ABSTRACT
Foi avaliada a associação entre menopausa e insônia e a influência de variáveis socioeconômicas e psicossociais, em estudo transversal com 2.190 funcionárias de uma universidade (Estudo Pró-Saúde), a partir de um questionário autopreenchível com variáveis sobre menopausa, insônia, transtorno mental comum, eventos de vida estressantes, apoio social e variáveis socioeconômicas. Odds ratios foram calculados por meio de regressão logística multivariada, com desfecho politômico. Após ajuste para potenciais confundidoras sociodemográficas, mulheres na menopausa há mais de 60 meses apresentaram maior chance de reportar queixas de sono frequentes (OR entre 1,53 e 1,86) do que as que estavam na menopausa há menos de 60 meses. Após os ajustes, no primeiro grupo, para as variáveis psicossociais, a magnitude dos ORs reduziu para 1,53 (IC95%: 0,92-2,52) para dificuldade em iniciar o sono, 1,81 (IC95%: 1,09-2,98) para dificuldade em manter o sono e 1,71 (IC95%: 1,08-2,73) para queixa geral de insônia. Fatores psicossociais podem mediar a manifestação da insônia em mulheres na menopausa.
This study evaluated the association between insomnia and menopausal status and the influence of socioeconomic and psychosocial variables on this association in a cross-sectional analysis of 2,190 university employees (the Pró-Saúde Study). A self-administered questionnaire was used, covering menopausal status, complaints of insomnia, common mental disorders, stressful life events, social support, and socioeconomic variables. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression with a polytomous outcome. After adjusting for potential socio-demographic confounders, women who had entered menopause more than 60 months previously were more likely to report complaints with sleep (OR 1.53-1.86) as compared to women in menopause for less than 60 months. After adjusting for psychosocial variables, in the first group the ORs decreased to 1.53 (95%CI: 0.92-2.52) for difficulty initiating sleep, 1.81 (95%CI: 1.09-2.98) for difficulty maintaining sleep, and 1.71 (95%CI: 1.08-2.73) for general complaints of insomnia. Psychosocial factors can mediate the manifestation of insomnia among menopausal women.
En este estudio se evaluó la asociación entre insomnio y menopausia y la influencia de las variables socioeconómicas y psicosociales, en un estudio transversal con 2.190 mujeres de una universidad (Estudio Pro-Salud), a partir de un cuestionario autoadministrado con variables de la menopausia, insomnio, trastornos mentales, situaciones de estrés vital, apoyo social y variables socioeconómicas. Se calcularon los odds ratio mediante regresión logística multivariante con desenlace politómico. Después de ajustar por factores de confusión sociodemográficos potenciales, las mujeres menopáusicas desde hace más de 60 meses fueron más propensas a reportar quejas frecuentes de sueño (OR entre 1,53 y 1,86) que las menopáusicas hace menos de 60 meses. Después de los ajustes, en el primer grupo, para las variables psicosociales la magnitud de los OR se redujo a 1,53 (IC95%: 0,92-2,52) para la dificultad para iniciar el sueño, un 1,81 (IC95%: 1,09-2,98) para mantener el sueño y un 1,71 (IC95%: 1,08-2,73) para las quejas de insomnio en general. Los factores psicosociales pueden mediar en la manifestación del insomnio en las mujeres menopáusicas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Microtubules/metabolism , Neurogenesis , Neurons/metabolism , Pseudopodia/metabolism , Actins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cells, Cultured , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Drosophila , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , /metabolism , Growth Cones/metabolism , Mutation , Microfilament Proteins/genetics , RNA InterferenceABSTRACT
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) result from disruptions in the complex process of the human brain cortex formation and are highly associated to severe epilepsy, neurodevelopmental delay and motor dysfunction. Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the cornerstone of the work-up of patients with epilepsy and modern advanced imaging techniques have improved not only our ability to detect and characterize cortical malformations, but also in identifying associated functional abnormalities that are far beyond the structural visualized lesions. Herein, we address the most currently used classifications of MCD and make a concise review of the embryological process of cortical development. Our main goal is to summarize recent advances and new trends in diagnostic imaging techniques concerning MCD. Thereafter, follows a brief discussion of specific disorders and their radiological features.
As malformações do desenvolvimento cortical (MDC) resultam de distúrbios no complexo processo do desenvolvimento do córtex cerebral humano e estão comumente associadas a epilepsia severa e disfunções neuropsicomotoras. Atualmente, as imagens por ressonância magnética (RM) são a pedra angular no manejo de pacientes com epilepsia e modernas técnicas avançadas de imagem melhoraram não só a nossa capacidade de detectar e caracterizar as malformações corticais, mas também levaram ao reconhecimento de anomalias funcionais associadas que estão muito além das lesões estruturais visibilizadas. Abordaremos as classificações mais utilizadas de MDC e revisaremos a embriologia do desenvolvimento cortical. Nosso principal objetivo é destacar os avanços recentes e as novas tendências em técnicas de diagnóstico por imagens relacionadas às MDC. Em seguida, faremos uma breve discussão sobre alguns transtornos específicos e suas características radiológicas.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Cerebral Cortex/abnormalities , Diagnostic Imaging/methods , Epilepsy/etiology , Malformations of Cortical Development/etiology , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Choristoma/diagnosis , Choristoma/etiology , Gyrus Cinguli/abnormalities , Gyrus Cinguli/embryology , Malformations of Cortical Development/diagnosisABSTRACT
Cytoplasmic Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide in cells. Its spatial distribution matches that of superoxide production, allowing it to protect cells from oxidative stress. SOD1 deficiencies result in embryonic lethality and a wide range of pathologies in mice, but little is known about normal SOD1 protein expression in developing embryos. In this study, the expression pattern of SOD1 was investigated in post-implantation mouse embryos and extraembryonic tissues, including placenta, using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. SOD1 was detected in embryos and extraembryonic tissues from embryonic day (ED) 8.5 to 18.5. The signal in embryos was observed at the lowest level on ED 9.5-11.5, and the highest level on ED 17.5-18.5, while levels remained constant in the surrounding extraembryonic tissues during all developmental stages examined. Immunohistochemical analysis of SOD1 expression on ED 13.5-18.5 revealed its ubiquitous distribution throughout developing organs. In particular, high levels of SOD1 expression were observed in the ependymal epithelium of the choroid plexus, ganglia, sensory cells of the olfactory and vestibulocochlear epithelia, blood cells and vessels, hepatocytes and hematopoietic cells of the liver, lymph nodes, osteogenic tissues, and skin. Thus, SOD1 is highly expressed at late stages of embryonic development in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, and can function as an important antioxidant enzyme during organogenesis in mouse embryos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Copulation , Cytoplasm/enzymology , Embryonic Development/physiology , Immunohistochemistry , Lung/embryology , Mice, Inbred ICR , Organogenesis/physiology , Stomach/embryology , Superoxide Dismutase/deficiencyABSTRACT
O autismo é um transtorno mental caracterizado por déficits na socializaçäo, comunicaçäo e imaginaçäo. Em contraste com estas deficiências, as crianças autistas podem apresentar algumas capacidades isoladas especiais denominadas "ilhas de habilidades" como, por exemplo, a facilidade para a aritmética, música e o desenho além de excelente memória fotográfica, memória para dados e detalhes. A co-ocorrência de epilepsia e retardo mental volveu a atençäo dos pesquisadores para as teorias neurobiológicas e cognitivas da síndrome. O presente trabalho propöe um modelo neurobiológico para o autismo baseado no processo biológico fundamental de competiçäo neuronal. Uma rede neuronal artificial capaz de definir mapas corticais - projeçöes sinápticas que preservam vizinhanças entre duas camadas de tecido neuronal - foi projetada para simular o processo de neurodesenvolvimento. Experimentos foram realizados reduzindo-se o nível da substância fator de crescimento neuronal liberada pelos neurônios, resultando em mapas corticais mal desenvolvidos e sugerindo a causa da neurogênese aberrante presente no autismo. As simulaçöes computacionais sugerem que as regiöes do cérebro responsáveis pela formaçäo das representaçöes de mais alto nível estäo malformadas nos pacientes autistas. A perda desta representaçäo integrada do mundo pode resultar em déficits cognitivos específicos na socializaçäo, comunicaçäo e imaginaçäo e pode, também, explicar algumas ilhas de habilidades. O modelo neuronal é baseado em achados biológicos e em teorias cognitivas recentes do autismo. Algumas relaçöes entre as propriedades computacionais do modelo de rede neuronal e a teoria cognitiva do autismo denominada Teoria da Fraca Coerência Central säo estabelecidas, resultando em uma nova visäo para a etiologia do transtorno
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Computer Simulation , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Neural Networks, Computer , Neural Tube Defects , Neurobehavioral Manifestations , Autistic Disorder/diagnosis , Autistic Disorder/etiology , Cognitive ScienceABSTRACT
Las anomalías de migración neuronal son malformaciones cerebrales comunes. Estas anomalías son reconocidas habitualmente en pacientes con convulsiones o retardo madurativo. Nosostros analizamos los hallazgos en 12 pacientes con Heterotopías de la sustancia gris (HSG) diagnosticados con RM, sus tipos y los diagnósticos diferenciales
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adult , Middle Aged , Cerebral Cortex/abnormalities , Cerebrum , Choristoma/diagnosis , Periaqueductal Gray/abnormalities , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Cerebral Cortex/pathologyABSTRACT
The present study has examined the existence of a topographic organization in the anterior commissure (AC) of developing hamsters. Fluorescent carbocyanine crystals (DiI and/or DiA) were implanted into different rostrocaudal and dorsoventral sectors of the paleocortex of hamsters ranging in age from E15 to P10 (E16 = P1 = date of birth). The cerebral hemispheres of each brain were cut horizontally and sagittally, respectively, and the sections were observed under a fluorescence microscope coupled to a computerized reconstruction system. A distinct topographic organization of AC fibers was observed along the rostrocaudal axis starting at E15, and continued unchanged thereafter. These results support the hypothesis that the orderly pattern of AC fibers is achieved by active positioning during the first days after crossing the midplane rather than by a regressive sculpting from an initially disorganized pattern.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Cricetinae , Nerve Fibers , Cerebral Cortex/embryology , Microscopy, FluorescenceABSTRACT
The development of cortical afferentation by callosal and ipsilateral corticocortical fibers was studied in hamsters by transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Elongation of callosal axons (and possibly also of corticocortical fibers) started a couple of days before birth and extended through the first postnatal days. After a "waiting" period of a few days, axons were seen innervating restricted target sectors of the cortex. The zones of origin of these projections were initially exuberant, but they were subsequently trimmed down to overlap with the corresponding terminal fields