ABSTRACT
This article reviews the historical development and up-to-date state of thermometric technologies for measuring human body temperature (BT) from two aspects: measurement methodology and signifi cance interpretation. Since the fi rst systematic and comprehensive study on BT and its relation to human diseases was conducted by Wunderlich in the late 19th century, BT has served as one of the most fundamental vital signs for clinical diagnosis and daily healthcare. The physiological implication of BT set point and thermoregulatory mechanisms are briefl y outlined. Infl uential determinants of BT measurement are investigated thoroughly. Three types of BT measurement, i.e., core body temperature, surface body temperature and basal body temperature, are categorized according to its measurement position and activity level. With the comparison of temperature measurement in industrial fi elds, specialties in technological and biological aspects in BT measurement are mentioned. Methodologies used in BT measurement are grouped into instrumental methods and mathematical methods. Instrumental methods utilize results of BT measurements directly from temperature-sensitive transducers and electronic instrumentations by the combination of actual and predictive measurement, invasive and noninvasive measurement. Mathematical methods use several numerical models, such as multiple regression model, autoregressive model, thermoregulatory mechanism-based model and the Kalman fi lter-based method to estimate BT indirectly from some relevant vital signs and environmental factors. Thermometry modalities are summarized on the dichotomies into invasive and noninvasive, contact and noncontact, direct and indirect, free and restrained, 1-D and n-D. Comprehensive interpretation of BT has an equal importance as the measurement of BT. Two modes to apply BT are classifi ed into real-time applications and long-term applications. With rapid advancement in IoT infrastructure, big data analytics and AI platforms, prospects for future development in thermometry and interpretation of BT are discussed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Basal Bodies , Body Temperature , Delivery of Health Care , Diagnosis , Human Body , Methods , Thermometers , Thermometry , Transducers , Vital SignsABSTRACT
Obesity has become a common healthcare problem worldwide. Cilia are tiny hair-like organelles on the cell surface that are generated and anchored by the basal body. Non-motile primary cilia have been considered to be evolutionary rudiments until a few decades, but they are now considered as important signaling organelles because many receptors, channels, and signaling molecules are highly expressed in primary cilia. A potential role of primary cilia in metabolic regulation and body weight maintenance has been suspected based on rare genetic disorders termed as ciliopathy, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, which manifest as obesity. Recent studies have demonstrated involvement of cilia-related cellular signaling pathways in transducing metabolic information in hypothalamic neurons and in determining cellular fate during adipose tissue development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about cilia and cilia-associated signaling pathways in the regulation of body metabolism.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue , Alstrom Syndrome , Bardet-Biedl Syndrome , Basal Bodies , Body Weight Maintenance , Cilia , Delivery of Health Care , Energy Metabolism , Hedgehogs , Metabolism , Neurons , Obesity , Organelles , Wnt Signaling PathwayABSTRACT
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes diarrheal diseases in humans. Cytoskeletal structures of Giardia trophozoites must be finely reorganized during cell division. To identify Giardia proteins which interact with microtubules (MTs), Giardia lysates were incubated with in vitro-polymerized MTs and then precipitated by ultracentifugation. A hypothetical protein (GL50803_8405) was identified in the precipitated fraction with polymerized MTs and was named GlMBP1 (G. lamblia microtubule-binding protein 1). Interaction of GlMBP1 with MTs was confirmed by MT binding assays using recombinant GlMBP1 (rGlMBP1). In vivo expression of GlMBP1 was shown by a real-time PCR and western blot analysis using anti-rGlMBP1 antibodies. Transgenic G. lamblia trophozoites were constructed by integrating a chimeric gene encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlMBP1 into a Giardia chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of this transgenic G. lamblia, using anti-HA antibodies, revealed that GlMBP1 mainly localized at the basal bodies, axonemes, and median bodies of G. lamblia trophozoites. This result indicates that GlMBP1 is a component of the G. lamblia cytoskeleton.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies , Axoneme , Basal Bodies , Blotting, Western , Cell Division , Cytoskeleton , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Giardia lamblia , Giardia , Hemagglutinins , Microtubules , Polymers , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , TrophozoitesABSTRACT
Ciliary rootlet coiled coil protein (CROCC), the structural component that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of the ciliary rootlet, plays a crucial role in maintaining the cellular integrity of ciliated cells. In the current study, we cloned Xenopus CROCC and performed the expression analysis. The amino acid sequence of Xenopus laevis was related to those of Drosophila, cow, goat, horse, chicken, mouse and human. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that CROCC mRNA encoding a coiled coil protein was present maternally, as well as throughout early development. In situ hybridization indicated that CROCC mRNA occurred in the animal pole of embryo during gastrulation and subsequently in the presumptive neuroectoderm at the end of gastrulation. At tailbud stages, CROCC mRNA expression was localized in the anterior roof plate of the developing brain, pharyngeal epithelium connected to gills, esophagus, olfactory placode, intestine and nephrostomes of the pronephric kidney. Our study suggests that CROCC may be responsible for control of the development of various ciliated organs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Amino Acid Sequence , Basal Bodies , Brain , Chickens , Clone Cells , Drosophila , Embryonic Structures , Epithelium , Esophagus , Gastrulation , Gills , Goats , Horses , In Situ Hybridization , Intestines , Kidney , Neural Plate , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Reverse Transcription , RNA, Messenger , Xenopus laevis , XenopusABSTRACT
The major causes of female infertility include ovulatory dysfunction, tubal and peritoneal pathology, uterine pathology, and unexplained factors. For the diagnosis of the underlying cause(s) of female infertility, menstrual history taking, basal body temperature recording, hysterosalphingography, endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography, hysteroscopy, and laparoscopy are clinically useful diagnostic procedures. At present, postcoital test is not a proven valid diagnostic tool in a clinical setting.
Subject(s)
Female , Female , Humans , Basal Bodies , Biopsy , Diagnosis , Hysteroscopy , Infertility, Female , Laparoscopy , Pathology , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In general, long-term weight loss maintenance is difficult. Thus we have attempted to examine the factors associated with weight loss maintenance after weight reduction to appropriate level in obese people. METHODS: The study subjects were 170 obese adults who visited the Yeung Nam University Medical Center Obesity Clinic from January 2002 to April 2004. Selected individuals for this study were those who have intentionally lost at least 5% of their body weight and have kept it off for at least 1 year and considered to be "weight loss maintainers" and the factors that are associated with weight loss maintenance were obsened and assessed by telephone survey. RESULTS: Among all study subjects, the successful weight loss maintainers were 61 (35.9%) subjects (males: 23, females: 38) and re-gainers were 109 (64.1%) subjects (males: 42, females: 67). The difference between maintainers and re-gainers according to sex, age and basal body weight was not statistically significant. The difference between maintainers and regainers were statistically significant in those with regular exercise more than 3 times per week (P=0.001), no alcohol intake (P=0.001), physical activity more than moderate level (P<0.001), TV viewing (internet using) times less than 2 hours (P<0.001), dietary control (P<0.001), and no overeating (P<0.001). According to multiple regression analysis, obesity treatment medication use during the weight loss maintenance period had the greatest influence (R2=0.336, P=0.000), and the following were TV (internet) viewing time, smoking, exercise, and physical activity in order. CONCLUSION: By using, medications, reducing TV viewing (internet using) times, smoking cessation, diet control exercise weight loss were maintained significantly.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Academic Medical Centers , Basal Bodies , Body Weight , Diet , Hyperphagia , Intention , Motor Activity , Obesity , Smoke , Smoking , Smoking Cessation , Telephone , Weight LossABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We tried to find out an adequate sol-gel transition temperature of female urethra for the injection of thermosensitive polymer in incontinent patients. We measured the temperatures of three portions of female urethra and bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total of 53 female incontinent patients participated, excluding those with any kind of infection which could lead to an elevation of body temperature. The basal body temperatures were checked at the axilla, tympanic membrane and mouth. Temperatures of the proximal(U1), middle(U2), distal(U3) urethra and bladder(B) were measured by a digital thermometer under a lithotomy position. We divided our patients into 3 groups which were patients in follicular phase(F), luteal phase(L) and menopause(M). The temperature difference between the 4 portions of the urethra(D1; between U1 and U2, D2; between U2 and U3, D3: between U3 and B), was also analyzed. Statistics was done by the ANOVA of repeated measures, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.1+/-10.7 years. The mean temperature of B, U1, U2, and U3 groups were 37.1+/-0.25 degreesC, 37.0+/-0.25 degreesC, 36.9+/-0.24 degreesC, and 36.7+/-0.25 degreesC. The mean temperature difference of D1, D2, and D3 were 0.2471+/-0.089 degreesC, 0.079+/-0.066 degreesC and 0.066+/-0.058 degreesC. The Pearson correlation coefficient of D1, D2 and D3 were 0.938, 0.965 and 0.970. This showed there was a constant temperature increase from distal urethra to bladder step by step. The number of patients in F, L and M groups were 25(47.2%), 10(18.9%) and 18(33.9%). There was no significant urethral temperature difference at each point(U1, U2, U3 and B) among these three groups. CONCLUSION: There was a constant temperature increase from distal urethra to bladder step by step. This is a baseline study for female urethra for future clinical study. We suggest that our data can be used as deciding the sol-gel transition temperature for thermosensitive polymer injection into incontinent female urethra.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Axilla , Basal Bodies , Body Temperature , Mouth , Polymers , Thermometers , Transition Temperature , Tympanic Membrane , Urethra , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
Ciliogenesis was investigated in the tracheal epithelium of human fetus at mid trimester of gestation (15~22 weeks), and the substructure of basal body was studied with serial, cross sections. The ciliogenic cells were long columnar cells with an electron -lucent cytoplasm, and contained rich free ribosomes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Apical cytoplasm of these cells contained various structures related to ciliogenesis including fibrous granules, procentrioles, centrioles and basal bodies. Basal bodies were located near apical plasma membrane and had basal foot and striated rootlets. In cross section, alar sheets appeared at transitional area between distal portion of basal body and axoneme, and basal foot at distal portion of basal body. Alar sheets arouse from each peripheral triplets of basal body and projected radially clockwise in apex to base view. Basal foot was a cone shaped structure with cross striation which base attached to two or three of the peripheral triplet sets and apex converged to basal foot cap. Three dimentional reconstruction by serial cross section of the basal body showed a structural relationship of alar sheets and basal feet with basal body. By immunohistochemistry, alpha -tubulin label was seen in both basal and surface ciliated cells, and gamma-tubulin label was seen in the apical region of surface cilated cells. These results indicate that ciliogenesis of tracheal epithelium of human fetus is performed mainly by acentriolar ciliogenesis, and suggest the ciliogenesis and ciliary movement at mid trimester of gestation are active.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Axoneme , Basal Bodies , Cell Membrane , Centrioles , Cytoplasm , Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth , Epithelium , Fetus , Foot , Immunohistochemistry , Ribosomes , Triplets , TubulinABSTRACT
The human trachea is normally lined by a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium where ciliated, goblet, intermediate and basal cells are mainly represented. However the fetal tracheal epithelium was found to be composed of ciliated, non-ciliated and basal cells. The present study was designed to characterize the development of ciliated cells in the fetal trachea at mid (19 weeks) and last (32 weeks) trimester of gestation. At 19 weeks of gestation, the tracheal epithelium, 35 µm in height, was composed of surface, intermediate and basal layers. The surface cells were subdivided into ciliated, immature ciliated, non-ciliated, granule containing and goblet cells. The ciliated cells covered approximately half of the luminal surface area. The immature ciliated cells contained basal bodies, but the apical membrane was not invested with cilia. The granule containing cells contained numerous dense granules, 0.3-0.7 µm in diameter, in the apical cytoplasm. The goblet cells contained less electron dense granules, 1-2 µm in diameter, in the apical cytoplasm. The cells in intermediate layer were relatively undifferentiated and contained poorly developed organelles. Submucosal gland were well differentiated and were composed of the mucous and serous cells. At 32 weeks of gestation, the tracheal epithelium, 50µm in height, was also composed of surface, intermediate and basal layer. The surface cells were composed of ciliated, non-ciliated and goblet cells. The ciliated cells, dominant type of surface cells, were subdivided into mitochondria-rich cells (type I) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum-rich cells (type II). The non-ciliated cell were of three subtypes : mitochondria-rich cells (type A), glycogen and microfilament-containing cells (type B) and cells with bulging apical surface into the lumen (type C). Small granule containing cell appeared in the basal layer. These cells contained clear vesicles, 50 ㎚m in diameter, and dense granules, 100-300 ㎚m in diameter. Submucosal gland were well developed and consisting of mucous, serous and myoepithelial cells. These results indicate that the cell populations of the tracheal epithelium at late stage of pregnancy have essential features similar to those of adult. and show that the different steps of ciliogenesis could be identified.