Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 17 de 17
Filter
1.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(9): e00087916, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889747

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a relação entre a demanda por importações de produtos farmoquímicos e farmacêuticos e variáveis econômicas (taxa de câmbio, preço das importações e renda agregada), no Brasil, fazendo uso de dados mensais do período 1997-2014. Os principais resultados mostraram que aumentos na renda agregada e reduções nos preços das importações têm impacto positivo e significativo, respectivamente de forma elástica e inelástica, sobre as importações. A taxa de câmbio foi significativa apenas no modelo mais agregado. Portanto, a renda agregada se mostrou uma variável bastante robusta e com forte impacto sobre as importações dos produtos farmoquímicos e farmacêuticos. Considerando os argumentos explicitados na literatura de que o déficit no comércio internacional dessa indústria se relaciona com déficit em conhecimento e tecnologia, somando aos resultados encontrados neste trabalho, há indícios de que conforme o nível de atividade econômica cresce, ocorre maior demanda por esse tipo de produto, e, não havendo produção nacional suficiente, existe necessidade de importações, o que pode gerar pressões no déficit comercial desse segmento, representando dependência do Brasil a outros países.


Abstract: This article analyzes the relationship between the demand for importation of pharmacochemical and pharmaceutical products and economic variables (exchange rate, import prices, and aggregate income) in Brazil, using monthly data from 1997-2014. The main results showed that increases in aggregate income and price reductions in imports have a positive and significant impact (elastic and inelastic, respectively) on imports. Exchange rate was only significant in the more aggregate model. Thus, aggregate income was a robust variable with strong impact on the importation of pharmacochemical and pharmaceutical products. The arguments in the literature that this industry's international trade deficit is related to a deficit in knowledge and technology and the current study's results provide evidence that as economic activity grows, there is a greater demand for this type of product. Additionally, if domestic production is insufficient, there is a need for imports, which can generate pressure on the trade deficit in the industry and contribute to Brazil's dependence on other countries.


Resumen: Este artículo analiza la relación entre la demanda de importaciones de productos farmoquímicos y farmacéuticos y las variables económicas (tasa de cambio, precio de las importaciones y renta agregada), en Brasil, utilizando datos mensuales del período 1997-2014. Los principales resultados mostraron que los aumentos en la renta agregada y las reducciones en los precios de las importaciones tienen un impacto positivo y significativo, respectivamente, de forma elástica e inelástica sobre las importaciones. La tasa de cambio fue significativa sólo en el modelo más agregado. Por tanto, la renta agregada se mostró una variable bastante robusta y con un fuerte impacto sobre las importaciones de los productos farmoquímicos y farmacéuticos. Considerando los argumentos explicitados en la literatura, acerca de que el déficit en el comercio internacional de esa industria se relaciona con el déficit en conocimiento y tecnología, sumado a los resultados hallados en este trabajo, hay indicios de que conforme el nivel de actividad económica crece, se produce una mayor demanda por ese tipo de productos, y, sin existir producción nacional suficiente, hay una necesidad de importaciones, lo que puede generar presiones en el déficit comercial de este segmento, representando la dependencia de Brasil de otros países.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations/economics , Commerce/economics , Drug Industry/economics , Brazil , Commerce/trends , Commerce/statistics & numerical data , Internationality , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data
2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(supl.2): e00103315, 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-798202

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The Brazilian pharmaceutical industry is heavily dependent on external sources of inputs, capital, and technology. However, the emergence of technological opportunities and the development of biotechnology and the decline of the patent boom and resulting advances by generic drugs have opened windows of opportunities for the local industry. The article examines the Brazilian industry's innovative behavior vis-à-vis these opportunities, showing that although the industry as a whole invests little in innovation, a few large Brazilian companies have expanded their market share and stepped up their investments in research and development, supported by public policies for innovation.


Resumen: La industria farmacéutica brasileña se caracteriza por su gran dependencia de fuentes externas de insumos, capital y tecnología. El surgimiento de oportunidades tecnológicas, asociadas al desarrollo de la biotecnología, y al fin del boom de las patentes -con el consecuente avance de los medicamentos genéricos-, es paralelo a la apertura de ventanas de oportunidad para la industria local. Este artículo examina el comportamiento innovador de la industria brasileña a la luz de esas oportunidades, revelando que, aunque el conjunto de la industria mantenga bajos niveles de inversión en innovación, un pequeño grupo de grandes empresas nacionales está ampliando su participación en el mercado e intensificando sus inversiones en pesquisa y desarollo, apoyados por políticas públicas de innovación.


Resumo: A indústria farmacêutica brasileira caracteriza-se pela grande dependência de fontes externas de insumos, capital e tecnologia. O surgimento de oportunidades tecnológicas, associadas ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e ao fim do boom das patentes com o consequente avanço dos medicamentos genéricos, entretanto, vem abrindo janelas de oportunidades para a indústria local. Este artigo examina o comportamento inovador da indústria brasileira à luz dessas oportunidades, revelando que, embora o conjunto da indústria mantenha baixos níveis de investimentos em inovação, um pequeno grupo de grandes empresas nacionais vem ampliando sua participação no mercado e intensificando seus investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, apoiados por políticas públicas de inovação.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Policy , Technology Assessment, Biomedical , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Drug Discovery/statistics & numerical data , Financing, Government , Brazil , Drug Industry/economics , Drug Discovery/economics
3.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-667052

ABSTRACT

No processo de blistagem, a formação de resíduos é quase inevitável devido à própria dinâmica e o tipo de matéria prima usada no sistema. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma análise de resíduos de blister no processo de blistagem na Divisão de Sólidos multipropósito, abordando o tipo de equipamento utilizado no processo, as características do produto formado, os principais fatores envolvidos na geração dos resíduos, e sua quantidade gerada nos lotes analisados. Foi empregada a ferramenta CEP para a análise dos resultados. Apesar de todas as variações encontradas, que avaliaram estabilidade e capacidade dos processos, todos os lotes foram aprovados frente às especificações farmacopeicas. No entanto, há provas de que o processo precisa ser melhorado e pode tornar-se mais eficiente, gerando uma economia para empresa.


In the blister packaging process, the formation of waste is almost inevitable, given the dynamics and type of raw material used in the system. In this study, an analysis of blister waste in the blistering process was carried out in the multipurpose solids Division of a pharmaceutical laboratory, with respect to the type of blister-packing machine used in the process, the characteristics of the product manufactured, the main factors involved in the generation of waste and the amount of waste in the batches analyzed. The SPC tool was used to analyze the results. Despite all the variations found in the graphical analysis of stability and process capacity, all batches complied with the pharmacopeial specifications. However, there is evidence that the process should be improved and could be made more efficient, generating savings for the company.


Subject(s)
Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Drug Industry/methods , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Quality Control , Tablets , Waste Products
4.
Rev. saúde pública ; 46(supl.1): 37-41, Dez. 2012. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-668912

ABSTRACT

As indústrias de base química e biotecnológica compõem um dos subsistemas produtivos do Complexo Produtivo da Saúde, que se destaca tanto pela sua relevância econômica como pela sua importância no domínio de novas tecnologias em áreas estratégicas. A consolidação do segmento de produção de medicamentos genéricos na última década proporcionou um aumento significativo da participação de empresas nacionais no mercado farmacêutico e representou um importante ponto de inflexão na trajetória de crescimento do setor. Entretanto, ainda há importantes gargalos estruturais tanto na base produtiva como em termos de seu dinamismo inovativo. Tais gargalos revelam a elevada vulnerabilidade do Sistema Nacional de Saúde e apontam para a importância da criação e implementação de políticas públicas que articulem o desenvolvimento da base produtiva e da inovação na indústria farmacêutica com o atendimento das demandas sociais relativas à saúde no País.


Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries comprise a major production subsystem of the health industrial complex in Brazil. It stands out for both its economic importance and its prominent role in developing new technologies in strategic areas. Strengthening the local production of generic drugs in the last decade has significantly increased the number of Brazilian companies in the local pharmaceutical market and has been an important turning point for this industry's growth. However, there remain major structural bottlenecks both in terms of production and continuous innovation. These bottlenecks reveal the high vulnerability of the Brazilian National Health System and point to the need of public policies that promote strengthening the production base and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and that at the same time meet health-related social demands in health in Brazil.


Las industrias basadas en química y biotecnología componen uno de los subsistemas productivos del Complejo Productivo de la Salud Brasileña que se destaca tanto por su relevancia económica, como por su importancia en el dominio de nuevas tecnologías en áreas estratégicas. La consolidación del segmento producción de medicamentos genéricos en la última década proporcionó un aumento significativo de participación de empresas nacionales en el mercado farmacéutico y representó un importante punto de inflexión en la trayectoria de crecimiento del sector. Sin embargo, hay aún importantes golletes estructurales tanto en la base productiva como en términos del dinamismo innovador. Tales fallas revelan la elevada vulnerabilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Brasil y apuntan a la importancia de la creación e implementación de políticas públicas que articulen el desarrollo de la base productiva y de la innovación en la industria farmacéutica con la atención de las demandas sociales relativas a la salud en Brasil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Biomedical Technology , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Inventions , Public Policy , Brazil , Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy , Research/organization & administration , Technology, Pharmaceutical
5.
Rev. cuba. med. gen. integr ; 28(2): 65-71, abr.-jun. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-647999

ABSTRACT

Se plantea un análisis de la pertenencia histórica del empleo de la homeopatía, con valiosos datos que aparecen desde el siglo XIX en Cuba. Actualmente es una terapéutica de elección, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo, se estima que millones de personas son atendidas cada año con productos homeopáticos que además tienen muy bajos reportes de reacciones adversas. A partir de interrogantes tales como: ¿puede la homeopatía superar sus debilidades e impactar en la comunidad científica?; ¿existe certidumbre dentro de la ciencia que apoye la utilidad de la homeopatía para el médico de atención primaria de salud?; ¿conseguirá la homeopatía convertirse en herramienta terapéutica en la atención primaria de salud? Se pretende aclarar la validez de esta disciplina clínica para el médico de la familia, en su labor comunitaria, ya que es el único especialista que atiende integralmente a la familia con un enfoque clínico-epidemiológico. La homeopatía le ofrece la posibilidad de tratar al niño desde que es recién nacido, a la embarazada, al adulto y a los ancianos, tanto en sus enfermedades crónicas, como en las agudas e incluso en epidemias; además, puede contribuir a que mejore la calidad de vida de estos pacientes


We propose an analysis of historical association of using homeopathy with valuable data that appears from the nineteenth century in Cuba. Today it is a therapeutic choice in both developed and developing countries, it is estimated that millions of people are treated each year with homeopathic products, which also have very low adverse reaction reports. From such questions as: Can homeopathy overcome their weaknesses and impact in the scientific community? Is there certainty in science that supports the usefulness of homeopathy for the primary health care? Will homeopathy become a therapeutic tool in primary health care? It seeks to clarify the validity of this clinical discipline for the family physician in his/her community work, since it is the only specialist, who fully assists the family with a clinical and epidemiological approach. Homeopathy offers the possibility to treat children including the newly born, pregnant women, adults and the elderly, in their chronic and acute diseases, as well as in epidemics. It can also contribute to improve the quality of life for these patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Primary Health Care/methods , Homeopathy Broadcasting/education , Homeopathy/history , Homeopathy/methods , Homeopathic Therapeutics/adverse effects , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data
7.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 56(4): 428-433, 2010. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-557322

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biopharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials placed in countries previously described as emerging regions for clinical research, and potential differences for those placed in Brazil. METHODS: Data regarding recruitment of subjects for clinical trials were retrieved from www.clinicaltrials.gov on February 2nd 2009. Proportions of sites in each country were compared among emerging countries. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to evaluate whether trial placement in Brazil could be predicted by trial location in other countries and/or by trial features. RESULTS: A total of 8,501 trials were then active and 1,170 (13.8 percent) included sites in emerging countries (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Korea, and South Africa). South Korea and China presented a significantly higher proportion of sites when compared to other countries (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regressions detected no negative correlation between placement in other countries when compared to Brazil. Trials involving subjects with less than 15 years of age, those with targeted recruitment of at least 1,000 subjects, and seven sponsors were identified as significant predictors of trial placement in Brazil. CONCLUSION: No clear direct competition between Brazil and other emerging countries was detected. South Korea showed the higher proportion of sites and ranked third in total number of trials, appearing as a major player in attractiveness for biopharmaceutical industry-sponsored clinical trials.


OBJETIVO: Avaliar ensaios clínicos patrocinados pela indústria biofarmacêutica alocados em países previamente definidos como emergentes em pesquisa clínica e possíveis diferenças naqueles alocados no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Dados de ensaios clínicos recrutando pacientes foram obtidos (www.clinicaltrials.gov) em 2 de fevereiro de 2009. As proporções de centros em cada país foram comparadas entre os países emergentes. Regressões logísticas múltiplas foram realizadas para avaliar a alocação do ensaio em outros países emergentes e as características do ensaio como preditores da presença de algum centro no Brasil RESULTADOS: No total, 8.501 ensaios clínicos estavam ativos à época, e 13,8 por cento destes (N=1.170) incluíam centros em países emergentes (i.e., Argentina, Brasil, China, República Tcheca, Hungria, Índia, México, Polônia, Rússia, Coreia do Sul, e África do Sul). Coreia do Sul e China apresentaram uma proporção de centros significativamente superior aos outros países (p<0,05). Não se detectou correlação negativa na alocação de ensaios no Brasil quando comparada com outros países. Ensaios envolvendo sujeitos com idade menor que 15 anos, com o recrutamento planejado de pelo menos 1.000 sujeitos e sete patrocinadores, foram identificados como preditores significativos da alocação de centros no Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: Não se detectou competição direta entre o Brasil e outro país emergente. A Coreia do Sul apresentou a maior proporção de centros e foi o terceiro país em número total de ensaios, demonstrando ser um importante país em termos de atratividade para ensaios clínicos patrocinados pela indústria biofarmacêutica.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Clinical Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Financial Support , Clinical Trials as Topic/economics , Drug Industry/economics , Multivariate Analysis
8.
Cad. saúde pública ; 25(10): 2273-2284, out. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-528871

ABSTRACT

This article describes the antiretroviral (ARV) manufacturing market in Brazil and contextualizes the challenges for the public policy of supplying ARVs through the National STD/AIDS Program. Increasing expenditure on these drugs is the main source of uncertainty for the policy's future. Brazil's domestic scenario is one of growing external dependence, both for the finished drugs and the active ingredients. Experience in the National Program has shown that it is the state's role to provide public goods, which presupposes ensuring mutual compatibility between company interests and social interests. This balance is currently at stake in Brazil, since structural changes in the market have raised challenges for the National Program's sustainability, requiring new public policy instruments in defense of the collective interest. The article drew on a literature review, using bibliographic indexing sources, systematic organization of primary data, government publications, relevant legislation, research reports, and articles recommended by experts from the field.


O artigo descreve as características do mercado produtor de anti-retrovirais no Brasil e situa os desafios para a política pública de provisão de medicamentos no Programa Nacional de DST e AIDS (PN-DST/AIDS). A elevação expressiva das despesas com esses medicamentos é a principal fonte de incerteza sobre a política. O cenário nacional é de crescente dependência externa, tanto no segmento de medicamentos quanto no de princípios ativos. A experiência do PN-DST/AIDS demonstrou que cabe ao Estado nacional a provisão de bens públicos, o que pressupõe a compatibilização entre interesses empresariais e sociais. Esse equilíbrio está sendo desafiado no Brasil visto que as mudanças estruturais no mercado trouxeram desafios à sustentabilidade do programa, exigindo novos instrumentos de política pública em defesa do interesse coletivo. Para a confecção do artigo empreendeu-se revisão da literatura usando-se fontes de indexação bibliográfica, sistematização de dados primários, publicações de órgãos públicos, legislações pertinentes, relatórios de pesquisa e artigos indicados por especialistas da área.


Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Brazil , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 26(1): 46-50, jul. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-525127

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el mercado de medicamentos de México en cuanto a su tamaño, organización, poder de mercado de las empresas y capacidad de negociación de los consumidores. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo a partir de los datos de los Censos Económicos de 2004 y los informes de Intercontinental Marketing Services. Se obtuvieron los montos y volúmenes de ventas de las empresas del sector farmacéutico mexicano de 2002 a 2005 y se calcularon el índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (IHH) y su inverso como indicadores del grado de concentración del mercado, así como la elasticidad del precio por un producto índice. RESULTADOS: El valor total de los productos elaborados por el sector farmacéutico fue de 115 mil millones en pesos de 2006, de los que 99,0 por ciento correspondió a las empresas clasificadas como grandes. Este monto representó 1,2 por ciento del producto interno bruto nacional de ese año (20,0 por ciento de la participación del sector salud, estimada en 6,0 por ciento) y 3,9 por ciento del valor de los productos de manufactura. El IHH del mercado farmacéutico mexicano en el período analizado fue de alrededor de 0,04, aunque con una reducción sostenida, y su inverso se redujo de 23 a 26. La elasticidad del precio de los productos farmacéuticos entre 2003 y 2005 fue mínima (0,007, 0,003 y -0,002). CONCLUSIONES: Este trabajo constituye una primera caracterización del mercado farmacéutico mexicano, uno de los sectores más dinámicos de la economía nacional. Se comprobó que se trata de un mercado oligopólico e inelástico, por lo que se justifica la creación de mecanismos regulatorios más sólidos que reduzcan el poder de los productores en favor de los consumidores.


OBJECTIVES: To describe the pharmaceutical drug market in Mexico in terms of its size, structure, business' market power, and consumer negotiating power. METHODS: A descriptive study based on data from the 2004 Economics Census and the reports of IMS Health, Inc. (Norwalk, Connecticut, United States of America). Sales amounts and volumes of Mexico's pharmaceutical companies from 2002-2005 were obtained and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and its inverse were calculated as indicators of the market's degree of concentration; also, price elasticity was determined by a product index. RESULTS: The total value of the products manufactured by the pharmaceutical sector was 115 billion in 2006 Mexican pesos, of which 99 percent pertained to companies categorized as large. This amount constituted 1.2 percent of the national gross domestic product that year (20.0 percent of the health sector's portion, estimated to be 6.0 percent) and 3.9 percent of the total value of manufactured goods. The HHI of Mexico's pharmaceutical market during the study period was about 0.04, albeit with a steady decline, and its inverse decreased from 23 to 26. The price elasticity of pharmaceutical products was minimal (0.007, 0.003, and -0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study constitutes a preliminary description of Mexico's pharmaceutical market, one of the country's most dynamic economic sectors. It confirmed that the market is a rigid oligopoly, and thus supports enactment of firmer regulatory tools to reduce the power of the manufacturers in favor of that of the consumers.


Subject(s)
Drug Industry , Drug Industry/economics , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Marketing , Mexico
11.
Braz. oral res ; 23(supl.1): 17-22, 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-528425

ABSTRACT

This literature review reports the history and the current market of oral home-care products. It provides information extending from the products used by our ancestors to those currently available, as well as on the changes in the supply and consumption of these products. Although the scientific knowledge about oral diseases has improved greatly in recent years, our ancestors had already been concerned with cleaning their teeth. A variety of rudimentary products and devices were used since before recorded history, like chewing sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones, tooth powder and home-made mouth rinses. Today, due to technological improvements of the cosmetic industry and market competition, home-use oral care products available in the marketplace offer a great variety of options. An increase in the consumption of oral care products has been observed in the last decades. Estimates show that Latin America observed a 12 percent increase in hygiene and beauty products sales between 2002 and 2003, whereas the observed global rate was approximately 2 percent. A significant increase in the per capita consumption of toothpaste, toothbrush, mouthrinse and dental floss has been estimated from 1992 to 2002, respectively at rates of 38.3 percent, 138.3 percent, 618.8 percent and 177.2 percent. Pertaining to this increased supply and consumption of oral care products, some related questions remain unanswered, like the occurrence of changes in disease behavior due to the use of new compounds, their actual efficacy and correct indications, and the extent of the benefits to oral health derived from consuming more products.


Subject(s)
History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Dental Devices, Home Care/history , Mouthwashes/history , Oral Hygiene/history , Toothpastes/history , Commerce/history , Commerce/statistics & numerical data , Cosmetics/supply & distribution , Dental Devices, Home Care/supply & distribution , Dental Devices, Home Care , Drug Industry/history , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Mouthwashes/supply & distribution , Oral Health , Oral Hygiene , Toothbrushing/history , Toothbrushing , Toothpastes/supply & distribution
12.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 27(3): 177-187, 2006. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-466199

ABSTRACT

O controle estatístico de processo (CEP) é uma das mais poderosas metodologias desenvolvidas visando auxiliar no controle eficaz da qualidade. Através das cartas ou gráficos de controle, podem-se detectar desvios de parâmetros representativos do processo, reduzindo a quantidade de produtos fora de especificações e com isso os custos da produção. O controle estatístico de processo embora pouco utilizado na indústria farmacêutica, é uma ferramenta de grande utilidade, pois incorpora também o conceito de boas práticas de fabricação, além de fornecer informações imprescindíveis para a validação de processos, uma vez que permitem a investigação detalhada de todos os pontos críticos de controle, diagnosticando as possíveis não conformidades em todas as etapas do processo, além de sinalizar as possíveis fontes desses desvios de qualidade possibilitando correções e interações com o processo. Apesar de não existir muitas publicações do CEP na indústria farmacêutica, os exemplos de aplicações desta ferramenta provam sua grande importância para a compreensão dos processos que envolvem a obtenção de medicamentos


Subject(s)
Drug Compounding/statistics & numerical data , Drug Compounding/methods , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Drug Industry/methods , Chemical Phenomena/statistics & numerical data , Chemical Phenomena/methods , Quality Control
13.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-118465

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: New drugs are appearing in the Indian pharmaceutical market every day. To study the trends we analysed the pattern of new drug approvals and introductions in India over the past 15 years (1988-2002). METHODS: Lists of new drugs approved by the Drugs Controller General of India, released half-yearly, were obtained and entered into a computer database. Additional information, such as anatomical therapeutic chemical coding, availability status till 31 December 2002 and source were added to this database before analysing overall time trends and the situation in individual therapeutic categories. RESULTS: Excluding unrecognized and compound formulations and 28 veterinary products, 396 drugs were approved for clinical use during this period. Of these, 315 have also been launched in the market and 5 were subsequently withdrawn. Nervous system-related drugs accounted for the largest number of approvals (82), followed by antimicrobials (73) and cardiovascular drugs (57). Five new antimalarials have emerged but other tropical diseases have been mostly ignored. Eleven vaccines have been added. CONCLUSION: There has been a sharp spurt in the annual number of approvals and introductions. The proliferation of brands and fixed-dose combinations has kept pace with the introduction of new molecules. Unfortunately, most new drugs are not major therapeutic advances. In the context of this rapid proliferation, meeting the information needs of prescribers, establishing an effective nationwide pharmacovigilance system and reorienting the focus of pharmacology education--from information provision to development of self-learning and critical judgement skills-are some issues for concern.


Subject(s)
Databases as Topic , Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Drug Information Services , Humans , India , Pharmacology/education
14.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 13(4): 203-213, abr. 2003. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-346113

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The National Institute of Social Services for Retirees and Pensioners (NISSRP) is a nationwide health care financing agency and service provider in Argentina. Among its services, the NISSRP provides outpatient drug coverage to more than 3.3 million beneficiaries, mainly senior citizens and disabled persons. In 1997, to help cope with its rising costs, the NISSRP agreed to transfer the risk for the cost of outpatient medications and cancer-treatment drugs to a consortium of pharmaceutical companies in exchange for a fixed monthly payment. The objective of this study was to determine the impact that this new approach had on three things: (1) the level of expenditures for the medicines that were included in the agreement, (2) the pattern of nonrational prescribing for NISSRP beneficiaries, and (3) this pattern's relationship with macroeconomic variables and the pattern of prescribing for Argentina as a whole. METHODS: We compared outpatient-medicine consumption in 1999 with consumption before the agreement went into effect. RESULTS: The actual amount that NISSRP beneficiaries spent out-of-pocket climbed from US$ 336.13 million in 1996 to US$ 473.36 million in 1999, an increase of almost 41 percent. The nominal amount "spent" by the NISSRP in 1999 was US$ 601.11 million, versus a real amount of US$ 374.75 million in 1996, an "increase" of 60 percent (that increase for the NISSRP was only theoretical since the agreement specified the fixed monthly amount that the NISSRP would have to pay to the pharmaceutical consortium). In contrast with the increased real spending by NISSRP beneficiaries, Argentina's economy remained stable over the assessed period, with the consumer price index even falling by 0.8 percent. We found high levels of nonrational drug use in the NISSRP system in both 1996 and 1999, indicating a serious ongoing problem. CONCLUSIONS: An agreement with pharmaceutical companies, like the one we have described, might add an element of financial predictability for institutions such as the NISSRP. However, such an agreement can easily result in an increased economic burden for health care beneficiaries, and without any improvement in the services that they receive. This type of agreement requires extensive mechanisms for control, follow-up, and updating, and it also risks making nonrational drug prescribing the accepted rule. While perhaps feasible, the requirements for this kind of agreement are actually very difficult to put into...


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Drug Industry/economics , Health Personnel/economics , Risk Assessment/economics , Argentina , Drug Industry/statistics & numerical data , Economics/statistics & numerical data , Fees, Pharmaceutical/statistics & numerical data , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Prescription Fees/statistics & numerical data , Risk Assessment/statistics & numerical data
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL