Nefropatia induzida por contraste: avaliação da proteção pela n-acetilcisteína e alopurinol em ratos uninefrectomizados / Contrast-induced nephropathy: evaluation of n-acetylcysteine and allopunirol protective effect in uninephrectomized rats

OBJETIVO: A nefropatia por contraste é a terceira causa de insuficiência renal aguda em pacientes hospitalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação da n-acetilcisteína e do alopurinol na proteção renal em ratos de ambos os sexos que receberam diatrizoato. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar adultos jovens, uninefrectomizados e submetidos a restrição hídrica, receberam solução salina (grupo 1: machos; grupo 2: fêmeas), diatrizoato (grupo 3: machos; grupo 4: fêmeas), diatrizoato e n-acetilcisteína (grupo 5: machos), diatrizoato e alopurinol (grupo 6: machos) e diatrizoato e n-acetilcisteína + alopurinol (grupo 7: machos). A filtração glomerular foi avaliada pela creatinina. O teste t de Student e o teste do sinal foram utilizados para análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Ratos que receberam diatrizoato apresentaram elevação estatisticamente significante da creatinina sérica, quando comparados aos controles, porém não houve diferença entre os sexos. Os animais que receberam alopurinol não mostraram aumento significante da creatinina, enquanto a administração de n-acetilcisteína não impediu a elevação da creatinina. CONCLUSÃO: O alopurinol mostrou-se mais efetivo que a n-acetilcisteína na proteção funcional renal ao dano induzido pelo diatrizoato de sódio. Não houve diferença entre os sexos na intensidade do dano renal pelo diatrizoato de sódio.

OBJECTIVE: Contrast medium-induced nephropathy is the third most frequent cause of iatrogenic acute renal failure involving inpatients. The present study was aimed at evaluating the protective effect of n-acetylcysteine and allopurinol in both male and female rats receiving diatrizoate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five young adult Wistar rats submitted to hydric restriction were divided into groups as follows: groups 1 and 2 (respectively male and female rats) receiving saline solution; groups 3 and 4 (respectively male and female rats) receiving diatrizoate; group 5 (male rats) receiving diatrizoate and n-acetylcysteine; group 6 (male rats) receiving diatrizoate and allopurinol; and group 7 (male rats) receiving diatrizoate and n-acetylcysteine + allopurinol. The glomerular filtration was evaluated by measurement of creatinine clearance. Student's t-test and the test of signal were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Animal models receiving allopurinol did not present a significant increase in the creatinine levels, while n-acetylcysteine did not prevent the creatinine levels increase. CONCLUSION: Allopurinol has shown to be more effective than n-acetylcysteine in the renal function protection against sodium diatrizoate-induced damages. No difference has been found between male and female groups as regards the intensity of sodium diatrizoate-induced renal damages.

Ionic radiocontrast inhibits endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the canine renal artery in vitro: possible mechanism of renal failure following contrast medium infusion

To determine if radiocontrast impairs vascular relaxation of the renal artery, segments (4-5 mm in length) of canine renal artery were suspended in vitro in organ chambers to measure isometric force (95 percent O2/5 percent CO2, at 37ºC). Arterial segments with and without endothelium were placed at the optimal point of their length-tension relation and incubated with 10 æM indomethacin to prevent synthesis of endogenous prostanoids. The presence of nonionic radiocontrast (iohexol, Omnipaque 350, 1 ml in 25 ml control solution, 4 percent (v/v)) did not alter endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in rings precontracted with both norepinephrine and prostaglandin F2alpha (N = 6). When the rings were precontracted with prostaglandin F2alpha, the presence of ionic contrast did not inhibit the relaxation of the arteries. However, in canine renal arteries contracted with norepinephrine, the presence of ionic radiocontrast (diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium, MD-76, 1 ml in 25 ml control solution, 4 percent (v/v)) inhibited relaxation in response to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside (N = 6 in each group), and isoproterenol (N = 5; P < 0.05). Rings were relaxed less than 50 percent of norepinephrine contraction. Following removal of the contrast, vascular relaxation in response to the agonists returned to normal. These results indicate that ionic radiocontrast nonspecifically inhibits vasodilation (both cAMP-mediated and cGMP-mediated) of canine renal arteries contracted with norepinephrine. This reversible impairment of vasodilation could inhibit normal renal perfusion and act as a mechanism of renal failure following radiocontrast infusion. In the adopted experimental protocol the isoproterenol-induced relaxation of renal arteries precontracted with norepinephrine was more affected, suggesting a pivotal role of the cAMP system.

possible cytoprotective role of L-arginine and misoprostol in some radiocontrast media induced toxicity

Despite recent medical progress in supportive medical therapy, the frequency of hospital aquired acute renal failure has increased in recent years.Of the multiple etiologies which can cause such renal impairment, radiocontrast media are recorded to be the third common cause of hospital aquired acute renal failure.In attempts to minimize the radiocontrast induced nephrotoxicity, L-arginine and misoprostol were used as cytoprotective agents against such toxicity. This study was conducted on 180 adult male albino rats. They were classified into: negative control group I distilled water group II, gum acacia group III, L-arginine group IV, misoprostol groupV, diatrizoate group VI, iopromide group VII, L-arginine and diatrizoate group VIII, misoprostol and diatrizoate group IX, L-arginine and iopromide group X, misoprostol and i opromid group Xl, gentamicin group XII, gentamicin and diatnzoate group XIII, gentamicin and iopromide grou XIV, gentamicin, L-arginine and diatrizoate group XV, gentamicin, misoprostol and diatrizoate group XVl, gentamicin, L-arginine and iopromide group XVll. The last group was gentamicin, misoprostol and iopromide group XVIII. At the end of the experimental period the animals were sacrificed, BUN and serum creatinine and urinary beta2 microglobulin and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT] analyses as well as histopathological examination of the kidney sections were carried out. The results revealed that in groups VI and VII there was significant increase in BUN, serum creatinine, urinary beta2 microglobulin and GGT with degeneradive changes in the proximal convoluted tubules in comparison with group I. These changes were more observed in group VI than in group VII.While in group XIII, there was marked increase in BUN and serum creatinine with aggravation in the renal histopathological changes in comparison with group XII. Moreover misoprostol appeared more effective than L-arginine in nephroprotection when it was given five days before the radiocontrast media either in groups with health kidney [VIII, IX, X and XI] or groups with compromized kidney [XV, XVI, XVII and XIII]

Status Epilepticus after Mye lography with Inadve rtent Injection of Diatrizoate

A 37-year-old male patient was transferred from a local orthopedic clinic due to status epilepticus following a myelography with diatrizoate. On his laboratory findings, metabolic acidosis was prominent. Non-enhanced brain CT scan showed a high densinty in the subarchnoid space. With careful respiratory support, hydration, correction of acid-base balance, administration of dexamethasone, and anticonvulsant therapy, he completely recovered after 3 days. Diatrizoate is an ionic, iodinated and hyperosmolar X-ray contrast medium. It must not be injected intrathecally because of the risk to the central nervous system. The possible mechanisms are anaphylactic reaction due to iodine hypersensitivity, hyperosmolar effect, and direct chemotoxicity by ionicity and chemical structure itself.

Cytokine Gene Expression According to Cell Separation of Cord Blood and Bone Marrow / 대한소아혈액종양학회지

PURPOSE: Umbilical cord blood (CB) transplantation is an alternative method instead of allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation. CB transplantation has used grafts with red blood cell (RBC) depletion but previous reports in CB investigated the immune reaction about mononulcear cell separated by density gradient. To study the real immune response in CB transplantation, the experimental group designed the total nuclear cell (TNC) groups by RBC depletion and the mononuclear cell (MNC) groups by Ficoll Hypaque in CB and BM. METHODS: We evaluated the various cytokine gene expression by semiquantitative RT- PCR method after immune stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in cord blood and bone marrow according to cell separation method. RESULTS: 1) All samples of CB and BM expressed IL-2 mRNA. There was no difference in amounts of IL-2 mRNA between CBTNC and CBMNC, between BMTNC and BMMNC. 2) All samples of CB and BM expressed IL-10 mRNA. There was no difference in amounts of IL-10 mRNA between the CBTNC and CBMNC but significantly different between the BMTNC and BMMNC (P<0.05). The amounts of IL-10 mRNA in the BMMNC and CBTNC group showed larger than in the BMTNC group (P<0.05). 3) The expression of IL-4, IFN-gamma was not shown in this study. These results suggest that no difference of IL-2 mRNA between CB and BM may reveal IL-2 as major cytokine gene in CB after immune stimulation. The expression of IL-10 mRNA in CBTNC showed more than in BMTNC group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CBTNC may contain a lot of cells producing IL-10, as a cytokine of immunoregulatory function, and therefore the immune reaction in CB transplantation may be less apparent than in BM transplantation. The cell component producing IL-10 in CB may be T regulator cell. There were not showed the IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA due to short duration of immune stimulation. Therefore, further studies will identify the IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression after long time stimulation and various cytokine gene expression to certificate the precise immune response after flow cytometry to composed of immune cells in CB and BM.

Reacciones adversas a medios de contraste iónicos en urografía excretora: Hospital Roosevelt, abril 1996-febrero 1997 / Adverse reactions in excretory urography using ionic media contrast, April 1996-February 1997, Hospital Roosevelt

Objetivo: Determinar cual de los medios de contraste (MC) iónicos producía con mayor frecuencia y gravedad de reacciones adversas (RA) en la urografía excretora(UE),en el Hospital Roosevelt,Guatemala, desde abril de 1996 a febrero de 1997.Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo seleccionando a 200 pacientes sometidos a UE, que fueron divididos en cuatro grupos(cada uno con n=50),según el MC yodado, hidrosoluble, iónico y alta osmolaridad administrado por vía intravenosa (IV) en dosis de 80 a 100 ml:1) iodamida,2) ioxitalamato,3), amidotrizoato y 4)diatrizoato. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 12 años, ambulatorios u hospitalizados, sin antecedentes de RA a los MC, asma, sensibilización al yodo y sin insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. Se clasificacon las RA en leves, moderadas y graves, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se estabaleció el puntaje de gravedad(PG):RA leve=2,RA moderada=4 y RA grave=8; el PG total(PGT) y el PG promedio (PGP). La gravedad se dividió en baja, intermedia y alta. Se usó distribución de frecuencias en porcentajes y chi cuadrado con p menor o igual de 0,05(5/100). Resultados: La frecuencia de RA fue de 31/100. Leves el 93/100, las moderadas el 7/100 y no hubo graves. El 38/100 de los pacientes con iodamida tuvo RA.La frecuencia de RA de los MC tuvo un valor de p=0,713.El amidotrizoato tuvo el PGP m s alto (4,4); el ioxitalamato tuvo el PGP mas bajo (3,3). El 54/100 de los pacientes tuvo gravedad baja y el 46/100 tuvo intermedia. Discusión: La frecuencia de RA a los MC iodamida, ioxitalamato, amidotrizoato y diatrizoato en la UE fue alta, mayor que lo reportado y sin diferencias importantes entre ellos.Las RA leves fueron muy frecuentes y las moderadas raras. La ausencia de RA graves indica la seguridad de los MC. No hubo diferencias importantes en la gravedad. El PG valoró con objetividad la gravedad de las RA a los MCiónicos usados en UE

Lipopolysaccharide-induced Synthesis of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Endotoxin (LPS lipopolysaccharide), a potent activator of immune system, can induce acute and chronic inflammation through the production of cytokincs by a variety of cells, such as monocytes, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and fibroblasts. LPS stimulate the mononucelar cells by two different pathway, the CD14 dependent and independent way, of which the former has been well documented, but not the latter. LPS binds to the LPS-binding protein (LBP), in serum, to make the LPS-LBP complex which interacts with 0D14 molecules on the mononuclear cell surface in peripheral blood or is transported to the Ussues. In case of high concentration of LPS, LPS can stimulate directly the macrophages without LBP. We investigated to detect, the generation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and fibrogenic cytokine, TGF-beta, by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after LB'S stimulation under serum-free conditions, which lacks LBPs. METHODS: PBMC were obtained by centrifugation on Ficoll Hypaque solution of peripheral venous bloods from healthy normal subjects, then stimulated in the presence of LPS (0.1 microgram/mL to 100 microgram/mL). The activities of IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and TGF-betawere measured by bioassaies using cytokines - dependent proliferating or inhibiting cell lines. The cellular sources producing the cytokines was investigated by immunohistochemical stains and in situ hybridization. RESULTS: PBMC started to produce IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta in 1 hr, 4 hrs and 8hrs, respectively, after LPS stimulation The production of IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta continuously increased 96 His after stimulation of LPS. The amount of production was 19.8 ng/ml of IL-6 by 105 PEMC, 4.1 ng/mL of TNF by 106 PBMC and 344 pg/mL of TGF-betaby 2 x 106 PBMC. The immunoreactivity to IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-betawere detected on monocytes in LPS-stimulated PBMC. Some of lymphocytes showed positive immunoreactivity to TGF-beta. Double immunohistochemical stain showed that IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha expression was not associated with CD14 postivity on monocytes. IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and TGF-/betamRNA expression worn same as observed in immunoreactivity for each cytokines. CONCLUISON: When monocytes are stimulted with LPS under serum-free conditions, IL-6 and TNF-alphaare secreted in early stage of inflammation. In contrast, the secretion of TGF-beta arise in the late stages and that N maintained after 96 his. The main cells releasing lL-1beta, IL-6, INF-alpha and TGF-beta are monocytes, but also lymphocytes can secret TGF-beta.

Long-term Cryopreservation of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / 대한소아혈액종양학회지

BACKGROUND: The use of human umbilical cord blood(CB) as a source of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of pediatric diseases has been well established. In previous study, we reported the method of improving the recovery rate of cryopreserved CB mononuclear cells after thawing and the possibility of long-term cryopreservation. In this study we compared the recovery rate of the cryopreserved mononuclear cells from large volume of CB according to various freezing conditions and stored CB mononuclear cells as a source of transplantation. METHODS: Twenty five CB from Kyung-pook National University Hospital and the Hana Obstetric/Gynecology Hospital, Taegu, Korea were used. The mononuclear cell separation was done with Hypaque and CD34+ cells were collected by Fenwal with the monoclonal antibody and immunobeads within 6 hours after collection. The cell count and the viability rate was done by hemocytometer with trypan blue exclusion method. The mononuclear cells were cryopreserved with two different concentrations of fetal bovine serum and of dimethylsulfoxide and with two different methods of direct and programmed freezing in the liquid nitrogen. The recovery rate was compared after thawing. The differentiation ability of thawed mononuclear cell was performed with in vitro colony culture using methylcellulose medium and GM-CSF. The family history of inherited blood cell diseases, tests for viral(HIV, HBV, HCV and CMV) and bacterial (syphilis, etc) contamination and HLA and blood typing were done for the future transplantation source. RESULTS: The mean volume of collected CB was 117(49-150)ml and the mean number of mononuclear cells was 5.0(2.8-7.5) x 10(6)/ml. The viability rate was 95.3-98.6%. The recovery rate of mononuclear cells was higher in the group of medium containing 10% of fetal bovine serum and 10% of dimethylsulfoxide after 30 days programmed freezing in liquid nitrogen(-196 degrees C). The recovery rate of long-term(180 days) cryopreserved mononuclear cells was 72.8%. The colony formations in culture of mononuclear cells were not different between before-and 14 days after-freezing. The seven total volume of CB mononuclear cells which had no family history of inherited blood cell diseases, no viral and bacterial contamination were cryopreserved after HLA and blood typing for the future transplantation. CONCLUSION: In summary, because the long-term cryopreservation of CB mononuclear cells was possible with good recovery rate we expect the establishment of CB bank will overcome the limitation of donor in Korea in the near future.

Influences of Hematopoietic Growth Factors on CFU-GM and CD34 Positive Cells of Mobilized Peripheral Blood Progenitors / 대한혈액학회지

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) mobilized by hematopoietic growth factors such as G-CSF or GM-CSF are increasingly being used instead of bone marrow to allow hematopoietic reconstitution after myeloablative therapy for variety of malignancies. Ex vivo expansion of PBPC with growth factors leads marked increase in CFU-GM and CD34+ cells. To define the influence of G-CSF and stem cell factor alone and in combination on in vitro culture of PBPC, and to address the question of optimal duration of exposure with growth factors and the effects of G-CSF according to dosages, mobilized progenitors were incubated in liquid media containing autologous serum, stem cell factors and different dose of G-CSF. After 1, 7 and 10 day culture, viable cells were collected and innoculated to methylcellulose media, CFU-GM assay and evaluation of CD33 and CD34 positive cells were done. METHOD: PBPC were obtained from 10 patients by apheresis using COBE Spectra after chemotherapy with or without G-CSF. After Ficoll Hypaque separation, viable 2x106 PBPC were incubated in each 6 sets of RPMI media containing 10% autologous serum and addition of 100ng/mL of stem cell factor, 1,000U/mL of G-CSF, 5,000U/mL of G-CSF, 100ng/mL stem cell factor+1,000U/mL of G-CSF, 100ng/mL stem cell factor+5,000U/mL G-CSF in each culture flask and control group which didn' t contain any growth factor. After 1, 7 and 10 day of culture, viable cells were collected and 1x105 cells were seeded in methylcellulose media containing PHA-LCM and were cultured in duplicate. After 14 day incubation, aggregated with over 50 cells were scored as colony. And 1 day and 10 day of culture of control group and 10 day culture of stem cell factor+5,000U/mL G-CSF group, 1x105 cells were also collected for evaluation of CD33 and CD34 positive cells using flow cytometry. RESULT: CFU-GM were significantly increased even in 1 day exposure with combination of stem cell factor and G-CSF and there showed synergistic effect of stem cell factor and G-CSF. Seven day exposure with growth factor also represented similar increase in CFU-GM. In 10 day exposure of PBPC with growth factor showed significant increase in CFU-GM except 1,000ng/mL G-CSF group. The peak increase of CFU-GM was noted on 7 day culture with G-CSF+stem cell group and on 10 day culture of stem cell group. Number of CD33 & CD34 positive cells were increased in growth factor group and most of them were CD33+ CD34+ cells. There revealed significant positive correlation between CD34+ cells and day 14 CFU-GM. CONCLUSION: G-CSF and stem cell factor act synergistically and their action on ex vivo expansion of PBPC was prominent even in 1 day exposure with stem cell factor and G-CSF. CD34+ cells were also increased under the effect of growth factors and showed good positive corelation with CFU-GM.

The Therapeutic Effect of Diatrizoate Meglumine(Hypaque) andAdrenocorticosteroid Hormone in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss / 대한이비인후과학회지

Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISHL) is defined as an abrupt onset of sensorineural hearing loss without definite cause. The causes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss have not determined with precision until recently, but viral infections and vascular insufficiencies, such as vascular spasm, occlusion of sludging of erythrocytes were considered as major factors. The treatment has not been determined with precision until recently. But recently, as a effective regimen, diatrizoate meglumine(Hypaque) was introduced that fills the broken membrane pores and activated the sodium pump to restore the normal DC potential. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a regimen for the treatment of the sudden sensorineural hearing loss with Hypaque, steroid and bed rest by retrospective review.

Are 5-HT1A receptors involved in the control of reflex bradycardia induced by intracoronary injection of contrast medium in humans?

Transient vagal bradycardia occuring during coronary arteriography (CA) immediately following intracoronary injection of ionic contrast medium is believed to be a component of the von Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJ). Data obtained from experimental animals using buspirone (BSP) and other 5-HT1A receptor ligands suggest that these serotonergic receptors modulate the excitability of cardiac vagal motoneurones (CVM). This is a preliminary investigation of the possible effects of BSP in altering the bradycardia of patients submitted to CA for diagnostic purpose. Patients were divided into two age-and racematched groups: control (C:N=45, age 58.6 + 1.6 years, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) 109 + 2.4 mmHg, heart rate (HR) 79 + 2.9 bpm) and BSP-treated (B:N=14, age 58.9 + 2.1 years, MAP 111 + 4.5 mmHg, HR 76 + 3.4 bpm). The prevalent underlying pathology was coronary artery disease. Patients with acute angina, congestive heart failure, symptomatic arrhythmia and patients requiring atropine were excluded. CA was performed by a standard procedure using diatrizoate (MD-76() as contrast agent. The left and then the right coronary ostia were selectively catheterized and 8 ml of contrast medium was injected (over a period of 3 sec). HR was measured from ECG tracing before and after contrast injection into the left (LC) and right (RC) coronary arteries. Peak bradycardia was measured as the longest R-R interval during the first 15 sec after the injection minus the pre-injection R-R value, and reported as deltaR-R. Group B patients received BSP tablets 48 and 24 h before the examination (30 mg/day po). There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in bradycardia between groups (C:LC=-147 + 23,RC=-155+25; B:LC=-143 + 44,RC=-234 + 56 msec). These results suggest that, in contrast to experimental animals, the central 5-HT1A receptors of humans are not relevant for modulating the excitability of CVM in the BJ reflex. However, since drugs and diseases can affect the responses, further studies are necessary to clarify this issue.

Non enzymatic liver cells isolation: citrate-perchlorate technique

In the present study we describe a non-enzymatic technique for the isolation of rat hepatocytes by perfusion of liver through portal vein. The perfusion media consist of 1 mM sodium percholorate. 5 mM sodium citrate, 10 mM glucose, 129 mM NaCl and 0.1 per cent bovine-serum albumin at pH 7.4. After purification through diatrizoate gradient, electron microscopical studies revealed that most of purified hepatocytes were well preserved and presented a normal ultrastructure, thus correlating with previous biochemical results. The present method enables the recovery of metabolically and morphologically normal hepatocytes.

Tratamiento de la sordera súbita con amidotrizoato y otros / Treatment of sudden deafness with amidotrizoate and other

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 117 casos de pacientes afectados por sordera súbita, agrupados según la terapia recibida. Grupo A: Comprende 40 casos tratados con esteroides mas vasodilatadores. 57.5 por ciento de los pacientes mejoraron su condición de sordera. Grupo B: 57 casos tratados con corticoides mas vasodilatadores y amidotrizoato. Mostró recuperación en el 70.2 por ciento y sin recuperación 29.8 por ciento. Grupo C: 20 casos tratdos únicamente con amidotrizoato. Hubo recuperación en el 70 por ciento y sin recuperación en el 30 por ciento. En la mayor parte de este grupo el tratamiento se inició después de la tercera semana de comenzado el cuadro clínico

A study on renal damage in rats induced by different concentrations and osmolarities of diatrizoate

There has been few papers regarding the pathologic changes of kidney induced by contrast media, especially in terms of iodine concentration or osmolarity. In order to evaluate histopathologic changes, a series of rat kidneys, after injection of iodinated contrast media, were examined. A total of 220 rats were divided into two groups: those given Urografin-60% by 6.3 ml/Kg(1840mg/6.3ml):those given Urografin-76% by 5ml/Kg(1850mg/5ml). (the same amount of iodine but at different iodine concentration). The kidneys were removed and microscopically examined on 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10th days, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 12th weeks after injection of contrast media, respectively. The results were as follows: Renal pathologic changes induced by contrast media were congestion and ectatic change of the interstitial vessels, epithelial degeneration and necrosis of the collectiong ducts. Congestion of interstitial vessels and epithelial degeneration and necrosis of the collecting ducts were severe in the higher iodine concentration Urografin-76% group(2100 Osm/Kg H2O) than the Urografin-60% group(1500 Osm/Kg H2O). And above pathological changes persisted for 12weeks without significant interval changes. The authors conclude that the renal damage induced by ionic contrast media becomes more severe in higher concentrations or osmolarities in spite of the same amount of iodine and that the pathologic changes persisted until 12 weeks without improvement.

Mioclonus espinal secundario a la administración endovenosa de contraste iodado / Spinal myoclonus secondary to the intravenous administration of iodine contrast media

We describe a patient with a longstanding paraplegia who developed spinal myoclonus on 3 different occasions spanning one year, once after an enhanced CT scan and twice after excretory urographies, one of which was also followed by a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. To our knowledge only one case of spinal myoclonus secondary to the administration of intravenous contrast material in a patient with a spinal arteriovenous malformation has yet been reported. Taken together, the findings in these cases suggest that spinal myoclonus following intravenous iodine administration is indicative of an underlying spinal cord lesion.

Rabdomiolisis asociada a medio de contraste iodado / Rhabdomyolisis associated with an iodinated contrast media

Se presenta un caso de rabdomiolisis asociado al uso de medio de contraste iodado (diatrizoato de sodio) en un paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica con el propósito de comunicar esta asociación. Sus manifestaciones clínicas fueron mialgias difusas, debilidad muscular y deterioro agudo y reversible de la función renal. La biopsia mostró anormalidades típicas de rabdomiolisis. Se presume que, en este caso, el daño muscular fue secundario a toxicidad directa y/o compromiso crítico del flujo sanguínio muscular por el medio de contraste iodado en un músculo susceptible a la injuria por efecto de la insuficiencia renal. Los medios de contraste iodados deben ser adicionados a la lista de fármacos capaces de provocar rabdomiolisis no traumática, la cual puede ser una complicación más común que lo apreciado

Excretory urography in dogs and cats. II. Urinary diseases / Urografia excretora em cäes e gatos. II. Afecç*es urinárias

Pesquisou-se em 144 cäes e 14 gatos clinicamente supeitos de portarem afecç*es urinárias e que foram submetidos à urografia excretora, com contraste à base de diatrozoato de sódio, em que tempo decorrido da injeçäo do contraste ocorreram as melhores visibilizaç*es das alteraç*es radiográficas, que possibilitaram o diagnóstico das patologias encontradas. Verificou-se que as maiores freqüências das melhores visibilizaç*es, tanto das alteraç*es renais como vesicais, ocorreram 15 minutos após a injeçäo do contraste.

Excretory urography in dogs and cats. III. Abdominal dosrders / Urografia excretora em cäes e gatos. III. Patologias da cavidade abdominal

Empregou-se a urografia excretora em 256 cäes e 21 gatos, clinicamente suspeitos de apresentarem patologias em órgäos abdominais, excetuando os do sistema urinário. Verificou-se que os aumentos de volume de fígado, baço, útero, próstata e as tumoraç*es da cavidade abdominal, mostram-se densificadas pelo contraste à base de diatrizoato de sódio, sendo que as maiores freqüências de melhores evidenciaç*es destas alteraç*es, ocorreram após 15 minutos da injeçäo. Estas observaç*es ampliaram consideravelmente as possibilidades diagnósticas.