Body self-image disturbances in women with prolactinoma

Objective: To evaluate body dissatisfaction and distorted body self-image in women with prolactinoma. Methods: Body dissatisfaction and distorted body self-image were evaluated in 80 women with prolactinoma. All patients were in menacme, 34% had normal body mass index (BMI), and 66% were overweight. Most patients (56.2%) had normal prolactin (PRL) levels and no hyperprolactinemia symptoms (52.5%). The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) was used to assess the patients' dissatisfaction with and concern about their physical form, and the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale (FRS) was used to assess body dissatisfaction and distorted body self-image. The patients were divided according to PRL level (normal vs. elevated) and the presence or absence of prolactinoma symptoms. Results: The normal and elevated PRL groups had similar incidences of body dissatisfaction and distorted body self-image. However, symptomatic patients reported a higher incidence of dissatisfaction than asymptomatic patients. Distorted body self-image was less common among symptomatic patients. Conclusion: Symptomatic patients showed higher body dissatisfaction, but lower body self-image distortion. The presence of symptoms may have been responsible for increased body awareness. The perception of body shape could have triggered feelings of dissatisfaction compared to an ideal lean body. Therefore, a distorted body self-image might not necessarily result in body dissatisfaction in women with prolactinomas.

Translation, cultural adaptation, and evidence of instrument validity for a morphological examination performed in children with autism spectrum disorder / Tradução, adaptação cultural e evidência de validade de instrumento para o exame morfológico aplicado a crianças com transtorno do espectro autista

ABSTRACT Objective: For every 100 random children diagnosed with autism, at least 20 have morphological abnormalities, often associated with syndromes. Brazil does not have a standardized and validated instrument for morphological physical examination. This study aimed to translate into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt the clinical signs described in the Autism Dysmorphology Measure, as well as validate the instrument in a sample of children with autism. Methods: The original instrument was translated, culturally adapted, and published in full, following traditional procedures for translation, back-translation, and terminology adaptation according to the Nomina Anatomica. The sample included 62 children from a published multicenter study, with intelligence quotient between 50-69, of both genders, with chronological age between 3-6 years. Two clinical geneticists performed the morphological physical examination, which consisted of investigating 82 characteristics assessing 12 body areas. We used Cohen's Kappa coefficient to evaluate the agreement between the two observers. Results: The final version of the instrument - translated into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted - showed high agreement between the two observers. Conclusions: The translated instrument meets all international criteria, and minor anomalies and their clinical descriptions were standardized and are recognizable for physicians not specialized in genetics.

RESUMO Objetivo: Entre 100 crianças, não selecionadas, com diagnóstico de autismo, pelo menos 20 apresentam anomalias morfológicas, quase sempre associadas a síndromes. Não há no Brasil instrumento de exame físico morfológico padronizado e validado. O objetivo foi traduzir para o português do Brasil e adaptar culturalmente os sinais clínicos descritos no Autism Dysmorphology Measure, assim como procurar evidências de validade quando aplicado a uma amostra de crianças com autismo. Métodos: Foram feitas a tradução e a adaptação cultural do instrumento original, publicado na íntegra. Foram adotados os procedimentos tradicionais de tradução, retrotradução e adaptação da terminologia segundo a Nomina Anatomica. Foram incluídas na amostra 62 crianças com quociente de inteligência entre 50 e 69, de ambos os sexos, com idade cronológica entre três e seis anos, provenientes de estudo multicêntrico com os procedimentos metodológicos já publicados. O exame físico morfológico foi realizado por dois médicos geneticistas e consistiu na pesquisa de 82 características que avaliam 12 áreas corporais. Para avaliar a concordância entre os dois observadores foi utilizado o coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: A versão final do instrumento traduzido e adaptado culturalmente ao português do Brasil mostrou alta concordância entre os dois observadores. Conclusões: O instrumento traduzido preenche todos os critérios propostos internacionalmente e o reconhecimento das anomalias menores e sua descrição clínica estão padronizados e são de fácil reconhecimento aos médicos não especialistas em genética.

Body dysmorphic disorder in patients attending a dermatology clinic in Nigeria: sociodemographic and clinical correlates

Abstract: Background: Body dysmorphic disorder is a relatively common psychiatric disorder in the context of dermatology and cosmetic and plastic surgery but is underdiagnosed and underreported in Africa. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and symptoms of anxiety/depression and determine their sociodemographic and clinical correlates. Methods: A systematic random sampling design was made to recruit 114 patients with skin diseases. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Modification of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered, and data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: Mean age of participants was 37.70±17.47 years, and 67/114 (58.8%) were females. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder was 41/114 (36.0%), and prevalence of anxiety/depression symptoms was 35/114 (30.7%). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety/depression symptoms was 15/41 (36.6%), and patients with facial disorders expressed the highest burden of anxiety/depression symptoms, in 15/35 (42.9%). Factors associated with significantly higher mean body dysmorphic disorder include age<50years (p=0.039), and anxiety/depression (p<0.001), education below high school was associated with higher mean anxiety/depression score (P= 0.031). In a binary logistic regression model, presence of anxiety/depression symptoms was predictive of body dysmorphic disorder (OR=10.0, CI: 4.1-28.2, p<0.001). Study limitations: the study is uncontrolled, conducted in a single source of care, thus limiting generalization to nonrelated settings. Conclusion: Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder is high among dermatology patients and most prevalent in facial disorders. Facial diseases are associated with the highest burden of anxiety/depression symptoms. This is a clarion call for dermatologists to routinely assess for body dysmorphic disorder and appropriately refer affected patients to mental health care.

Cirurgia plástica estética e (in) satisfação corporal: uma visão atual / Esthetic plastic surgery and (in) satisfaction index: a current view

O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar uma revisão de literatura de estudos relacionados à Cirurgia Plástica Estética. Dessa forma, foram analisadas as pesquisas desenvolvidas com a amostra em questão. As buscas foram feitas nas bases de dados Scopus, PubMed e Medline. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores: "cosmetic surgery", "body dysmorphic disorder" e "eating disorders". Os dados foram sintetizados em três tópicos: "Perfil do paciente e aspectos motivacionais", "Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal e Cirurgia Plástica" e "Transtornos Alimentares e Cirurgia Plástica". Conclui-se que o motivo principal para realização da cirurgia plástica estética é a insatisfação com o corpo. Além disso, o Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal possui alta prevalência nesses indivíduos. Ademais, mesmo após a realização do procedimento, esses sujeitos encontram-se insatisfeitos com seus corpos. As cirurgias plásticas mais comuns entre os pacientes com Transtornos Alimentares são o implante de silicone nas mamas e lipoaspiração de abdômen. Pela revisão de literatura pode-se perceber a necessidade dos profissionais da área de saúde terem acesso às informações referentes a esse grupo de indivíduos.

The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of studies related to esthetic plastic surgery. Thus, studies conducted on this topic were searched. The searches were performed on the Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. The following keywords were used: "cosmetic surgery," "body dysmorphic disorder," and "eating disorders." The data were summarized in three topics: "profile of patients and motivational aspects," "plastic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder," and "plastic surgery and eating disorders." We conclude that the main reason for undergoing esthetic plastic surgery is dissatisfaction with the body . In addition, body dysmorphic disorder has a high prevalence in these individuals. Moreover, even after the completion of the surgery, these individuals are still dissatisfied with their bodies . The most common plastic surgeries among patients with eating disorders are silicone breast implantation and liposuction of the abdomen. From the literature review, we can perceive the need for health care professionals to have access to information regarding this group of individuals.

Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale for patients seeking esthetic surgery: cross-cultural validation study / Escala de Sintomas da Dismorfia Corporal para pacientes que buscam a cirurgia plástica: estudo de validação cultural

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Rhinoplasty is one of the most sought-after esthetic operations among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-cultural validation study conducted in a plastic surgery outpatient clinic of a public university hospital. METHODS: Between February 2014 and March 2015, 80 consecutive patients of both sexes seeking rhinoplasty were selected. Thirty of them participated in the phase of cultural adaptation of the instrument. Reproducibility was tested on 20 patients and construct validity was assessed on 50 patients, with correlation against the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. RESULTS: The Brazilian version of the instrument showed Cronbach's alpha of 0.805 and excellent inter-rater reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.873; P < 0.001) and intra-rater reproducibility (ICC = 0.939; P < 0.001). Significant differences in total scores were found between patients with and without symptoms (P < 0.001). A strong correlation (r = 0.841; P < 0.001) was observed between the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.981, thus showing good accuracy for discriminating between presence and absence of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. Forty-six percent of the patients had body dysmorphic symptoms and 54% had moderate to severe appearance-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale is a reproducible instrument that presents face, content and construct validity.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Rinoplastia é uma das operações mais procuradas por indivíduos com o transtorno dismórfico corporal. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e validar a Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo de validação cultural desenvolvido no ambulatório de cirurgia plástica de um hospital universitário público. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes consecutivos de ambos os gêneros que desejavam submeter-se à rinoplastia foram selecionados entre fevereiro de 2014 e março de 2015. Trinta pacientes participaram da fase de adaptação cultural do instrumento. A reprodutibilidade foi testada em 20 pacientes e a validade de construto em 50 pacientes, correlacionando-se a escala com a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale para transtorno dismórfico corporal. RESULTADOS: A versão brasileira do instrumento mostrou alfa de Cronbach de 0,805 e excelente reprodutibilidade interobservador (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, CCI = 0,873; P < 0,001) e intraobservador (CCI = 0,939; P < 0,001). Houve diferença significante entre os escores totais de pacientes com e sem sintomas (P < 0,001). Observou-se forte correlação (r = 0,841; P < 0,001) entre a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale para transtorno dismórfico corporal e a Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale. A área sob a curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) foi de 0,981, revelando boa acurácia para discriminar a presença de sintomas para transtorno dismórfico corporal; 46% dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas do transtorno dismórfico corporal e 54% dos pacientes apresentaram sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos moderados a graves relacionados com a aparência. CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira da Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Scale é um instrumento reprodutível que apresenta validade de face, conteúdo e construto.

Trastorno dismórfico corporal: aspectos clínicos, dimensiones nosológicas y controversias con la anorexia nerviosa / Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical aspects, nosological dimensions and controversies with anorexia nervosa

There is strong evidence about the co-existence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders (ED), particularly with anorexia nervosa (AN). An exhaustive review of the specialised literature regarding these disorders was carried out. The results show that their co-occurrence implies a more complex diagnosis and treatment, a more severe clinical symptomatology and a worse prognosis and outcome. Both disorders display common similarities, differences and comorbidities, which allow authors to classify them in different nosological spectra (somatomorphic, anxious, obsessive-compulsive, affective and psychotic). Their crossover involves higher levels of body dissatisfaction and body image distortion, depression, suicidal tendency, personality disorders, substance use/abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, alexithymia and childhood abuse or neglect background. Treatment including cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and selective reuptake serotonin inhibitors are effective for both, BDD and ED; nevertheless, plastic surgery could exacerbate BDD. Clinical traits of BDD must be systematically detected in patients suffering from ED and vice versa.

Compreendendo a psicopatologia do transtorno dismórfico corporal de pacientes de cirurgia plástica: resumo da literatura / Understanding the psychopathology of body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients: a literature review

INTRODUÇÃO: Indivíduos com Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC) buscam a cirurgia estética para corrigir um defeito percebido. A prevalência de TDC entre pacientes de cirurgia plástica varia de 6% a 24%, podendo chegar a 53%. Recentemente, estudos foram realizados para identificar a fisiopatologia dos sintomas de TDC através de neuroimagem, assim como a relação entre TDC e outros transtornos (por exemplo, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, anorexia nervosa, ansiedade social, e transtorno de somatização), e para distinguir convicções delirantes de não-delirantes como uma expressão de um único transtorno mental com diferentes níveis de gravidade. Entretanto, estudos retrospectivos sugerem que pacientes com TDC não se beneficiam com cirurgia plástica. O objetivo deste artigo foi fornecer uma visão geral da pesquisa atual sobre TDC e identificar características psicopatológicas do TDC em pacientes de cirurgia plástica. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed e Embase cruzando as palavas-chave "cirurgia plástica" "cirurgia estética" e "transtorno dismórfico corporal". RESULTADOS: A prevalência de TDC é alta entre pacientes de cirurgia plástica. Não há estudos prospectivos sobre o impacto da cirurgia plástica em pacientes com TDC. CONCLUSÃO: TDC precisa ser adequadamente identificado na seleção de pacientes para cirurgia plástica a fim de otimizar a gestão de atendimento e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com TDC.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) may seek cosmetic surgery to correct a perceived defect. BDD prevalences ranging from 6% to 24% and up to 53% have been reported among cosmetic surgery patients. Recent studies have been conducted to identify the pathophysiology of BDD symptoms using neuroimaging, as well as the relationship of BDD to other disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety, and somatization disorder), and means to distinguish delusional from non-delusional beliefs as an expression of a single mental disorder at different severity levels. Retrospective studies have however suggested that BDD patients do not benefit from cosmetic surgery. This paper aimed at providing an overview of the current research on BDD and identifying psychopathological characteristics of BDD in cosmetic surgery patients. METHODS: The PubMed and Embase databases were searched by crossing the keywords "plastic surgery", "aesthetic surgery" and "body dysmorphic disorder". RESULTS: The prevalence of BDD was high among cosmetic surgery patients. No prospective studies were found on the impact of cosmetic surgery on BDD patients. CONCLUSION: BDD needs to be adequately assessed during patient selection for cosmetic surgery to optimize the quality of care provided and the quality of life of patients with BDD.

Dismorfia de genitales externos en la población pediátrica / Genital dysmorphia external in the population pediatric

El procedimiento estético más común de los genitales femeninos es la reducción de los labios menores (labioplastia). Cada vez son más las niñas y mujeres jóvenes que prestan especial atención a la apariencia estética de sus genitales externos. La causa más común de hipertrofi a es probablemente la congénita. Las mujeres afectadas habitualmente sufren vergüenza social y preocupación estética. Existen numerosas técnicas para la corrección quirúrgica en la literatura médica, aunque ningún método es superior a otro. Se presentan dos casos de dismorfi a de labios menores en adolescentes. En un caso, de dismorfi a congénita, se utilizó la técnica de reducción en ancho y en largo mediante desepitelización y resección en cuña inferior. Esta asociación proporciona un cierre libre de tensión y asegura una vascularización adecuada del borde del colgajo superior, lo que disminuiría el riesgo de dehiscencia de herida. En el otro caso, secuela de trauma, se reimplantó el labio afectado con resección del tercio distal del mismo. En ambas pacientes los resultados estéticos fueron satisfactorios

The most common cosmetic procedure of the female genitalia is the labia minora reduction ( labiaplasty ). There are more and more girls and young women, with special attention to the aesthetic appearance of their external genitalia. The most common cause of hypertrophy is likely to congenital. Aff ected women usually suff er social shame and aesthetic concerns. There are numerous techniques for surgical correction in the medical literature, although no method is superior to another. Two cases of a minor dysmorphic teen lips are presented. In one case, a congenital dysmorphic, we used the reduction technique in width and in length by epithelialization and lower wedge resection. This partnership provides tension-free closure and ensures proper vascularization of the upper edge fl ap, which would reduce the risk wound dehiscence . In the other case, sequel to trauma, the aff ected lip were treated with resection of the distal portion. In both patients the aesthetic results were satisfactory.

Disordered eating behaviors and body image in male athletes

Objective: To identify disordered eating behaviors and body image dissatisfaction, as well as their relationship to body fat (BF), among male athletes in high risk sports for eating disorders. Methods: One hundred and fifty-six male athletes were divided into the following categories: weight-class sports, sports where leanness improves performance, and sports with aesthetic ideals. BF was assessed and three questionnaires were used: the Eating Attitudes Test; the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; the Body Shape Questionnaire. Results: Disordered eating behaviors and body image dissatisfaction were found in 43 (27.6%) and 23 athletes (14.7%), respectively, and an association was detected between the two variables (p < 0.001). Athletes with and without disordered eating behaviors did not differ in %BF (11.0±5.2% and 9.8±4.0%, respectively; p = 0.106). However, athletes with body image dissatisfaction had higher %BF than those who were satisfied (12.6±5.9% and 9.7±3.9%, respectively; p = 0.034). There were no differences in BF, frequency of disordered eating behaviors, and body image dissatisfaction between sports categories. Conclusion: Nearly one-quarter of athletes showed disordered eating behaviors, which was associated with body image dissatisfaction. Athletes with higher %BF were more likely to be dissatisfied with body image. There was no difference in eating behavior and body image between athletes from different sports categories. .

Significado de conviver com fixação externa por fratura exposta grau III em membros inferiores: o olhar do paciente / Meaning of living with external fixation for grade III open fracture of lower limbs: patient view / Significado de la vida con fijación externa por fractura expuesta grado III en miembros inferiores: la mirada del paciente

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o significado de conviver com fixação externa por fratura exposta grau III em membros inferiores, sob o olhar do paciente. Os dados foram coletados com seis adultos jovens que faziam tratamento ambulatorial ortopédico, em um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com questões abertas, entre junho e agosto de 2010. Na busca do significado desta vivência, mantivemos uma atitude fenomenológica na análise, o que propiciou desvelar o fenômeno "buscar viver apesar de se sentir preso em uma gaiola". Os pacientes apontam que é o desejo pessoal e apoio de outras pessoas que propiciam a reorganização de suas vidas, apesar dos inúmeros desafios que precisam superar para adaptarem-se ao fixador acoplado ao seu corpo, do medo que sentem em relação ao futuro e das dúvidas quanto ao tratamento.

The present study is aimed to understand the meaning of living with an external fixation device forgrade III open fractures of the lower limbs from the perspective of the patient.The data were collected with six young adults who were under going out patient orthopedic treatment in a public hospital in the city of SãoPaulo, through semi-structured interviews with open questions, between Juneand August 2010. Seeking to understand the meaning of this experience,we have maintained a phenomenological attitude during the analysis, which made it possible to reveal the phenomenon"try to live in spiteof feeling trapped in a cage." Patients said that their personal desire and support from others helped them reorganize their lives, despite the several challenges they had to overcome to adapt to the fastener attached to their body and the fear of the future and doubts about the success of treatment.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender el significado de vivir con fijación externa para las fracturas abiertas de grado III de los miembros inferiores bajo la mirada del paciente. Los datos fueron recogidos con seis jóvenes adultos que no habían recibido tratamiento ortopédico de ambulatorio en un hospital público en la ciudad de SãoPaulo, a través de entrevistas semi estructuradas con preguntas abiertas,entre junio y agosto de 2010. En búsqueda del significado de esta experiencia que hemos mantenido una actitud de análisis fenomenológico, lo que llevó a revelar el fenómeno"tratan de vivir a pesarde sentirse atrapado en una jaula." Los pacientes indican que es el deseo y el apoyo de otros que están a favor de la reorganización de la vida personal, apesar de los numerosos desafíos que se deben superar para adaptarse a la sujeción acoplada a su cuerpo,el miedo que sienten sobre el futuro y las dudas en el tratamiento.

Motivos e prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes / Reasons and prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in adolescents

OBJETIVO: Verificar os motivos e a prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal (IC) em adolescentes. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 641 adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos. A imagem corporal foi autoavaliada através da escala de nove silhuetas corporais. Resultados: A prevalência de insatisfação com a IC foi de 60,4% (masculino = 54,5%, feminino = 65,7%; p < 0,05). Os rapazes (26,4%) apresentaram maior desejo em aumentar o tamanho da silhueta corporal, enquanto as moças (52,4%) desejavam diminuir. Prevalência mais elevada de insatisfação com a IC foi encontrada nos adolescentes urbanos. Os motivos indicados pelos adolescentes para a insatisfação foram similares entre os sexos (p = 0,156). Quando ao domicílio, a estética foi o motivo indicado pelos adolescentes urbanos e a autoestima pelos adolescentes rurais. Foi encontrada associação entre a percepção da imagem corporal e os motivos de insatisfação. Conclusões: A estética, a autoestima e a saúde são os motivos que mais influenciam a insatisfação com a IC. Mais da metade dos adolescentes está insatisfeita com sua silhueta corporal. Neste sentido, intervenções por profissionais e serviços de saúde são necessárias nessa fase da vida, para prevenir possíveis problemas futuros de distúrbios alimentares (anorexia, bulimia e vigorexia).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of body image (BI) dissatisfaction in adolescents. The study enrolled 641 adolescents aged 11 to 17 from the town of Saudades, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The prevalence of BI dissatisfaction was 60.4% (males = 54.5%, females = 65.7%; p < 0.05). Boys were more likely to wish to increase the size of their body silhouette (26.4%) while girls wished to reduce theirs (52.4%). Adolescents from urban areas manifested greater prevalence of BI dissatisfaction and were more likely to want to reduce their body silhouette. The reasons given by these adolescents for why they were dissatisfied with their body images were similar for both sexes (p = 0.156). When analyzed by neighborhood the urban adolescents said that their dissatisfaction was esthetic, whereas the rural adolescents said it was based on self-esteem. An association was detected between perceived BI and the reasons for dissatisfaction. Conclusions: Esthetics, self-esteem and health were the most common reasons for BI dissatisfaction among these adolescents. More than half of them were dissatisfied with their body silhouettes. Therefore, there is a need for interventions by health services and professionals in this age range in order to avoid possible future problems with eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia and vigorexia).

Escala de Avaliação do Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal (EA-TDC): propriedades psicométricas / Assessment Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (AS-BDD): psychometric properties

Este estudo analisou as propriedades psicométricas da segunda versão da Escala de Avaliação do Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal - EA-TDC, de auto-relato, 40 itens, desenvolvidos para avaliar três critérios do Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal caracterizado por: preocupação excessiva com um imaginado defeito na aparência; sofrimento clinicamente significativo e prejuízo funcional em campos importantes da vida; a preocupação não é melhor explicada por outro transtorno. A análise de construto por juízes indicou acordo sobre 35 itens. Esses foram respondidos por 30 pacientes diagnosticados com TDC e 400 universitários. A validade de critério indicou capacidade de discriminação dos itens entre os indivíduos dos dois grupos amostrais. A análise fatorial exploratória sugeriu estrutura unidimensional da escala que permite medir, "preocupação excessiva e sofrimento com um imaginado defeito e os prejuízos sobre o funcionamento em diferentes áreas da vida". Os itens retidos revelaram excelente consistência interna. Definição de pontos de cortes e da capacidade de discriminar outros transtornos devem ser pesquisados.

This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the second version of the Assessment Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (AS-BDD). It is a scale of self-report, with 40 items, developed to evaluate 3 dimensions of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): (a) excessive concern with a minor or imagined flaw in his/her personal physical characteristics, (b) significant clinical suffering and functional damage in important areas of life, and (c) such concern is not better explained by another disorder. The construct analysis by judges indicated accordance in 35 items which were answered by 30 patients diagnosed with BDD and 400 university students. The validity of criterion measures indicated ability to discriminate the items among the individuals of both sampled groups. The exploratory factor analysis suggested a unidimensional structure of the scale which allows to measuring "excessive concern with a minor or imagined flaw in his/her personal physical characteristics and the functional damages in different areas of life". The withheld items have shown excellent internal consistency. Cut point definitions and the ability to discriminate other disorders should be further studied.

The relationship between perceived social support and severity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms: the role of gender / O efeito do gênero sobre a relação entre suporte social apreendido e gravidade dos sintomas do transtorno dismórfico corporal

OBJECTIVE: Whether social support is associated with severity of body dysmorphic symptoms is unknown. To address this gap in the literature, the present study aims to examine the association between three domains of perceived social support (i.e., family, friends, and significant others) and severity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. METHOD: Participants (N = 400) with symptoms consistent with diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder completed measures of symptomatology and social support via the internet. RESULTS: More perceived social support from friends and significant others was associated with less severe body dysmorphic disorder symptoms for males, and more perceived social support from family and friends was associated with less severe body dysmorphic disorder symptoms among females. Additionally, gender moderated the association between perceived social support from significant others and symptom severity, such that perceived social support from a significant other was significantly negatively associated with body dysmorphic symptom severity in males, but not females. CONCLUSION: The present study implicates social support as an important area of future body dysmorphic disorder research.

OBJETIVO: Não há informação sobre o impacto do suporte social apreendido sobre a gravidade dos sintomas do transtorno dismórfico corporal. A fim de investigar essa relação, este estudo visa avaliar a associação entre três domínios do suporte social apreendido (familiares, amigos, e relacionamentos amorosos significativos) e a gravidade dos sintomas do transtorno dismórfico corporal. MÉTODO: Os participantes (N = 400) com sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de transtorno dismórfico corporal preencheram questionários sobre seus sintomas e suporte social via internet. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada correlação inversa estatisticamente significativa entre a apreensão do suporte social por parte de amigos e relacionamentos amorosos e a gravidade dos sintomas de transtorno dismórfico corporal em homens. Do mesmo modo, foi encontrada correlação inversa e estatisticamente significativa entre a apreensão do suporte social por parte de familiares e amigos e gravidade dos sintomas de transtorno dismórfico corporal em mulheres. Além disso, gênero foi um moderador da associação entre apreensão do suporte social por parte de relacionamentos amorosos e gravidade dos sintomas de transtorno dismórfico corporal. A apreensão de suporte social por parte de relacionamentos amorosos mostrou-se inversamente associada à gravidade dos sintomas de transtorno dismórfico corporal em homens, mas não em mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstra a importância da avaliação do suporte social apreendido em estudos futuros envolvendo pacientes com transtorno dismórfico corporal.

Reflexions sur les troubles dysmorphophobiques a l'adolescence / Reflexões sobre os distúrbios de dismórficos na adolescência / Reflexiones sobre los trastornos dysmorphophobiques en la adolescencia / Reflections on dysmorphophobics disorders in the adolescence

Ce que nous privilégierons dans l'événement dysmorphophobique du corps adolescent est la dimension de crise du rapport au regard. Sous cet angle les phénomènes dysmorphophobiques de l'adolescent pourraient constituer un axe particulier permettant de situer une clinique de la honte. Ces phénomènes courants à l'adolescence intéressent les deux sexes et sont classiquement définis comme dépendants des transformations pubertaires et du processus de sexuation. Nous voudrions montrer que face à ce sentiment diffus et difficilement nommable le sujet adolescent va devoir s'inventer un dispositif esthétique, un espace de création qui trouve matière sur le corps propre affin de se départir de la dimension anéantissante du regard. Nous défendons ainsi l'idée que l'épreuve phobique de l'adolescent comme ''événement du corps'' est le lieu même de la reconstruction de l'espace du fantasme qui rend possible le positionnement sexué psychique. Aussi toute une problématique du voilement situera l'adolescent vers ce que nous pouvons nommer sa ''revisagéification'' nécessaire comme réponse à son questionnement dans le champ de l'échange des regards. Cette idée de construction du visage à I'adolescence peut être comprise comme cet espace ou se joue et s'assume la revisite du stade du miroir, en particulier du côté du regard et de son appropriation, permettant de mettre en place les nouveaux montages entre le sujet et l'objet pour construire une relation génitalisée à l'autre sexe ...

What we privilege in the dysmorphophobic event of the adolescent body is the dimension of crisis with regard of gaze (or glance).Viewed from this angle, the dysmorphophobic phenomena of the adolescent could constitute a specific axis allowing placing a clinical of the Shame. These common phenomena in the adolescence concern both sexes and are classically defined as dependent on ephebic transformations and on the process of sexuation. We would like to show that in view of this diffuse feeling and with difficulty to name it the adolescent subject is going to have to invent an aesthetic device, a space of creation which finds material on the own body to abandon the annihilation's dimension of gaze (or glance). We so defend the idea that the phobic experience of the adolescent as an "event of the body" is the place of the reconstruction of the space of the fantasy, which makes possible the psychic sexual positioning. Thus a covert problematic will place the adolescent towards what we can name his/her "revisagéification" (without translation) necessary as an answer for the questioning on the realm of the exchange of glances. This idea of construction of the face in the adolescence can be understood as this space where the stage of the mirror takes place and its revisit is assumed, in particular related to the glance and its appropriation, allowing the setting of new assemblies between the subject and the object to build a genital relation towards the other sex...

O que privilegiamos no acontecimento dismorfofóbico do corpo adolescente é a dimensão de crise da relação ao olhar. Sob este aspecto os fenómenos dismorfofóbicos do adolescente poderiam constituir um eixo particular que permite situar uma clínica da vergonha. Esses fenômenos, frequentes na adolescência, dizem respeito aos dois sexos e são classicamente definidos como dependentes das transformações pubertárias e do processo de sexuação. Gostaríamos de demonstrar que, face a esse sentimento difuso e dificilmente nominável, o sujeito adolescente vai precisar inventar um dispositivo estético, um espaço de criação que encontra matéria sobre o próprio corpo a fim de separar a dimensão arrasadora do olhar. Defendemos assim a ideia de que a experiência fóbica do adolescente como "acontecimento do corpo" é o lugar mesmo da reconstrução do espaço do fantasma que torna possível o posicionamento sexuado psíquico. Da mesma forma, toda uma problemática do velamento situará o adolescente na direção daquilo que podemos nomear de sua "re-rostificação" (revisagéification) necessária como resposta ao seu questionamento no campo da troca de olhares. Esta ideia de construção do rosto na adolesência pode ser compreendida como esse espaço onde se dá e se assume a revisita do estádio do espelho, em particular do lado do olhar e de sua apropriação, permitindo situar as novas montagens entre o sujeito e o objeto para construir uma relação genitalizada ao outro sexo...

Privilegiaremos en el acto dismorfofóbico del cuerpo adolescente la dimensión de crisis relacionada con la mirada. Bajo ese ángulo los fenómenos dismorfofóbico del adolescente podrían constituir un eje particular para una "clínica de la vergüenza". Esos fenómenos comunes en la adolescencia interesan a los dos sexos y son definidos clásicamente como dependientes a las transformaciones de la pubertad y de los procesos de sexuación. Quisiéramos mostrar que frente a ese sentimiento difuso y difícilmente nombrable el sujeto adolescente deberá inventarse un dispositivo estético, un espacio de creación que encuentra en el propio cuerpo su materia para abandonar la dimensión aniquilante de la mirada. Defenderemos así la idea que la prueba fóbica de lo adolescente como "acontecer del cuerpo" es el lugar de la reconstrucción del espacio del fantasma haciendo posible la posición psíquica sexual. Así también toda la problemática del uso del velo situará al adolescente en lo que podemos nombrar "re-rostridad" (revisagéification) necesaria como respuesta a su pregunta en el campo del intercambio de miradas. Esta idea de construcción del rostro en la adolescencia puede ser comprendida como ese espacio donde se juega y se asume una vuelta al estadio del espejo, en particular del lado de la mirada y de su apropiación, permitiendo situar nuevos ensambles entre el sujeto y el objeto para construir una relación genitalizada al otro sexo...

Dismorfia muscular, imagen corporal y conductas alimentarias en dos poblaciones masculinas / Muscle dysmorphia, body image and eating behaviors in two male populations

Background: Muscle dysmorphia or vigorexia is a disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with the idea that he or she is not muscular enough. Aim: To assess physical exercise, eating behaviors and the presence of muscle dysmorphia among weightlifters and medical students. Subjects and Methods: Cross sectional evaluation of 88 male weightlifters aged 27 ± 7 years and 84 male medical students aged 22 ± 1 year was made. Eating behaviors were evaluated using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). The perception of body image was assessed using the Graduate Hannover Scale (GHS). Results: Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia among weightlifters was 13.6 percent. Both groups did not differ in body dissatisfaction. Interest in appearance among weightlifters was significantly higher than in students and ranged significantly higher in EAT-40 and EDI (p < 0.001). Other sports were practiced with the same frequency by weightlifters and students. Weightlifters expended more time than students exercising to improve their appearance (p < 0.005). Forty two percent of weightlifters with muscle dysmorphia displayed abuse of anabolics and 67 percent used other substances to improve their performance (p < 0.005). Conclusions: The presence of muscle dysmorphia among weightlifters was confirmed. They were dissatisfied with their body image and more concerned with their physical appearance than those without muscle dysmorphia and/or students. Their anabolic abuse rate was high. Our findings were similar to those reported in the international literature.