level of MDA [malondialdehyde], antioxidant vitamins, lipoproteins and anthropometry parameters, of 40 patients with coronary artery disease [CAD] and at least one vessel stenosis more than 70% and 40 healthy persons [control group] with mean age of 53.7 +/- 9.45 years were selected for this study. All patients and the healthy controls were evaluated in aspects of anthropometry parameters including weight, height, Basal Metabolic Index [BMI] and waist to hip ratio, angiographic status of coronary arteries [only in patient group], serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL2, HDL3, MDA and vitamins E and C. Results showed that BMI and waist to hip ratio in patients were significantly elevated in control group [p<0.01] whereas serum levels of antioxidant vitamins were lower [p<0.001]. Serum levels of MDA in the patients were increased significantly in comparison with the control group [p<0.001]. LDL/HDL ratios were higher and Vitamin E/Cholesterol ratios were lower of patients compared to the control group. These results suggest that decrease of antioxidant vitamins and increase of MDA serum levels play important roles in the pathogenesis of CAD

Evaluation of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidants in cataract patients

The pathogenesis of cataract has been found to be influenced by a number of factors including oxidative stress. Human body contains natural antioxidants, including the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase which help it withstand stress. Some environmental and nutritional factors can affect antioxidant systems. This study was undertaken to assess the status of total antioxidants, glutathione peroxidase [GPx] and superoxide dismutase [SOD] in the Iranian population whose lifestyle is both nutritionally and environmentally different from other populations on which such studies have been conducted. Forty-five patients with senile cataract and 35 controls were selected and matched. The levels of the above-mentioned enzymes and chemicals were measured in erythrocytes and plasma and compared by Student's t-test [p<0.05 for significance]. The level of GPx erythrocyte activity in patients and controls was found to be 51.24 +/- 13.46 micro /gHb and 40.87 +/- 7.04 micro /gHb respectively [p<0.0001]. SOD levels were 1239.83 +/- 275.96 micro /gHb in patients and 1126 +/- 201.72 micro /gHb in controls [p=0.045]. Total antioxidant status of the patients and controls were 1.39 +/- 0.27 mMol/L and 1.64 +/- 0.36 mMol/L respectively [p<0.001]. Even though the relationships of these factors to cataractogenesis is still unknown, we believe that a better knowledge about their role could strengthen our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and perhaps the treatment of cataract. Still, it is safe to assume that educating people on consumption of a diet richer in antioxidants [like vegetables] is beneficial in preventing diseases like cataract

study of the antioxidant properties of propofol

This clinical study was done to explore the changes in oxidative system in RBCs from surgical patients anaesthetized with propofol. We studied 40 patients who were divided into two groups 20 patients each. Group I was induced by 4 mg/kg iv. thiopental followed by halothane for maintenance. Group II was induced by 2 mg/kg iv. propofol, followed by iv. infusion of propofol for one hour to maintain anaesthesia. We measured the following variables in RBCs: glutathione content, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and lastly serum selenium. We found that propofol decreased oxidized glutathione from 10.24 +/- 0.4 to 9.1 +/- 0.6 micro g/ml [p < 0.05] and increased the other three variables after bolus dose and iv. infusion from [638 +/- 7.5 to 676 +/- 10 micro g/ml] [29.6 +/- 1.9 to 30.9 +/- 2.2 micro g/g Hb] [12.5 +/- 6.68 to 13.9 +/- 9 micro g/dl] [p < 0.05]. Thiopental did not modify any of the variables. In conclusion, the findings showed that propofol has an antioxidant effect in humans, this effect may be beneficial in patients who have diseases in which free radicals play an important role

Oxidant / antioxidant imbalance in bronchial asthma: study of the effect of antioxidant therapy

Due to the great controversy about the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis, and the antioxidants in therapy of asthma we created this study, the concentrations of Malondialdehyde [MDA], vitamins [A and E] in plasma were measured in [20] patients with mild asthma [Group I], [20] patients with sever asthma [Group II] and [10] healthy control [Group III]. Baseline pulmonary function tests were also performed. Group I and II [asthmatic groups] were given vitamin A [3000 IU] and vitamin E [300 1U] daily for one week, then the above parameters were re-assayed. Asthmatic patients [Group I and II] had a significant higher level of MDA and lower levels of vitamins A and E than normal control [p < 0.001]. These changes were more statistically evident in Group II than Group I [p < 0.001]. The Group I and II show a significant inverse relation between MDA and vitamins [A and E] levels before and after therapy [r value was greater than - 0.4 for vitamin A and greater than - 0.6 for vitamin E]. Also, direct relation between vitamins [A and E] levels and FEVI before and after therapy were detected. After antioxidant therapy, a significant decrease in MDA level [p < 0.001], increase in vitamins [A and E] levels [P < 0.001 for both] and a significant improvement in FEVI [p < 0.05 for Group I and p < 0.001 for Group II] were found in both asthmatic groups [I and II]. These data suggest that bronchial asthma is associated with a higher oxidant load and lower antioxidant defense which entails the use of antioxidants as a line of therapy in asthmatic patients

Vitamin C level in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The present study was conducted on 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 10 normal volunteers, subsequent classification of our patients as regards being diabetic, hypertensive, smokers and aged above or below 50 years. Plasma level of vitamin C was estimated within the first 6 hours after the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and was found to be significantly lower than in the control group, but no statistical significant variation in the mean plasma level of vitamin C were observed among the patient's subgroups and this could be explained on the basis that acute myocardial infarction may be associated with overwhelming elaboration of free radicals exceeding the levels generated by other causes of oxidative stress

Free oxygen radical activity and some antioxidants in plasma of patients with Hodgkin's Disease

In this study levels of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde [MDA], a marker of free oxygen radicals [FOR] activity, together with those of three potent antioxidants; namely, vitamin C, vitamin E, and the trace element selenium, were estimated in plasma of 40 patients proved to suffer from Hodgkin's disease by thorough history and clinical examination, appropriate laboratory investigations, and histopathological examination of biopsied tissues, as well as plasma of 20 healthy subjects matched for age, sex and nutritional status, as control. Results showed statistically significant increase in MDA levels accompanied by significant decrease in vitamin E and selenium levels, with no significant change in vitamin C plasma levels, all compared to control. Significant negative correlations were noticed between MDA and each of vitamin E and selenium. Conclusively, there is increased FOR activity accompanied by derangement in some antioxidants in patient with Hodgkin's disease. The relation of these changes to the course of the disease needs further studies which are recommended also to unravel the responsible mechanisms for these changes and to elucidate whether dietary antioxidant supplementation will be beneficial

Oxidative stress and some antioxidants in plasma of patients with diabetes mellitus

Oxidative stress due to increased free oxygen radicals [FOR] generation plays an important role in NIDDM. In this study, levels of the lipid peroxide malondialdehyde [MDA], a marker of FOR[s] activity, together with levels of vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium, three potent antioxidants, were estimated in plasma of 50 patients with NIDDM well matched for body built and duration of disease [< 5 years], as well as in plasma of 25 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, body built and nutritional status, as control. Levels of glycated haemoglobin [GHb], as an index of glycemic control, differentiated patients into two groups[25 patients each], a well controlled group [GHb<9%] and poorly controlled group [GHb>9%]. Results showed significantly decreased levels of the three antioxidants in the poorly controlled group compared to both well controlled group and the controls, with significant decrease in vitamin E and selenium levels in well controlled group compared to controls. Meanwhile, levels of MDA were significantly elevated in both diabetic groups compared to control, with no significant change in between diabetic groups. Negative correlations were noticed between the increase of each of MDA and GHb and the decrease of each of the three antioxidants, while MDA correlated insignificantly with GHb. In conclusion, patients with NIDDM have increased oxidative stress due to increased FOR generation evidenced by increased MDA levels and this stress is not correlated with glycemic control. Also they have deranged some antioxidative mechanisms, more pronounced in poorly controlled patients. Further studies are recommended to uniavel the effects of these changes on the course of the disease