Dilataciones quísticas congénitas de las vías biliares (segunda parte). Vías biliares extrahepáticas / Congenital bile duct cystic dilatations (part 2). Extrahepatic bile ducts

RESUMEN Las dilataciones quísticas congénitas de la vía biliar extrahepática son infrecuentes, principalmente en Occidente, y afectan sobre todo a niños pero son poco comunes en adultos. El diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha y suele llevarse a cabo con estudios colangiográficos de los cuales la CRMN es, en la actualidad, el de mayor utilidad. Es conocido el aumento de malignización de estas dilataciones, por lo que el tratamiento completo de la bolsa quística es obligatorio.

ABSTRACT Congenital dilatation of extrahepatic bile ducts is rare in the Western countries and is more common in children than in adults. The diagnosis requires high level of suspicion and is made by cholangiography tests, among which MRCP is the most useful nowadays. Malignant transformation of these cystic dilatations is well-known; therefore, complete resection of the cystic pouch is mandatory.

Hepatectomía derecha asociada a resección de la confluencia de la vía biliar por cáncer de vesícula biliar: presentación de un caso clínico / Right hepatectomy in block with hiliar extra hepatic bile duct for gallbladder cancer: clinical case

El cáncer de vesícula biliar es la neoplasia maligna más común del tracto biliar. Suele presentarse en estadios clínicos avanzados. El tratamiento quirúrgico ha ido evolucionando y en la actualidad equipos dedicados pueden realizar resecciones multiorgánicas extensas y complejas en el afán de lograr resecciones R0 (no enfermedad residual), que podrían ofrecer a los pacientes la posibilidad de curación. En el presente reporte se describe el caso de una paciente con cáncer de vesícula estadio clínico IV, la cual fue sometida a hepatectomía derecha ampliada a segmento IV B en bloque con la confluencia de la vía biliar, lográndose una resección R0

Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. Usually seen in advanced stages. There are still many controversies about the type of curative surgical treatment for each stage of the disease. The only chance of long term survival for patients with advanced tumors is aggressive, large surgeries that implies multiorgan resection.We report the case of a patient with gallbladder cancer with jaundice at diagnosis, who underwent extended hepatectomy (segment IV B, segment I and extra hepatic hilar bile duct included)

Percutaneous Placement of Self-Expandable Metallic Stents in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice Secondary to Metastatic Gastric Cancer after Gastrectomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients (mean age, 62.4 years; range, 27-86 years) who underwent percutaneous placements of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy were included. The technical success rate, clinical success rate, complication rate, stent patency, patient survival and factors associated with stent patency were being evaluated. RESULTS: The median interval between the gastrectomy and stent placement was 23.1 months (range, 3.9-94.6 months). The 50 patients received a total of 65 stents without any major procedure-related complications. Technical success was achieved in all patients. The mean total serum bilirubin level, which had been 7.19 mg/dL +/- 6.8 before stent insertion, decreased to 4.58 mg/dL +/- 5.4 during the first week of follow-up (p < 0.001). Clinical success was achieved in 42 patients (84%). Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheters were removed from 45 patients (90%). Infectious complications were noted in two patients (4%), and stent malfunction occurred in seven patients (14%). The median stent patency was 233 +/- 99 days, and the median patient survival was 179 +/- 83 days. Total serum bilirubin level after stenting was an independent factor for stent patency (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transhepatic placement of a biliary stent for obstructive jaundice secondary to metastatic gastric cancer after gastrectomy is a technically feasible and clinically effective palliative procedure.

Ictericia obstructiva secundaria a tumor de células granulares de la vía biliar extrahepática / Obstuctive jaundice secondary to extrahepatic bile ducts granular cell tumor

Bile ducts granular cell tumor is a rare entity. Of neural origin, mostly benign, may, however, present mimicking malignancy. We report a 32 years old female presenting with painless jaundice and extrahepatic bile ducts stenosis confirmed with MRC. Extrahepatic bile ducts resection is performed. Reconstruction involves four independent ducts to a Roux en Y enteric loop. She has a good postoperative outcome, with no evidence of complications nor recurrence at 17 months of follow up.

El tumor de células granulares en la vía biliar es una neoplasia rara de origen neural, en su mayoría benigna y cuya presentación puede sugerir patología maligna. Objetivo: Se presenta el caso clínico, características anatomopatológicas, manejo y evolución de una paciente joven que se presenta con ictericia obstructiva por estenosis subcarinal biliar. Paciente y Método: Paciente 32 años, sexo femenino, con ictericia, coluria y prurito. Diagnóstico de estenosis biliar y dilatación de vía biliar intrahepática se confirma con colangiorresonancia magnética. Se realiza resección de vía biliar extrahepática desde supracarinal que incluye vía biliar distal. Reconstitución bilioentérica a Y de Roux que involucra cuatro conductos intrahepáticos. Evoluciona en forma satisfactoria en el postoperatorio. El seguimiento alejado a 17 meses revela una satisfactoria condición de la paciente, sin signos de complicación o recidiva. Conclusión: El manejo por un equipo de experiencia multidisciplinario nos permitió ayudar a una paciente con rara patología, benigna en lo histológico, pero que puede representar un gran desafío técnico.

Systematic review: should routine resection of the extra-hepatic bile duct be performed in gallbladder cancer?

Complete surgical resection is associated with improved outcomes in gallbladder cancer. Whether the extra-hepatic bile duct [EHBD] should be routinely excised for gallbladder cancer is unclear. To analyze literature concerning EHBD excision to determine if it is associated with survival advantage and hence can be routinely recommended. A systematic search using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the years 1988-2008. EHBD excision was reported to be performed routinely for T1-4 in some studies, while others reported resection to facilitate lymph node clearance or if the EHBD was grossly involved by disease that remained otherwise respectable. While one study demonstrated 100% survival in T1 disease, other reports do not demonstrate any survival benefit of EHBD excision in T1 disease. Four studies [level IV-V] demonstrated 60% to 90% five-year survival for routine excision in T2 disease, while three other studies demonstrated no survival advantage but increased morbidity due to the procedure. In T3/4 disease, one study [level IV-V] demonstrated a benefit in T4 disease only, and another study [level IV-V] reported a survival advantage in patients in whom the bile duct was not involved; five other studies showed no impact of routine EHBD excision on survival but reported morbidity following anastomotic leaks. Available evidence does not support routine resection of EHBD in gallbladder cancer. EHBD excision should be performed in the presence of specific indications, viz., to achieve an R0 resection of the primary tumor and/ or to aid complete lymph node dissection that would compromise the EHBD by devascularization

Intraductal Ultrasonography for the Selection of Self Expandable Metal Stent in Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic stent insertion with self expandable metal stent (SEMS) is one of the standard palliative treatments for the patients with unresectable bile duct carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine whether detection of longitudinal spread of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma by intraductal US (IDUS) would be helpful in the selection of metal stent for the palliative drainage in bile duct carcinoma. METHODS: Seventeen patients with histologically proven unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with IDUS were included. Longitudinal cancer extension along the bile duct was determined and, then, compared with the cholangiographic image. The type and length of SEMS was selected based on IDUS findings. RESULTS: IDUS demonstrated more extensive tumor spread than ERC in 7 of 17 (41.2%) patients with the hepatic side of strictures and in 7 of 16 (43.8%) patients with the duodenal side of strictures. Five of 17 (29.4%) patients have changed the plan of endoscopic biliary drainage with SEMS after IDUS. There was no early dysfunction associated with endoscopic biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: IDUS prior to biliary drainage would be useful in demonstrating longitudinal extension of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. It has a potential role in helping stent selection and identifying factors which predict early stent dysfunction.

Colecistectomía Laparoscópica: resultados de seis años en el Hospital "Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz", Mérida / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: results of six years in the Hospital \"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz\", Mérida

Informar los resultados de un estudio de 262 pacientes de colecistectomía por video-laparoscópica. El presente trabajo expone los resultados de la experiencia de la colecistectomía laparoscópica durante siete años. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las historias médicas de todos aquellos pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica a partir del 1 de Mayo de 1996 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2002. Se realizó un total de 262 colecistectomías, con un predominio de pacientes del sexo femenino con un (80.92 por ciento), la edad promedio fue de 42 años. Las indicaciones quirurgicas fueron: colecistitis crónica litiásica (93.13 por ciento), colecistitis aguda (3.44 por ciento), colecistopatía alitiásica sintomática (0.76 por ciento) y pólipos vesiculares (2.67 por ciento). Hubo 33 casos de conversión a cirugía abierta para un (12.59 por ciento) y 2 casos de lesión de vía biliar extrahepática para un (0.76 por ciento). Las principales causas de conversión fueron: dificultad en la disección, anomalías anatómicas, sangrado transoperatorio y lesión de vía biliar. Se presentaron 33 complicaciones (12.59 por ciento), de las cuales 18 son transoperatorias y 15 postoperatorias. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue 58.78 por ciento, con menos de 48 horas siguientes al procedimiento quirúrgico. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 75 minutos. Hospital Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz en Mérida-Venezuela. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, confiable en manos experimentadas, que puede realizarse con seguridad en colecistopatía litiásica, sin embargo, dicho procedimiento no está exento de complicaciones, lo cual requiera convertir el procedimiento a cirugía abierta. Es importante que el cirujano este capacitado para resolver estas complicaciones, e igualmente en el momento oportuno decidir a conversión. Colecistectomía laparoscópica, litiasis vasicular, complicaciones quirúrgicas.

Variaciones anatómicas del conducto cístico / Anatomic variations of the cystic duct

Las intervenciones quirúrgicas de la zona hepatoboliar, conllevan, además de los riesgos inherentes a toda cirugía mayor, la complejidad estructural y la presencia de anomalías de dicha zona. En el presente trabajo sobre la descripción de las variaciones anatómicas del conducto cístico, se estudiaron 50 cadáveres de adultos (Material Cadavérico) y 50 Colecistopancreatografías Retrógradas Endoscópicas de adulto (Material Radiológico). Basándonos en las características específicas: diámetro externo distal, longitud y número de conductos, forma, sitio y nivel de unión hepatocística, obtuvimos los siguientes resultados Material Cadavérico diametro externo distal, 3 a4 mm (56 por ciento); presencia de un solo conducto (92 por ciento); longitud máxima, 13 a 18 mm (26 por ciento); forma de unión angular (72 por ciento); sitio de implantacion hepatocística, cara derecha del Conducto Hepático Común (84 por ciento); nivel alto (90 por ciento). Material Radiológico diámetro externo distal, 3 a 4 mm; un solo conducto (100 por ciento); longitud máxima, 6 a 12 mm; forma de unión angular (68 por ciento); sitio de implantación hepatocística, cara derecha del Conducto Hepático Común (76 por ciento); nivel alto (84 por ciento). Con tales resultados se recomienda al cirujano, tener un amplio conocimiento de la anatomía de la zona hepatobiliar y suficiente experiencia práctica, para evitar y prevenir posibles complicaciones pre y postoperatorias, que redundarán en beneficio de él y sus pacientes.

Lesiones quirúrgicas de la vía biliar secundarias a colecistectomía laparoscópica: encuesta nacional / Major biliary injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Se presentan 117 lesiones de la vía biliar principal provocadas en el curso de la cirugía videoasistida reparadas por 42 cirujanos encuestados, ya fuera por ellos mismos o en el centro en que actúan. Se hace mención que en la bibliografía argentina es escaso el número de lesiones del hepatocolédoco durante cirugía laparoscópica. Se afirma, en base a ello, que las estadísticas nacionales no son confiables en lo que se refiere al porcentaje real de las lesiones de las vías biliares durante la cirugía videoasistida

Extrahepatic bile ducts injury: a report on 14 cases

Traumatic injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tract are infrequent, occurring in approximately 0.5 of all patients with blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. The incidence of this injury due to blunt abdominal trauma is rare. This study reviewed patients with injuries of the extrahepatic biliary tract due to abdominal trauma over a 6-year period to determine the incidence, trauma scores, associated injuries, surgical treatment performed, complications and mortality rate. We report our experience with 14 patients with extrahepatic biliary tract trauma. A review of the literature and the discussion about the management are presented.

Subcostal gridiron incision for biliary surgery

This retrospective study audited all the extrahepatic biliary operations performed through a subcostal muscle splitting incision between January, 1979 and June, 1995. Of the 400 patients subjected to biliary surgery 340 [85%] were females and 60 [15%] males. One hundred and eighty [45%] patients presented with symptoms of acute and 220 [55%] with chronic cholecystitis. Most [95%] of the operations were performed electively. Simple cholecystectomy was performed in 320 [80%] patients and 72 [18%] had common bile duct exploration for stones. Of these 67 had choledochoduodenostomy and 5 a polythene tube drainage of common bile duct. The overall morbidity of the procedure was 13.5% of which 3.5% were procedure related complications and 10.0% general complications. Only two deaths occurred during the study giving a mortality of 0.5%. This technique has greatly reduced the hospital stay, the amount of blood loss during operation and post operative pain. No patient had incisional hernia or wound dehiscence and all the patients were back to work early. The results of this study suggest that this incision may be used with advantage elsewhere

Lesöes traumáticas da vesícula e trato biliar extra-hepático: análise de 45 casos / Traumatic injuries of the gallbladder and of the extrahepatic biliary tract: analysis of 45 cases

A lesäo traumática da vesícula e trato biliar extra-hepático é pouco freqüente e de difícil diagnóstico pré-operatório. OBJETIVO. Analisar, retrospectivamente, os pacientes com trauma abdominal operados em caráter de urgência no Pronto Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, no período entre 1986 e 1991. MÉTODOS. Foram identificados 45 pacientes com lesäo da vesícula e trato extra-hepático e divididos em dois grupos: 12 pacientes com trauma abdominal fechado e 33 com trauma abdominal penetrante. Foram analisados, comparativamente, nos dois grupos: sexo, idade, índices de trauma, tratamento realizado, evoluçäo pós-operatória, lesöes associadas, incidência e mortalidade. RESULTADOS. A mortalidade global foi 24,4 por cento. Dentre as lesöes associadas, as hepáticas foram mais comuns (89 por cento dos pacientes). A incidência total foi 0,89 por cento dos pacientes com trauma abdominal (45/5.069). A incidência foi maior (1,25 por cento) nos pacientes com trauma abdominal penetrante (ee/2.650, em comparaçäo com 0,5 por cento decorrentes de trauma näo penetrante (12/2.419). CONCLUSAO. Os pacientes com trauma abdominal fechado apresentaram índicies de trauma estatisticamente diferentes daqueles com trauma penetrante e indicaram maior gravidade deste tipo de trauma. Isso fornece idéia de que existe correlaçäo entre intensidade do trauma e ocorrência de lesäo do trato biliar no trauma abdominal fechado. No trauma penetrante, a lesäo ocorre devido ao trajeto do elemento vulnerante e näo esté relacionado à intensidade do trauma. A mortalidade estatisticamente maior do primeiro grupo confirma esta idéia

Carcinoma dos ductos biliares extra-hepáticos / Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

Os autores realizaram um estudo comparativo entre os dados da literatura e os obtidos em 59 pacientes portadores de carcinomas dos ductos biliares extra-hepáticos. A grande maioria dos doentes evolui com icterícia, emagrecimento e dor. Há elevação de bilirrubinas totais, fosfatase alcalina e gama glutamil-transferase, em um número relevante de casos. Os exames complementares pré-operatórios fornecem subsídios importantes para a elaboração tática cirúrgica. Atuam também de forma profilática e terapêutica, através da descompressão da via biliar. O tratamento cirúrgico objetiva inicialmente a drenagem do sistema biliar. No entanto, a ressecção tumoral representa a conduta mais eficaz. As soluções paliativas compreendem, em especial, as anastomoses biliodigestivas e as drenagens através da inserção de próteses ou drenos. O óbito, por via de regra, é conseqüente a sepsis e insuficiência hepátivca, que contribuem para falência orgânica múltipla