Hallazgos endoscópicos en el tubo digestivo secundarios a la ingesta de cáusticos en niños atendidos en el Departamento de Urgencias / Endoscopic findings of the digestive tract secondary to caustic ingestion in children seen at the Emergency Department

Antecedentes. La ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría constituye una causa frecuente de atención médica en Urgencias. El uso indiscriminado de limpiadores químicos y la facilidad de adquisición son factores determinantes para estas lesiones. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo analítico. Se incluyeron niños < 16 años, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2017. Se identificó el agente químico cáustico ingerido por el niño como ácido o alcalino. Se realizó una endoscopía digestiva para tipificar el grado de quemadura. Se comparó el grado de quemadura con el tipo de cáustico; por medio de la prueba de chi² o exacta de Fisher, se consideró significativo el valor de P < 0,05. Resultados. Ingresaron 133 niños en Urgencias por ingesta de cáusticos. El agente cáustico fue ácido en el 41 % y alcalino en el 59 %. El agente ácido más frecuente fue el ácido muriático (36,8 %), mientras que el alcalino fue la sosa (soda) cáustica (41,4 %). La quemadura del esófago fue más frecuente en la ingesta de sosa en comparación con otros cáusticos (p= 0,001), mientras que la quemadura del estómago (p= 0,001) y del duodeno (p= 0,002) fue estadísticamente significativa en la ingesta de ácido muriático. El grupo de edad que más frecuentemente ingirió algún cáustico (93,2 %) fueron los menores de 5 años. Conclusiones. El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia fue un agente alcalino, que provocó quemadura esofágica, mientras que un agente ácido provocó quemaduras en el estómago y el duodeno evidenciadas por endoscopía.

Background. Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. Population and methods. Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. Conclusions. The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.

A hospital-based epidemiological study of corrosive alimentary injuries with particular reference to the Indian experience.

Corrosive alimentary tract injuries are a source of considerable morbidity all over the world. Despite this, actual data on the epidemiology of this problem are scarce mainly due to the lack of a well-established reporting system for poisoning in most countries. The burden of the disease is naturally more in countries such as India where the condition is common because of poor regulation of sale of corrosive substances. We analyse the available data on epidemiology of corrosive injuries, as well as patterns of involvement of the alimentary tract, with special reference to Indian data, and also provide an overview of the management options and long-term sequelae of this condition.

Ingestión de cáusticos: revisión de la casuística en el Hospital de Niños “J. M. de los Ríos” durante los años 1998 a 2008: un problema de salud pública / Ingestion of caustics: review of caseloads at Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos between 1998 and 2008: a public health issue

La ingestión de sustancias cáusticas es uno de los accidentes más importantes en la infancia debido a su incidencia, gravedad y difícil tratamiento. Determinar la incidencia de la ingestión de cáusticos y sus complicaciones en pacientes pediátricos, en un período de 10 años en el Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos, Caracas Venezuela. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo en el Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos, desde 1998 a 2008. Variables: edad, sexo, hallazgos endoscópicos y complicaciones. De 142 niños con ingestión de cáusticos, 89/142 (62,6%) corresponden al sexo masculino y el grupo predominante fueron los preescolares 74/142 (52,1%) seguido por lactantes en 44/142 (31%). La edad media 2.8 años (10 m a 10 años). El 84,5% reportarón esofagítis (Grado IIIB 7%, IIIA 10,5%, IIB 13%, IIA 21,1%, I 33%). El 77,4% desarrollaron estenosis, y 7% se perforaron. La ingesta de cáusticos es un accidente común en países subdesarrollados. Los niños son susceptibles debido a la curiosidad natural, y la costumbre de trasegar agentes limpiadores en recipientes atractivos. Se plantea la necesidad de legislar sobre la seguridad de estos productos...

The ingestion of caustic substances is one of the most relevant accidents in childhood because of its incidence, seriousness and diffi culty to treat. Determining the incidence of caustics ingestion and its complication in pediatric patients during a 10-year term at Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos, Caracas Venezuela. Retrospective cross-sectioned descriptive study performed at Hospital de Niños J. M. de los Ríos between 1998 and 2008. Variables: age, sex, endoscopic fi ndings and complications. Out of 142 children who had ingested caustics, 89/142 (62.6%) are male, and preschool children was the prevailing group, 74/142 (52.1%), followed by nursing children, 44/142 (31%). 2.8 years was the mean age (ranging from 10 months through 10 years). 84.5% was reported with esophagitis (7% with Grade IIIB, 10.5% with IIIA, 13% with IIB, 21.1% with IIA, 33% staged as I). 77.4% developed stenosis and 7% showed perforation. Caustics ingestion is a common accident in underdeveloped countries. Children are susceptible to suffer such because of their natural curiosity and the usage of transferring household cleaners in attractive recipients. The necessity of law-making on the safety of such products is proposed...

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide ingestion: A rare cause of corrosive chemical poisoning.

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, commonly used in the lamination industry, is a highly inflammable substance. Ingestion of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. It can cause injury to the gastrointestinal tract on ingestion, leading to gangrene or perforation. Gastric lavage is contraindicated as it is a highly corrosive substance. We report a patient with poisoning due to methyl ethyl ketone peroxide who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and developed gangrene of the bowel and died of septicaemia and multiorgan failure.

Control y tratamiento médico por ingestión de sustancias cáusticas / Control and medical treatment for ingestion of caustic substances

Se comunica brevemente lo más actual sobre el control y tratamiento médico por la ingestión de sustancias cáusticas como ácidos y álcalis, así como de las personas que ingieren drogas con el objetivo de transportarlas de forma ilegal.

A short report is made on the most current aspects of the control and medical treatment for the ingestion of caustic substances as acids and alkalis, as well as on people who ingest drugs with the objective of transporting them in an illegal way.

Ingestión de sustancias Cáusticas: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Ingestion of caustic substances: a case report and literature review

Introducción: La ingestión de sustancias cáusticas (IC) en niños, continúa siendo un campo difícil, debido a la poca clara relación entre los signos y síntomas y la extensión del daño del esófago.Objetivo: Describir el caso de un niño con IC y revisar la literatura del tema. Reporte del caso: Se trata de un masculino de 1 año 8 meses de edad, sin antecedentes de importancia, quien luego de ingesta accidental de líquido de radiador contenido en un frasco de yogurt, presenta vómito en 15 oportunidades. En Centro de Salud luego de la colocación de sonda nasogástrica para lavado gástrico es remitido a un Tercer Nivel de Atención, donde se le realiza una endoscopia digestiva alta (EVDA) luego de 28 horas de la IC. El reporte de la EVDA, indicó esofagitis caústica grado IIc, gastropatía severa, y píloro no franqueable con lesiones concéntricas. El manejo incluyó ayuno, líquidos endovenosos, corticoides, penicilina, y ranitidina Discusión: La EVDA, es el método más eficiente para evaluar la mucosa del tubo digestivo superior luego de la IC, que puede tener efectos catastróficos o puede resultar inofensiva. Se ha intentado correlacionar los signos y síntomas iniciales con la gravedad de las lesiones para evitar la realización de una EVDA innecesaria, sin embargo, sigue siendo controversial este tema. El manejo médico de la IC incluye antibióticos, esteroides y bloqueadores H2. Entre las complicaciones de la IC se encuentran la perforación, la mediastinitis, las fístulas a grandes vasos, la penetración al estómago y las estenosis.

Introduction: The ingestion of caustic substances (CI) in children, remains a difficult, due to lack clear relationship between the signs and symptoms and the extent of damage of the esophagusObjective: To describe the case of a child with CI and review the literature on the subject. Case report: This is a male 1 year 8 months old, with no previous medical history, who after accidental ingestion of radiator fluid contained in a jar of yogurt, vomiting occurs in 15 opportunities. Health Center after placement of a nasogastric tube for gastric lavage is referred to a tertiary care, where she underwent an upper endoscopy (UE) after 28 hours of the CI. The report of the UE, said caustic esophagitis grade IIc, severe gastropathy, and pylorus not passable with concentric lesions. The managemen included fasting, intravenous fluids, steroids, penicillin, and ranitidine Discussion: . The UE, is the most efficient method to evaluate the upper gastrointestinal mucosa after the IC, which can have catastrophic effects and can be harmless. It has tried to correlate the signs and symptoms with the severity of injuries to avoid making an unnecessary UE, however, this issue remains controversial. The medical management of IC including antibiotics, steroids and H2 blockers. Complications of the IC are perforation, mediastinitis, fistulas to large vessels, penetrationto the stomach and stenosis.

Balloon Dilatation for Corrosive Esophageal Strictures in Children: Radiologic and Clinical Outcomes

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively evaluated the effectiveness of the esophageal balloon dilatation (EBD) in children with a corrosive esophageal stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study subjects included 14 patients (M:F = 8:6, age range: 17-85 months) who underwent an EBD due to a corrosive esophageal stricture. The causative agents for the condition were glacial acetic acid (n = 9) and lye (n = 5). RESULTS: A total of 52 EBD sessions were performed in 14 patients (range 1-8 sessions). During the mean 15-month follow-up period (range 1-79 months), 12 patients (86%) underwent additional EBD due to recurrent esophageal stricture. Dysphagia improved after each EBD session and oral feeding was possible between EBD sessions. Long-term success (defined as dysphagia relief for at least 12 months after the last EBD) was achieved in two patients (14%). Temporary success of EBD (defined as dysphagia relief for at least one month after the EBD session) was achieved in 17 out of 52 sessions (33%). A submucosal tear of the esophagus was observed in two (4%) sessions of EBD. CONCLUSION: Only a limited number of children with corrosive esophageal strictures were considered cured by EBD. However, the outcome of repeated EBD was sufficient to allow the children to eat per os prior to surgical management.

Fístula esôfago-traqueal após ingestão cáustica / Tracheoesophageal fistula after caustic ingestion

As fístulas esôfago-traqueais são incomuns e apresentam diversas etiologias, entre elas, a queimadura química esofágica devida à ingestão cáustica. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 27 anos com história de ingestão cáustica havia catorze dias, com dor retroesternal em queimação, fraqueza, tosse com escarro purulento e dispnéia associada à rouquidão no último dia. A endoscopia digestiva alta e a broncofibroscopia revelaram fístula esôfago-traqueal. O tratamento consistiu no suporte clínico, drenagem torácica bilateral, exclusão do transito esofágico com esofagostomia cervical terminal e gastrostomia. Houve cicatrização espontânea da fístula esôfago traqueal em seis semanas. Posteriormente, realizou-se a reconstrução do trânsito alimentar através de faringocoloplastia. A evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória.

Tracheoesophageal fistulas are uncommon and present diverse etiologies, among which is burning of the esophagus due to caustic ingestion. Herein, we report the case of a 27-year-old male patient having ingested a caustic substance 14 days prior and presenting burning retrosternal pain, weakness, productive cough with purulent sputum and dyspnea accompanied by hoarseness for the preceding 24 h. Endoscopy of the upper digestive tract revealed a tracheoesophageal fistula. Treatment consisted of cervical exclusion of the esophageal transit, together with gastrostomy. Subsequently, the nutrient transit was reconstructed through pharyngocoloplasty. The postoperative evolution was favorable.

Surgical management of corrosive strictures of stomach.

BACKGROUND: Corrosive injuries of the upper aero-digestive tract are a frequent cause of morbidity in India. We report here our institution's experience in managing patients with corrosive strictures of the stomach. METHODS: Records of 28 patients who underwent definitive surgery for corrosive strictures of the stomach in our institution over a 15-year period were reviewed. RESULTS: The main presenting complaints were vomiting (75%), dysphagia (46%) and significant weight loss (100%). Pre-operative evaluation included barium and endoscopic studies. Most patients had antro-pyloric strictures (n=22); in 6 patients, however, near-total or total gastric involvement was observed. Thirteen (46%) patients had associated strictures of the esophagus; of these, 7 responded to esophageal dilation. Strictures of the stomach were managed with resectional procedures like distal gastrectomy (n=16), subtotal gastrectomy (1) or total gastrectomy (3) and esophagogastrectomy (1) in 21 (75%) patients. The remaining 7 patients underwent bypass procedures like gastrojejunostomy (5), stricturoplasty (1), and colonic bypass of esophagus and stomach (1). Three patients had entero-cutaneous fistulae in the postoperative period. One patient died in hospital of septicemia and malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with corrosive strictures of the stomach, surgery, tailored according to the extent of gastric involvement and presence of associated esophageal strictures, gives excellent results.

Ingestion of caustic substances and its complications

CONTEXT: Caustic substances cause tissue destruction through liquefaction or coagulation reactions and the intensity of destruction depends on the type, concentration, time of contact and amount of the substance ingested. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the complications in patients who ingested caustic substances and correlate them with the amount of caustic soda ingested. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital, a referral center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 239 patients who ingested caustic soda. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The amount of granulated caustic substance ingested was measured as tablespoonfuls and the following complications were analyzed: esophagitis, esophageal stenosis and progression to cancer, fistulas, perforations, stomach lesions, brain abscesses, and death. Stenosis was classified as mild, moderate or severe according to the radiological findings. RESULTS: We observed an 89.3 percent incidence of esophagitis; 72.6 percent of the cases involved progression to stenosis and 1 percent died during the acute phase. Stenosis was mild in 17.6 percent of cases, moderate in 59.3 percent and severe in 23 percent. The incidence of stenosis was 80.8 percent in women and 62.5 percent in men. The incidence of stenosis was 46.9 percent in the group that ingested

Aspectos epidemiológicos das intoxicaçöes e acidentes por animais peçonhentos atendidos no Serviço de Toxicologia do Hospital Joäo XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Epidemiologic aspects of intoxication and accidents by venomous annimals attended at toxicology service of the Hospital Joäo XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Säo avaliadas as prevalências dos principais agentes etiológicos das intoxicaçöes e envenenamentos como pesticidas, cáusticos, plantas, medicamentos e animais peçonhentos, atendidos no Hospital Joäo XXIII, Centro de Referência para Minas Gerais e outras unidades federadas do Brasil. Säo analisados os tipos de atendimento, a ocorrência das emergências pela semana e mês, sexo, idade, circunstância e sua evoluçäo clínica.

Conduta terapêutica nos casos de ingestäo cáustica / Therapeutic approach of caustic substance ingestion

Os autores apresentam a conduta terapêutica na fase aguda da Ingestäo de Cáusticos, aplicado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeiräo Preto da Universidade de Säo Paulo, baseado na experiência de 261 casos. Deste total, 57 porcento eram do sexo feminino, 70 porcento eram adultos, 60 porcento ingeriram o cáustico como tentativa de suicídio e, em 93 porcento, o cáustico utilizado foi a soda cáustica. Observou-se 3 óbitos e estenose do esôfago na grande maioria dos pacientes (71,6 porcento). Baseando-se na quantidade de cáustico ingerida (motivo da ingestäo) e no estado geral do paciente, recomendamos três esquemas terapêuticos: 1) Conduta terapêutica na ingestäo acidental com lesöes leves. Recomenda-se: antídoto do cáustico, óleo de oliva, analgésicos se necessário, investigaçäo radiológica 15 dias depois. 2) Conduta terapêutica na ingestäo acidental com lesöes graves. Recomenda-se: antídoto do cáustico, óleo de oliva, analgésicos, antibioticoterapia, passagem de SNG, lavagem gástrica, dieta líquida, bloqueadores H2, investigaçäo radiológica 15 dias depois. 3) Conduta terapêutica na tentativa de suicídio. Recomenda-se: antídoto, óleo de oliva, analgésicos, antibioticoterapia, sonda nasogástrica, lavagem gástrica, soroterapia, bloqueadores H2. Nestes casos, observar os sinais de shock, coma, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido-base, perfuraçäo de órgäos, infecçäo e obstruçäo de vias aéreas. Investigaçäo radiológica do esôfago, assim que possível, é fundamental

Ingestión de Cáusticos Evolución Clínica y Manejo de 90 casos

Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 90 pacientes que acudieron por haber ingerido cáusticos, entre los años 1971 y 1989, al Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogotá. La ingestión de cáusticos reviste una morbilidad y mortalidad elevadas debido a la severidad de las lesiones que se producen con pequeñas cantidades y en un lapso muy corto. Esto impide que se realice un manejo médico efectivo, el cual se limita principalmente a corregir las secuelas y manejar sus complicaciones, las causantes directas de la mortalidad

Esofagitis caústica: manejo quirúrgico / Corrosive esophagitis: surgical treatment

Los autores presentan la experiencia de 28 pacientes con esofagitis severa tratados quirúrgicamente en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, desde 1987 a febrero de 1991, mediante esofagocoloplastía, o faringocoloplastía cuando existió compromiso del esófago cervical proximal. El 64.28 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino y el 35.72 por ciento al sexo masculino. Las edades fluctuaron entre 15 a 75 años con un promedio de 34 años. En 10 pacientes (36 por ciento), se realizó faringocoloplastía y en los 18 restantes (64 por ciento) esofagocoloplastía. En cuanto a la morbilidad postoperatoria, correspondió en 5 casos (18 por ciento) a infecciones respiratorias, 3 casos (11 por ciento) a neumotorax, 2 casos (7 por ciento) derrame pleural y un caso presentó fístula cervical leve. Todas estas complicaciones respondieron satisfactoriamente al tratamiento médico. Dos casos (7 por ciento) con estenosis postoperatoria tardía se corrigieron con plastía cervical simple. No se presentaron complicaciones como mediastinitis, necrosis del colon transpuesto, hemorragia u otros. La mortalidad operatoria fue de 0 por ciento y la evolución actual de los pacientes es satisfactoria, teniendo nuestros primeros casos más de cuatro años de seguimiento post-operatorio

Quemadura esofásica por cáusticos / Caustic burning of esophagics

Se revisaron 48 pacientes con diagnóstico de quemadura esofágica por cáuticos. De éstos, 21 fueron hombres y 27 mujeres. La causa principal fue accidente en lactantes y preescolares, suicidio en adolescentes femeninas y accidentes bajo efecto del alcohol en hombres adultos. El agente principal la sosa cáustica. La estenosis fue la complicación principal que requirió dilatación en 40 pacientes con resultados buenos sólo en la tercera parte de los casos. Se realizaron l3 trasposiciones de colon: seis con colon derecho, y seis con colon izquierdo y con un transverso. La evolución fue buena en seis pacientes con trasposición izquierda; buena en cinco pacientes con trasposición derecha; sin embargo, ocurrieron una muerte y una estenosis. El único paciente en que se realizó transposición transversa desarrolló estenosis .