ABSTRACT
The nervous system plays an important role in HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis in HIV infection in clinical practice. CSF analysis in HIV infection is indicated for the diagnosis of opportunistic infections and co-infections, diagnosis of meningitis caused by HIV, quantification of HIV viral load, and analysis of CNS HIV compartmentalization. Although several CSF biomarkers have been investigated, none are clinically applicable. The capacity of HIV to generate genetic diversity, in association with the constitutional characteristics of the CNS, facilitates the generation of HIV quasispecies in the CNS that are distinct from HIV in the systemic circulation. CSF analysis has a well-defined and valuable role in the diagnosis of CNS infections in HIV/AIDS patients. Further research is necessary to establish a clinically applicable biomarker for the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
O sistema nervoso representa um papel importante na infecção pelo HIV. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir as indicações para análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) na infecção pelo HIV na prática clínica. A análise do LCR na infecção pelo HIV é indicada para o diagnóstico de infecções oportunistas e co-infecções, meningite pelo HIV, quantificação da carga viral de HIV e compartimentalização do HIV no SNC. Uma série de biomarcadores no LCR foi investigada, na literatura, porém não apresentam aplicabilidade clínica. A grande capacidade do HIV de gerar diversidade genética, associado a características constitucionais do SNC propicia o desenvolvimento quasiespécies distintas no SNC das circulantes sistemicamente. A análise do LCR na infecção pelo HIV é bem estabelecida no diagnóstico de infecções no CNS, contudo mais pesquisas é necessária para estabelecer a aplicabilidade clínica dos biomarcadores no diagnóstico de desordens cognitivas associadas ao HIV.
Subject(s)
Humans , Central Nervous System Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , HIV Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Central Nervous System Infections/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Infections/virology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology , Cognition Disorders/cerebrospinal fluid , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Reproducibility of Results , Viral LoadABSTRACT
BK virus, a double-stranded DNA virus, is a member of the Polyomaviridae family which is known to infect humans. Clinical evidence of disease is mostly encountered in immunosuppressed individuals such as AIDS patients or those who undergo renal or bone marrow transplantation where complications associated with BKV infection manifest commonly as a polyomavirus nephropathy or hemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that in addition to the JC virus (the other member of the same family known to be strongly neurotropic and responsible for the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), BK virus can infect and cause clinically relevant disease in the human central nervous system. In this mini-review, an analysis of the literature is made. A special focus is given to alert clinicians to the possibility of this association during the differential diagnosis of infections of the central nervous system in the immunocompromised host.
Subject(s)
Humans , BK Virus , Central Nervous System Infections/virology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology , Opportunistic Infections/virology , Polyomavirus Infections/virology , Tumor Virus Infections/virology , Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosis , Central Nervous System Infections/drug therapy , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/diagnosis , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/drug therapy , Immunocompromised Host , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Polyomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Polyomavirus Infections/drug therapy , Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosis , Tumor Virus Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de adenovirus (ADV) en las infecciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Se analizaron 108 muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) provenientes de 79 casos de encefalitis, 7 meningitis y 22 de otras patologías neurológicas, recibidas en el período 2000-2002. Cuarenta y nueve (47.35%) se obtuvieron de pacientes inmunocomprometidos. La presencia de ADV se investigó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en formato anidado (Nested-PCR). La identificación del genogrupo se realizó mediante análisis filogenético de la secuencia nucleotídica parcial de la región que codifica para la proteína del hexón. Se detectó la presencia de ADV en 6 de 108 (5.5%) muestras de LCR analizadas. Todos los casos positivos pertenecieron a pacientes con encefalitis que fueron 79, (6/79, 7.6%). No se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los casos de infección por ADV en pacientes inmunocomprometidos e inmunocompetentes (p>0.05). Las cepas de ADV detectadas se agruparon en los genogrupos B1 y C. En conclusión, nuestros resultados describen el rol de los ADV en las infecciones neurológicas en Argentina. La información presentada contribuye al conocimiento de su epidemiología, en particular en casos de encefalitis.