Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in a non-endemic area / Mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica em região não endêmica

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a schistosomal myeloradiculopathy case in a non-endemic area. Case description: A previously healthy 11-year-old boy, stricken by an acute loss of strength on his lower limbs, followed by a loss of strength on his upper limbs and upper body, associated with altered sensitivity of the vesical globe formation. The patient's cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed eosinophilic meningitis, in addition to peripheral eosinophilia. The investigation resulted in a positive serology for Schistosoma mansoni. The treatment included steroids and praziquantel 60mg/kg, with a new dose after a month, as well as physical therapy for rehabilitation. The patient evolved with clinical improvement in the neurological exam, with a medullary section initially at C6, but now at T6. The patient is kept at prednisolone use (30mg/day) and longterm urinary catheter dependence. Comments: The schistosomiasis is endemic in many regions of Brazil; however, it has low incidence in the south of the country. Among its main manifestations, the schistosomal myeloradiculopathy is the most severe ectopic form of the disease, and should be suspected in patients with low back pain, strength and/or sensibility disorder of the lower limbs or urinary tract's disturbance. Early diagnosis and treatment should be done in order to reduce severe neurological sequelae. Treatment includes schistosomiasis drugs, corticosteroids and/or surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso de mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica em área não endêmica. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 11 anos, previamente hígido, com história aguda de paresia de membros inferiores, que evoluiu para membros superiores e tronco, associada à alteração de sensibilidade e formação de globo vesical. O exame do líquor demonstrava meningite eosinofílica, além de eosinofilia periférica. A investigação resultou em sorologia positiva para Schistosoma mansoni. O tratamento foi realizado com corticoterapia e praziquantel 60 mg/kg, com nova dose após um mês, além de fisioterapia para reabilitação. Evoluiu com melhora clínica no exame neurológico, com nível de secção medular que inicialmente correspondia a C6, encontrando-se atualmente em T6. Mantém uso de prednisolona 30 mg/dia e dependência de sonda vesical de demora. Comentários: A esquistossomose é uma doença endêmica em muitas regiões do Brasil, porém com pouca incidência no Sul do país. Dentre as principais manifestações, a mielorradiculopatia esquistossomótica é a forma ectópica mais grave e deve ser suspeitada na vigência de dor lombar, alteração de força e/ ou sensibilidade de membros inferiores e distúrbio urinário. O diagnóstico e o tratamento devem ser instituídos precocemente para diminuir o risco de sequelas neurológicas graves. O tratamento pode ser realizado com esquistossomicidas, corticosteroides e/ ou cirurgia.

Egyptian eosinophilic and infectious meningoencephalitis and their impact on psychological aspects

Meningoencephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their covering protective membranes. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore, the condition is classified as a medical emergency

The commonest symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light [photophobia] or loud noises [phonophobia]. Children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash

A broad variety of allergic, infectious, neoplastic, and idiopathic diseases are associated with increased blood and/or tissue eosinophilia and range in severity from self-limited conditions to life-threatening disorders. Although accepted upper limits of normal blood eosinophil numbers vary somewhat, a value above 600 eosinophils /microL of blood is abnormal in the vast majority of cases. Generally speaking, there are several possible causes of eosinophils in the CSF; undoubtedly parasitic infection is one of the main causes

Molecular diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) by polymerase chain reaction-DNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids of patients

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from clinically diagnosed patients with detectable Angiostrongylus canto-nensis-specific antibodies (n = 10), patients with clinically suspected cases that tested negative for A. cantonensis-an-tibodies (n = 5) and patients with cerebral gnathostomiasis (n = 2) and neurocysticercosis (n = 2) were examined by a single-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using the AC primers for the 66-kDa native protein gene. The PCR method detected A. cantonensis DNA in CSF samples from four of 10 serologically confirmed angiostrongyliasis cases. The PCR results were negative for the remaining CSF samples. The nucleotide sequences of three positive CSF-PCR samples shared 98.8-99.2% similarity with the reference sequence of A. cantonensis. These results indicate the potential application of this PCR assay with clinical CSF samples for additional support in the confirmation of eosinophilic meningitis due to A. cantonensis.

Brote epidémico de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica en una comunidad rural / Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis outbreak in a rural community

La infección por el nematodo Angiostrongylus cantonensis es la causa mßs frecuente de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. La mayoría de los casos aparecen de forma aislada aunque se han descrito numerosos brotes epidémicos. Describir las manifestaciones clínicas y las características del líquido cefalorraquídeo y otros exámenes complementarios de 11 pacientes con diagnóstico de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. Se trata de un estudio de serie de casos, de 11 enfermos admitidos en el Hospital General Universitario Dr Gustavo Aldereguía Lima con el diagnóstico de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica. Estos pacientes provenían de un mismo centro de trabajo, situado en un área rural, y sus síntomas clínicos coincidieron en el tiempo (enero-febrero 2006). Los síntomas predominantes fueron cefalea persistente (100 por ciento), parestesias e hiperestesias cutáneas (100 por ciento), mialgias (45 por ciento), trastornos visuales (45 por ciento), rigidez nucal (18 por ciento), parálisis facial periférica en 2 casos (18 por ciento). Solo un enfermo refirió fiebre. El diagnóstico de meningoencefalitis por A. cantonensis debe sospecharse en todo enfermo con cefalea persistente, parestesias e hiperestesias, aun en ausencia de fiebre y rigidez nucal. La presencia de eosinofilia en sangre periférica asociada a los síntomas anteriores sugiere el diagnóstico. La pleocitosis con un porcentaje elevado de eosinófilos es característico de esta enfermedad, pero la ausencia de eosinófilos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo no niega el diagnóstico. Es frecuente que ocurra en alguna etapa un predominio de linfocitos. Con la descripción de esta serie de casos se presenta el primer reporte de un brote epidémico de meningoencefalitis eosinofílica ocurrido en Cuba.

The infection by nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most frequent cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Most of cases occur in isolation although numerous outbreaks have been described. To describe the clinical manifestations and the characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid and other supplementary exams from 11 patients diagnosed as eosinophilic meningoencephalitis carriers. A case study of eleven patients diagnosed with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and admitted to Dr Gustavo Aldereguía Lima general university hospital. These patients worked at the same workplace located in a rural area and their clinical symptoms appeared in the same period of time (january to february, 2006). Predominant symptoms were persistent headache (100 percent of cases 9, cutaneous paresthesia and hyperesthesia (100 percent), myalgias (45 percent), impaired vision (45 percent), neck rigidity (18 percent), peripheral facial paralysis in two cases (18 percent). One single patient said that he had got fever. Meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis should be suspected whenever a person suffers from persistent headache, paresthesias and hyperesthesias, even when neither fever nor neck rigidity is declared. Eosinophilia in peripheral blood associated to previous symptoms may indicate such a diagnosis. Pleocytosis, in which the percentage of eosinophils is high, is a characteristic of this disease; however, the lack of eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid does not reject this diagnosis. It is frequent that at some stage, lymphocytes will be predominant. The description of this case study allows us to present the first report of an outbreak of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis occurred in Cuba.

sICAM-1 in meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis / sICAM-1 en meningoencefalitis por Angiostrongylus cantonensis

INTRODUCTION: Angiostrongylus cantonensis meningoencephalitis is an emergent disease in the Americas. METHOD: Twelve children suffering from eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to this parasite aged between 6-10 years were studied. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were taken simultaneously in the first diagnostic puncture at admission. RESULTS: All cases showed typical findings on the routine CSF and serum analysis: increased CSF total protein, increased Q (CSF/serum) albumin accompanied by eosinophilia in CSF. No intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins was found. Mean serum and CSF sICAM-1 values were 337.4 and 3.97 ng/mL. Qalbumin and QsICAM-1 mean values were 4.1 and 6.2 respectively. In 50 percent of the patients an increased brain-derived fraction of sICAM-1 was found. CONCLUSION: It may be suggested that a dynamic of the sICAM-1 brain derived fraction is perhaps associated to the immune response in the evolution of the disease.sICAM-1 may be an agent in negative feedback for eosinophils passage through the blood-CSF barrier into the inflammatory brain response.

INTRODUCCION: La meningoencefalitis por Angiostrongylus cantonensis es una enfermedad emergente en las Américas. MÉTODO: Doce niños con meningoencefalitis eosinofílica por Angiostrongylus cantonensis con edades entre 6 y 10 años fueron estudiados. Se tomaron muestras simultáneas de suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en la primera punción lumbar diagnóstica. RESULTADOS: Todos los casos evidenciaron hallazgos típicos en los análisis de rutina del LCR y suero: incremento de proteínas totales, aumento de la razón albúmina Q (LCR/suero) acompañado de eosinofilia en LCR. No se encontró síntesis intratecal de inmunoglobulinas. Los valores medios de sICAM-1 en suero y LCR fueron de 337,4 y 3,97 ng/mL respectivamente. Los valores medios de Q albúmina y Q sICAM-1 fueron de 4,1 y 6,2 respectivamente. En el 50 por ciento de los pacientes se encontró un incremento de la fracción de sICAM-1 derivado del cerebro. CONCLUSION: Se puede sugerir que la dinámica de la fracción sICAM-1 derivada del cerebro ocurre quizas asociada a la respuesta inmune frente a la enfermedad. sICAM-1 puede ser un agente de retroalimentación negativa para el paso de eosinófilos de la sangre a través de la barrera sangre-LCR en el cerebro inflamado.

Eosinofilorraquia em tumor maligno: apresentaçäo em caso / CSF eosinophils in malignant tumor: a case report

A presença de grnaulócitos cosinófilos associados a tumores malignos que acometem o sistema nervoso tem sido raramente comunicada. O propósito deste registro é apresentar o caso de um paciente com 47 anos de idade com tumor cerebral maligno (astrocitoma grau III), cujo estudo citológico do LCR revelou quadro inflamatório com presença de elevada percentagem de granulócitos cosinófilos