Occurrence of Dipetalonema gracile in a wild population of woolly monkey Lagothrix poeppiigii in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon / Ocorrência de Dipetalonema gracile em uma população selvagem de macaco barrigudo Lagothrix poeppigii no nordeste da Amazônia peruana

Abstract Dipetalonema gracile (Rudolphi, 1809) (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) is one of six species of cavities filarial parasites of Neotropical non-human primates. The present study recorded the occurrence of D. gracile, provides morphological and morphometric data and extends the geographical distribution. Adult filariae were obtained from the thoracic and abdominal cavities of 38 specimens of woolly monkey, which were used for local human consumption, in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Male and female filarids were processed and analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Details of the cephalic papillae, post-cloacal bands and papillae, vulva, phasmid position and lateral appendages are showed by scanning electron microscopy and is recorded the occurrencce of Lagothrix poeppigii monkey as a new host of this filaria in the Yavari-Mirin river basin, Peruvian Amazon.

Resumo Dipetalonema gracile (Rudolphi, 1809) (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae), é uma das seis espécies de filarias parasitas de primatas não humanos neotropicais. O presente trabalho registra a ocorrência de D. gracile , proporciona dados morfológicos e morfométricos e amplia sua distribuição geográfica. Filárias adultas foram obtidas da cavidade torácica e abdominal de 38 espécimes de macaco barrigudo, que foram utilizados para consumo humano local. Essa espécie de primatas não humanos neotropicais tem distribuição ao nordeste da Amazônia peruana. Filarídeos machos e fêmeas foram processados e analisados pela microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Detalhes das papilas cefálicas, bandas e papilas pós-cloacais, vulva, posição dos fasmídeos e apêndices laterais são mostradas pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura e registra-se a ocorrência do macaco Lagothrix poeppigii como novo hospedeiro desta filaria na bacia do rio Yavari-Mirin na Amazônia peruana.

Multiple live subconjunctival dipetalonema: Report of a case.

Parasitic infestations of the eye have been reported since centuries, affecting various parts of the eye. Some are subtle, coexisting with vision, while many others damage and destroy, in part or totally, the gift of sight. This report describes a patient with live subconjunctival dipetalonema infestation of the right eye, with 22 parasites removed live in one sitting from one eye.

Epidemiological aspects of canine dirofilariasis in the north of Iran

Dirofilaria immitis is an important parasite in dog and other carnivores. Our objective was study on incidence and periodicity of heartworm in north of Iran and using other methods for its diagnosis in addition to Parasitology exam. This survey spanned two years, between 2006 and 2008. Blood samples were collected from 431 stray dogs distributed along north of Iran, the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea. The Knott's modified test was used for diagnosis of D. immitis and other filariae. Meanwhile, the periodicity of microfilaria in peripheral blood circulation was calculated and the imaging diagnosis techniques of four dogs that had positive results were done. Diagnostic parasitology results indicated that 16.01% of stray dogs were microfilaremic. Two different microfilariae were diagnosed: D. immitis in 13.69%, Dipetalonema reconditum in 1.86% and in 0.46% both of them. There was no statistically significant between infection to fiariae with sex and age of dogs. Also study on the periodicity of the presence of microfilaria in peripheral circulation showed that the highest rate of those was at 1 am and the lowest rate at 12 pm. Radiographic study showed distinctive signs with varied degrees of severity included: Tortuous and enlargement of main and lobar pulmonary artery, pulmonary parenchymal lesions and Right side heart enlargement that confirmed in electrocardiography. Also in echocardiographic images observed short parallel-sided images with the appearance of equal signs that indicated the presence of the heartworm. These results showed that to obtain a reliable diagnosis of heartworm infection, imaging tests could support parasitological exams

Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein, 1909) em cães domésticos (Canis familiaris, L. 1758) da cidade de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Heterodoxus spiniger (Enderlein, 1909) on domestic dogs (Canis familiaris, L. 1758) from the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil

In the city of Recife, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, domestic dogs are usually infected by ectoparasites of both veterinary and public health importance. Heterodoxus spiniger is a common dog chewing louse, which is known as an intermediate host of Dipetalonema reconditum. Despite of its wide geographical diffusion in Brazil, Heterodoxus spiniger was only recently recorded in Pernambuco. The aim of this paper was to verify the infestations by Heterodoxus spiniger on dogs from Recife. Three hundred and ten dogs were examined and 11 of these were parasitized by Heterodoxus spiniger, corresponding to a prevalence rate of 3.5%. This indicates that Heterodoxus spiniger can be found on dogs from Recife, but in low prevalence.

Na cidade de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil, os cães domésticos são freqüentemente infestados por ectoparasitos de interesse para medicina veterinária e para a saúde pública. Heterodoxus spiniger é um piolho mastigador comum em cães, apontado como hospedeiro intermediário de Dipetalonema reconditum. Apesar de sua ampla difusão geográfica no Brasil, apenas recentemente o piolho Heterodoxus spiniger foi registrado em Pernambuco. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença de piolhos da referida espécie em cães de Recife. Dos 310 cães examinados, 11 estavam parasitados por Heterodoxus spiniger, correspondendo a uma taxa de prevalência de 3,5%. Este resultado indica que esta espécie de piolho mastigador pode ser encontrada em cães procedentes de Recife, porém com baixa prevalência.

Hemoparásitos en bovinos, caninos y equinos diagnosticados en el laboratorio de Parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnica de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (1984-1999) / Hemoparasityes in domestic animals, diagnosed in the parasitology laboratory of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia of the universidad Autónoma de Yucatan (1984-1999)

Introducción. Los hemoparásitos son organismos que pueden ser transmitidos a los animales domésticos por vectores mecánicos y biológicos. Su presencia en los animales domésticos produce cuadros hemáticos que afectan la salud animal. Material y métodos. Se revisaron los archivos del laboratorio de Parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, de marzo de 1984 a diciembre de 1999. Se obtuvo la información de las muestras sanguíneas de bovinos, caninos y equinos que fueron remitidas y procesadas mediante las técnicas de Knott y frotis sanguíneos teñidos con Giemsa al 10 por ciento. Resultados. Se analizaron un total de 3010 muestras sanguíneas, de las cuales 2438 fueron de bovinos, 493 de caninos y 79 de equinos. Los hemoparásitos que se diagnosticaron en las distintas especies animales fueron los siguientes: bovinos: Babesia bovis (2.78 por ciento), Babesia bigemina (1.23 por ciento) y Anaplasma marginale (15.79 por ciento); caninos: Dirofilaria immitis (7.42 por ciento), Dipetalonema reconditum (5.88 por ciento) y Babesia canis (3.92 por ciento), y equinos: Babesia equi (3.79 por ciento) y Babesia caballi (2.53 por ciento). Conclusiones. Se concluye que los bovinos, caninos y equinos del estado de Yucatán se encuentran afectados por hemoparásitos que pueden afectar la salud y/o producción animal.

Optimization of test conditions for development of MTT as in vitro screen.

The quick and easy method of tetrazolium based colorimetric assay with MTT [3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] was used to test the viability of the adult parasites of a rodent filariid Acanthocheilonema viteae in vitro. The ideal conditions required for antifilarial screening were determined by correlating the MTT reduction ability of worms with their size and age in the vertebrate host, also the duration of incubation and temperature of the in vitro culture. It was observed that the worms collected from the host after 90 days of L3 (infective larvae) exposure were not suitable for in vitro screen as they could not reduce MTT to that extent as the worms of early infection. Healthy and full grown worms and also those incubated at 37 degrees C for 16 hr or more caused maximum MTT reduction. Thus, it is recommended to select healthy adult filariids of proper age and size (male > 3.5 cm; female > 7.0 cm). The incubation temperature of the in vitro culture system needs to be adjusted to 37 degrees C and parasites might be exposed to drugs upto 24 hr without much alteration in MTT reduction of untreated controls.

Prevalencia de Dirofilaria immitis en perros callejeros de la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, México / Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in stray dogs in the city of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico

Se estudió la dirofilariasis canina en la ciudad de Mérida Yucatán, en el sureste de México, con el objetivo de determinar su prevalencia y comparar la efectividad de la prueba de gota gruesa y Knott modificada , con la presencia de parásitos adultos en la necropsia. prevaleció Dirofilaria immitis en 6.54 por ciento y Dipetalonema reconditum en 7.47 por ciento. La prueba de Knott modificada detectó 11 casos positivos a microfiliarias circulantes y la prueba de gota gruesa solamente detectó 3 casos. Se encontraron 2 casos de filariasis mixta. Cinco animales fueron positivos a parásitos adultos en la necropsia y 7 positivos a microfiliarias circulantes; sin embargo, 2 casos con parásitos adultos en la necropsia no pudieron ser detectados por la técnica de knott modificada, y 2 casos positivos a Knott modificada no presentaron parásitos adultos a la necropsia. Se presentó un promedio de 6 parásitos adultos por cada positivos; los parásitos fueron localizados en distintas partes del corazón. Se hallaron 3 casos positivos a larvas de Dipetalonema reconditum en la orina, lo que representa 5.54 por ciento de positividad. Se concluye que para el diagnóstico de la dirofilariasis canina es necesario la detección de microfilarias en sangre y acompañarse de pruebas complementarias

Localizaçäo do Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1890) (Nematoda filariidae) de Canis familiaris / Localization of Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1890) (Nematoda filariidae) de Canis familiaris

Foram necropsiados 24 cäes com exame de sangue positivo para microfilarias de Dipetalonema sp. Verificou-se que 93,9 por cento dos parasitos foram encontrados no tecido subcutâneo e 6,1 por cento nas vísceras. A localizaçäo dos helmintos variou com os regimes anatômicos, sendo o tórax o local de maior frequência

Tratamiento con ivermectina de Cebus apella con Dipetalonema gracile / Annual Reports 1991 / Treatment of dipetalonema gracile in Cebus apella by invermectin

The microfilaricidal effect if invermectin was studied on Cebus apella infected with dipetalonema gracile in Paraguay. Nine monkeys were treated with ivermectin at the dosage of 200 ug/kg boby wieght by single subcutaneous injection. The significant reduction in microfilarial count after treatament with ivermectin was recognized (p<0.01). The change of blood picture of 9 monkeys infected with Dipetalonema gracile following treatment of ivermectin was also studied. The total WBC count was found to be significantly increased at 1 day after treatment. Differential count study showed that neutrphlilis increased in most menkeys. On the other hand, the significant change in eosinophil and lynphocite count was not observed

Impact of surface modifications of Acanthocheilonema viteae microfilariae on cell adhesion.

Exposure of A. viteae microfilariae to various lectins reduced their capacity to react with the peritoneal exudate cells of the host, Mastomys natalensis. Sugars corresponding to these lectins with the exception of N-acetyl glucosamine, did not affect the adhesion per se. They however, protected the parasite against the adverse effect of lectins. Neuraminidase and chitinase also suppressed adhesion capacity of the microfilariae. Except sodium dodecylsulphate which enhanced cell attachment, other surfactants inhibited this reaction considerably. The results indicate that antibody dependent adhesion of the microfilariae with the macrophages involves surface moieties of the parasite, where N-acetylglucosamine acts as the principal sugar residue. Participation of -SH groups also is inferred from the observations that p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) inhibited cell attachment and dithiothreitol provided protection against these agents.

Serodiagnosis of parasitic infections by ELISA with different antigens.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is described in which four antibodies (amoebiasis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis and filariasis) can be tested at once. Because of the sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and practicability this test system can be recommended as a quantitative routine test.

Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1890) (Nematoda: Filaroidea): primer informe en la Isla de la Juventud / Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1890) (Nematoda: Filaroidea) first report in the Isle of the Youth

Se describe el primer informe de Dipetalonema reconditum (Grassi, 1890) en 3 perros de la Isla de la Juventud. La identificación se realizó según la morfología de las microfilarias aisladas, mediante la técnica de Knott, de la sangre de los perros infestados. Las microfilarias se midieron y compararon con las encontradas anteriormente en perros de Ciudad de la Habana, coincidiendo con éstas en el largo y ancho, la presencia del cuerpo refráctil y la cola en forma de gancho, características propias de esta especie. Se encontró un caso con infestación mixta de Dirofilaria immitis y D. reconditum

Humoral immune responses to soluble somatic extracts of Dipetalonema viteae adult worms infected hamsters.

The present study examined the serum IgG1 and IgM antibody responses of infected hamsters to unfractionated and fractionated soluble somatic (SS) antigens of adult Dipetalonema viteae. Male and female adult worms were homogenized in a French pressure cell and the SS proteins extracted with 0.375 M Tris-glycine buffer. Serum IgG1 and IgM antibody responses in D. viteae infected with LVG, PD4 and CB hamster strains to the male and female unfractionated SS proteins were measured by an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum IgG1 antibody responses to the SS proteins were similar in all three strains of hamsters during the course of infection. There was no correlation between the level of IgG1 antibody and the onset of microfilariae clearance. The serum IgM antibody response was similar in both outbred LVG and inbred PD4 hamster strains. A lower IgM antibody response was found in CB hamsters and could be related to the failure of this hamster strain to eliminate microfilariae. The SS proteins of male and female adult worms were fractionated by preparative flat-bed isoelectric focusing on granulated gels (PIEF) to yield 8 and 7 fractions, respectively. The comparative antigenicity of the PIEF fractions from the SS proteins was measured by ELISA, using hyperimmune serum from LVG hamsters and rabbit antihamster IgG1-and IgM-alkaline phosphatase conjugates. No difference in ELISA reactivity was noted among the 8 and 7 PIEF fractions from male and female SS proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)