Physical and chemical properties of orthodontic brackets after 12 and 24 months: in situ study

Objective: The aim of this article was to assess how intraoral biodegradation influenced the surface characteristics and friction levels of metallic brackets used during 12 and 24 months of orthodontic treatment and also to compare the static friction generated in these brackets with four different methods of the ligation of orthodontic wires. Material and Methods: Seventy premolar brackets as received from the manufacturer and 224 brackets that were used in previous orthodontic treatments were evaluated in this experiment. The surface morphology and the composition of the deposits found in the brackets were evaluated with rugosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Friction was analyzed by applying tensile tests simulating sliding mechanics with a 0.019x0.025" steel wire. The static friction levels produced by the following ligation methods were evaluated: loosely attached steel ligature around all four bracket wings, steel ligature attached to only two wings, conventional elastomeric ligation around all 4 bracket wings, and non-conventional Slide® elastomeric ligature. Results: The results demonstrated the presence of biodegradation effects such as corrosion pits, plastic deformation, cracks, and material deposits. The main chemical elements found on these deposits were Carbon and Oxygen. The maximum friction produced by each ligation method changed according to the time of intraoral use. The steel ligature loosely attached to all four bracket wings produced the lowest friction levels in the new brackets. The conventional elastic ligatures generated the highest friction levels. The metallic brackets underwent significant degradation during orthodontic treatment, showing an increase in surface roughness and the deposit of chemical elements on the surface. Conclusion: The levels of static friction decreased with use. The non-conventional elastic ligatures were the best alternative to ...

Performance of ICU ventilators during noninvasive ventilation with large leaks in a total face mask: a bench study / Desempenho de ventiladores de UTI durante ventilação não invasiva com grandes vazamentos em máscara facial total: estudo em simulador mecânico

Objective: Discomfort and noncompliance with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) interfaces are obstacles to NIV success. Total face masks (TFMs) are considered to be a very comfortable NIV interface. However, due to their large internal volume and consequent increased CO2 rebreathing, their orifices allow proximal leaks to enhance CO2 elimination. The ventilators used in the ICU might not adequately compensate for such leakage. In this study, we attempted to determine whether ICU ventilators in NIV mode are suitable for use with a leaky TFM. Methods: This was a bench study carried out in a university research laboratory. Eight ICU ventilators equipped with NIV mode and one NIV ventilator were connected to a TFM with major leaks. All were tested at two positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels and three pressure support levels. The variables analyzed were ventilation trigger, cycling off, total leak, and pressurization. Results: Of the eight ICU ventilators tested, four did not work (autotriggering or inappropriate turning off due to misdetection of disconnection); three worked with some problems (low PEEP or high cycling delay); and one worked properly. Conclusions: The majority of the ICU ventilators tested were not suitable for NIV with a leaky TFM. .

Objetivo: O desconforto e a falta de adaptação às interfaces de ventilação não invasiva (VNI) são obstáculos ao sucesso da VNI. A máscara facial total (MFT) é uma interface de VNI considerada muito confortável. No entanto, devido a seu grande volume interno e, consequentemente, ao aumento da reinalação de CO2, a MFT tem orifícios que permitem vazamentos proximais para melhorar a eliminação de CO2. É possível que os ventiladores usados na UTI não compensem esse vazamento adequadamente. Neste estudo, buscamos determinar se ventiladores de UTI com módulo de VNI podem ser usados com MFT com grandes vazamentos. Métodos: Estudo em simulador mecânico conduzido em um laboratório universitário de pesquisa. Oito ventiladores de UTI equipados para realizar VNI e um ventilador específico para VNI foram conectados a uma MFT com grandes vazamentos. Todos foram testados com dois níveis de positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP, pressão expiratória final positiva) e três níveis de pressão de suporte. As variáveis analisadas foram disparo do ventilador, ciclagem, vazamento total e pressurização. Resultados: Dos oito ventiladores de UTI, quatro não funcionaram (autodisparo ou desligamento inapropriado por detecção incorreta de desconexão), três funcionaram com alguns problemas (valores baixos de PEEP ou grande atraso na ciclagem do ventilador) e apenas um funcionou adequadamente. Conclusões: A maioria dos ventiladores de UTI testados mostrou-se inadequada para VNI com MFT com grandes vazamentos. .

Disconnection of the Rubber Tip of Arrow-Trerotola Percutaneous Thrombolytic Device

A rubber tip disconnection of Arrow-Trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device (PTD) may occur occasionally. We experienced 5 cases of a rubber tip disconnection among 453 mechanical thrombectomy sessions with the use of PTD. We present a report about these five cases and suggest possible causes for the occurrences.

Influence of etching time and bonding strategies on the microshear bond strength of self- and light-cured pit-and-fissure sealants

This study evaluated the impact of extended etching and bonding strategies on the microshear bond strength of three sealant materials. Two pit-and-fissure sealants [FluroShield, Dentsply (light-cured) and AlphaSeal, DFL (self-cured)] and one light-cured flowable composite resin (Permaflo, Ultradent) were evaluated according to different enamel etching times (15 s or 30 s) and bonding procedures (no adhesive application, application of primer/hydrophobic resin or hydrophobic resin only). Intact enamel blocks were obtained from bovine teeth and sealed via the tested protocols. After 24 h, the microshear bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure modes were classified by stereomicroscopy. Data were submitted to a three-way ANOVA and to Tukey's test (α=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) among the materials. Permaflo showed higher bond strength when etched for 30 s alone. Enamel overetching decreased the bond strength of the light-cured sealant. Primer/bond previous treatment improved bond performance for AlphaSeal. In conclusion, from the tested conditions, all sealant materials presented similar bond strength values in relation to bonding protocol and etching time. The flowable composite can be used as a pit-and-fissure sealant. The use of a three-step adhesive system was essential for the self-cured sealant application.

Este trabalho avaliou o impacto de tempos aumentados de condicionamento ácido e da estratégia adesiva na resistência de união por microcisalhamento de três materiais utilizados como selantes de fóssulas e fissuras. Dois tradicionais selantes, [FluroShield, Dentsply (fotoativado) e AlphaSeal, DFL (quimicamente ativado)] e uma resina composta de baixa viscosidade (Permaflo, Ultradent) foram utilizados de acordo com diferentes tempos de condicionamento ácido (15 s e 30 s) e diferentes estratégias de união (sem aplicação de sistema adesivo, aplicação de um primer + resina hidrófoba, e aplicação apenas de uma resina hidrófoba). Fragmentos de esmalte intacto foram obtidos de incisivos bovinos e os materiais foram aplicados respeitando-se os protocolos anteriormente descritos. Após 24 h, o teste de microcisalhamento foi executado utilizando-se uma máquina de ensaio universal, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. O padrão de fratura foi classificado com auxílio de lupa estereoscópica. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA a três critérios e de Tukey (α=0.05). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os materiais. Permaflo apresentou maior resistência de união quando o esmalte foi condicionado por 30 s apenas. O sobrecondicionamento do esmalte diminuiu a resistência de união do selante fotopolimerizável. O tratamento prévio do esmalte com primer + resina hidrófoba melhorou a performance adesiva para o AlphaSeal. Todos os materiais apresentaram valores de resistência de união estatisticamente similares em relação ao protocolo adesivo e ao tempo de condicionamento ácido. A resina composta de baixa viscosidade poderá ser utilizada como selante de fóssulas e fissuras. A aplicação de um sistema adesivo de três passos é essencial durante o selamento com selante quimicamente ativado.

Influence of different load application devices on fracture resistance of restored premolars

This in vitro study analyzed the effect of different load application devices on fracture resistance and failure mode of maxillary premolars restored with composite resin. Sixty human maxillary premolars received standardized mesio-occluso-distal cavity preparations and were restored with composite resin. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10). Compressive loading was applied using 6 different metallic devices: S2: 2-mm sphere; S6: 6-mm sphere; C2: 2-mm cylinder; C6: 6-mm cylinder; WS: wedge shape device; and MAT: individualized metallic antagonist tooth. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The failure mode was recorded based on the 4 sequential levels. Statistical analysis revealed that WS presented significantly higher fracture resistance than S6 and C6. No significant difference was found among MAT, C2, S2 and S6. Sphere and cylinder with 6 mm were similar, with the lowest values of all groups. MAT presented the least number of catastrophic failures while C2, S2 and WS presented the highest. The type of load application device influences significantly the behavior of the teeth-restoration complex during mechanical fracture resistance test.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes tipos de dispositivos de aplicação de carga na resistência à fratura de pré-molares superiores restaurados com resina composta. Sessenta pré-molares humanos receberam preparo mésio-ocluso-distal padronizado e as cavidades foram restauradas com resina composta. As amostras foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 grupos (n=10). Carregamento de compressão foi realizado usando seis diferentes dispositivos metálicos de aplicação de carga: S2 e S6: esfera de 2 mm e 6 mm de diâmetro respectivamente; C2 e C6: cilindro de 2 mm e 6 mm de diâmetro respectivamente; WS: lâmina de faca e MAT: antagonista individualizado em metal. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O modo de falha foi classificado em 4 níveis e estão apresentado em porcentagem. O dispositivo WS resultou em maior resistência a fratura de pré-molares que S6 e C6. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos MAT, C2, S2 e S6. Menor resistência foi verificada com o uso de S6 e C6. O dispositivo MAT resultou em menor número de falhas catastróficas enquanto nos grupos C2, S2 e WS essas falhas foram significativas. O tipo de dispositivo de aplicação de carga influenciou significativamente no comportamento do complexo dente-restauração durante o teste de resistência à fratura.

Diseño personalizado de una interfaz mioeléctrica para una prótesis de miembro superior / Custom design of a myoelectric interface for upper limb prostheses

Desde los años sesenta se utilizan las señales electromoigráficas (EMG) como señales de control para prótesis actuadas por servomotores, así como en la estimulación de músculos que sufren de parálisis o de atrofia parcial. Mediante el avance tecnológico se ha logrado mejorar el diseño, así como la fabricación de sistemas protésicos, que funcionan como extensiones de algún miembro del cuerpo humano, agregando además con los nuevos diseños, características básicas como: flexibilidad, estética morfológica, incremento de la relación resistencia/peso así como multifuncionalidad. Una prótesis mioeléctrica es una estructura desarrollada con el fin de reemplazar una parte o la totalidad de un miembro del cuerpo humano, lo mismo que suplir las funciones perdidas de este, sin dejar de lado la imagen corporal del paciente. Estas prótesis son accionadas por actuadores que se controlan a través de señales EMG, las cuales se obtiene mediante agujas intramusculares superficiales o por medio de electrodos colocados en el muñón del paciente. Este tipo de prótesis es cada vez más aceptado por personas con amputación de mano, ya que proporciona un mejor desempeño y permite el incremento de funcionalidad para el paciente que la utiliza, debido a que su control es más sencillo.

Since 60’s electromiographical signals (EMG’s) are used like a control signals for prostheses acted by servomotors, as well as stimulation of muscles that are affected due to partial or total paralysis. By means of technological advance, it has been possible to improve the design as well as the production of prosthetic systems that work as extensions of some member of human body, adding with the new designs also basic characteristics as: flexibility, aesthetic morphology, and superior strength/weight relationship, as well as multi-functionality. Mioelectric prosthesis is a structure developed with the purpose of replacing a part or the entirety member of human body, same as to replace the lost functions of this, without leaving aside patient's corporal image. These prostheses are acted by actuators that are controlled through EMG signals, which are obtained by means of intramuscular or superficial needles, or by means of electrodes placed in patient's stump. This class of prostheses is more and more accepted by people with hand amputation since it provides a better acting, that which allows a superior functionality for patient that uses it, because its control is simpler.

Avaliação da qualidade de imagens de equipamentos de ultrassom modo B / Image quality evaluation of B-mode ultrasound equipment

Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia de um protocolo de controle de qualidade de imagens geradas por equipamentos de ultrassom operando no modo B, que fosse de fácil implementação e que utilizasse um único objeto de testes. O protocolo proposto foi avaliado em 25 equipamentos de ultrassom utilizados em medicina obstétrica, ginecologia e clínica médica, selecionados em várias clínicas e hospitais de Curitiba, Brasil. Somente modelos de equipamentos que suportavam os três tipos padrões de transdutores (convexo, linear e endocavitário) foram incluídos nos testes. No entanto, em alguns dos equipamentos, nem todos os transdutores estavam disponíveis, totalizando 72 transdutores avaliados durante os testes. Um objeto de testes de uso geral foi utilizado para avaliar os seguintes parâmetros: resoluções laterais e axiais, profundidade de visualização e exatidão das distâncias medidas, entre outras. O protocolo foi implementado em duas partes: uma envolvendo a inspeção física do equipamento/monitor e outra para avaliação dos transdutores. Entre os resultados obtidos, pode-se destacar a efetividade e simplicidade do protocolo proposto, o qual é completamente baseado em um único objeto de testes. Considerando as normas e relatórios técnicos utilizados, para aproximadamente 86% dos transdutores avaliados, falhas foram detectadas em um ou mais indicadores de qualidade de imagem. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com outros estudos realizados no Brasil, mostrando que um grande número de equipamentos utilizados diariamente em clínicas e hospitais apresenta um ou mais parâmetros fora dos limites estabelecidos em normas técnicas, tornando difícil o diagnóstico médico e, consequentemente, submetendo o paciente a riscos.

This study aims the development of a quality control protocol of images generated by B-mode ultrasound equipment, being of simple implementation and making use of a single phantom, as well as the evaluation of the proposed protocol effectiveness. The proposed protocol was evaluated on 25 ultrasound equipment used in obstetric medicine, gynaecology and medical clinic, selected from several clinics and hospitals of Curitiba, Brazil. Only systems with three standard transducers (convex, linear and endocavitary types) should be selected, however for some units not all of them were available, thus a total of 72 transducers were tested. A general purpose phantom was used to evaluate the following parameters: lateral and axial resolution, deepness of visualization and accuracy between distances, among others. The protocol was implemented in two parts: one involving the physical inspection of the equipment/monitor and another for the transducers evaluation. Among the results obtained, one is highlighted by the effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed protocol, which is completely based on a single phantom. Considering the utilized standards and technical reports, for approximately 86% of the evaluated transducers, some kind of failure or problem was detected in one or more image quality indicators. The results, inaccordance to those obtained by other authors in Brazil, showed that agreat number of equipment used daily in clinics and hospitals present one or more parameters out of the standards, making the medical diagnosis difficult and consequently submitting the patient to risks.

Tonometer calibration in Brasília, Brazil / Calibragem de tonômetros em Brasília, Brasil

PURPOSE: To determine calibration errors of Goldmann applanation tonometers in ophthalmic clinics of Brasília, Brazil, and correlate the findings with variables related to tonometers model and utilization. METHODS: Tonometers from ophthalmic clinics in Brasília, Brazil, were checked for calibration errors. A standard Goldmann applanation tonometer checking tool was used to asses the calibration error. Only one trained individual made all verifications, with a masked reading of the results. Data on the model, age, daily use, frequency of calibration checking and the nature of the ophthalmic department - private or public - were collected and correlated with the observed errors. RESULTS: One hundred tonometers were checked for calibration. Forty seven percent (47/100) were out of 1 mmHg range at least at one point checking. Tonometers mounted to slit lamp, with less than 5 years, used in less than 20 patients daily, that had a calibration check on a yearly basis, and those from private office exhibit a lower rate of inaccuracy, but only the first variable was statistically significant. Sixty one percent of tonometers on public hospitals were out of calibration. CONCLUSION: Calibration of tonometers in the capital of Brazil is poor; those from general hospitals are worst, and this fact can lead to inaccurate detection and assessment of glaucoma patients, overall in the population under government assistance.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar os erros de calibração dos tonômetros de aplanação de Goldmann em clínicas oftalmológicas de Brasília, Brasil, e correlacioná-los a variáveis relativas ao modelo e à utilização dos aparelhos. MÉTODOS: Tonômetros de clínicas oftalmológicas de Brasília tiveram a calibragem aferida usando um cilindro padrão fornecido pelo fabricante dos aparelhos. Todas as aferições foram realizadas por um só examinador previamente treinado e a leitura das medidas foi mascarada por um observador independente. As medidas foram correlacionadas ao modelo, idade, utilização diária e frequência de aferição da calibração dos tonômetros, bem como o serviço em que o aparelho era utilizado - público ou privado. RESULTADOS: Cem tonômetros foram avaliados. Quarenta e sete por cento (47/100) apresentaram erros de leitura maiores ou iguais a 1 mmHg em pelo menos um ponto de aferição, sendo considerados descalibrados. Tonômetros fixos à lâmpada de fenda, com menos de 5 anos de fabricação, usados em menos de 20 pacientes por dia, que tinham a calibragem aferida ao menos anualmente e que eram utilizados em clínicas privadas apresentaram menos descalibragem, porém apenas a primeira variável foi estatisticamente significante. Sessenta e um por cento dos tonômetros de hospitais públicos estavam descalibrados. CONCLUSÕES: A calibragem de tonômetros avaliados em Brasília é precária. A situação é pior nos aparelhos dos hospitais públicos, podendo levar a erros na detecção e no acompanhamento de pacientes com glaucoma atendidos nesses serviços.

Medindo o poder refrativo de lentes de contato gelatinosas personalizadas / Measuring the refractive power of customized soft contact lenses

OBJETIVO: Lentes de contato gelatinosas com curvas-base esféricas têm sido usadas há anos. O cálculo do poder refrativo de lentes deste tipo é fácil, bastando utilizarmos a equação do fabricante de lentes para lentes espessas. No entanto, para projetos de lentes de contato personalizadas, não há ainda métodos confiáveis para medida das aberrações ópticas de ordem mais alta. Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido no laboratório do Centro de Ciências da Visão (Center for Visual Science) da Universidade de Rochester, Nova York, com aparelho óptico que permite realizar medidas precisas de aberrações de ordem baixa e alta de lentes de contato gelatinosas personalizadas. Este é um passo essencial na verificação e obtenção de lentes de contato personalizadas de qualidade, e o instrumento desenvolvido na Universidade de Rochester permite verificar a qualidade de fabricação destas lentes. MÉTODOS: Um aparelho óptico de bancada foi montado em laboratório. Este aparelho consiste de uma célula úmida onde as lentes de contato são depositadas. Consiste também de uma série de lentes e espelhos e um sensor de frente-de-onda de Hartmann-Shack. As lentes de contato personalizadas utilizadas neste projeto foram fabricadas pela empresa Bausch & Lomb. Das dezenas de lentes de contato mensuradas no aparelho, restringimos aqui a apresentar os resultados de uma lente personalizada para ceratocone. RESULTADOS: O erro quadrático médio (EQM) do instrumento foi de 0,04 micrômetro, sendo que o EQM das aberrações induzidas na lente está entre 4 e 6 micrômetros, ou seja, a precisão do aparelho está em torno de 1 por cento. Este valor é mais do que suficiente para medidas precisas destes tipos de lentes de contato, algo até então inviável utilizando-se os sensores ou aparelhos convencionais de aberrometria. CONCLUSÃO: Com o instrumento desenvolvido neste trabalho foi possível realizar medidas precisas de aberrações de alta ordem. Esta tecnologia é importante para o desenvolvimento...

PURPOSE: Soft contact lenses with spherical base curves have been used for many years. The computation of the refractive powers of these lenses is easy, requiring only that one uses the lens maker equation for thick lenses. Nevertheless, for customized contact lenses, there is yet no reliable method for measuring the higher order optical aberrations. In this study we have developed in the Center for Visual Sciences of the University of Rochester an optical apparatus that allows for precise measurement of low and high order aberrations of customized soft contact lenses. METHODS: An optical apparatus was mounted on a conventional optical bench. This apparatus consists of a wet cell where the contact lenses are placed, a series of relay lenses, mirrors, beam splitters, and a Hartmann-Shack sensor. Bausch & Lomb manufactured the lenses used in this study. RESULTS: The root mean square error (RMSE) of the instrument was 0.04 microns. Given that the RMSE of the customized lens is between 4 and 6 microns, i.e., the precision of the instrument is approximately 1 percent. This precision is more than sufficient for the type of measurements necessary for manufacturing customized contact lenses. CONCLUSION: The instrument developed is extremely precise for measuring high order aberrations - up to the 10th order Zernike polynomials, that is, up to the 66th term. This technology is important for the development of new methods of optical corrections for patients that usually do not adapt to normal sphere-cylinder spectacles or that cannot undergo refractive surgery, such as those which have keratoconus, for example.

The influence of aging on the noise attenuation of ear-muffs.

Ear-muffs are commonly used as personal protectors against the effect of noise. The methods of calculation the A-weighted sound pressure level under the cups of ear-muffs are based on the results of laboratory measurements of noise attenuation, which are carried out in the certification process of the product on brand new samples. Hearing protectors are usually stored for certain periods of time. Next, workers use them in different ambient outdoor conditions as long as there are no signs of their physical damage. The question is. What is the influence of ambient outdoor conditions, usage and storage time of ear-muffs on their attenuation? To answer this question, a three-year study has been undertaken. Four types of ear-muffs, most popular in the Polish work environment, made in Europe, meeting the certification requirements and granted a certification mark, were used in this study. Sixty samples of ear-muffs were worn by workers at noisy workplaces, 40 samples were stored and another 40 were exposed to ambient outdoor conditions. The workers were asked to evaluate subjectively the noise attenuation of the ear-muffs. After one, two and three years time of usage and storage, the sound attenuation of ear-muffs was measured. After the two years the headband force and the cushion pressure of tested samples were measured. The results of sound attenuation measurements were used to calculate the attenuation against high- (H), medium- (M) and low- (L) frequency noise and single number rating (SNR) of the tested earmuffs. The results of the study showed that the attenuation of ear-muffs can be significantly reduced as a function of usage, storage, and exposure to ambient outdoor conditions. The observed decrease of the ear-muffs attenuation corresponded to decrease of the cushion contact area but did not correspond to the subjective workers' assessment.

Effects of coldness on the protective performance of earmuffs.

The type test of hearing protectors (HPD) for certification purposes will be conducted in laboratory at room temperature. Optionally, the mechanical durability of HPDs will be tested in cold environment by a drop test. The purpose of this study was to find out the relevance of the drop test, the change of performance in HPD protection, and finally to estimate the possible change of protection efficiency against noise in cold environment. In total, 22 HPDs were selected to the measurements: 18 earmuffs, and 4 earmuffs attached to an industrial helmet. Attenuation of each earmuff cup was measured by applying insertion loss method for the test subjects in cold. The change of attenuation and temperature of cushion ring was followed up to nine minutes using 30-second intervals for sampling. Three HPDs were damaged in the test. The replaceable cushion was broken in two earmuffs and in one helmet-mounted HPD. The replaceable parts were replaced, and the HPD with attachment failure was removed from insertion loss measurement. In nine HPDs the relative change was less than 3 dB, and was at worst 10 dB. This change was typically at low frequencies, 125 Hz at the beginning when cooled HPDs were placed. In various HPDs the time to get the attenuation levelled varied from 1.5 minutes to 8 minutes. The recovery was dependent on the temperature of the cushion ring. In all cases the temperature of the full attenuation was achieved when the cushion ring reached 7 degrees C. This temporary decrease in attenuation will have a minor effect to the protection efficiency, when the HPD is used full time during the whole exposure duration. A typical group of forest workers will have their exposure interrupted. The chain saws have to refuel, and the chain needs to be sharpened about every 40 minutes. During 6 hour daily operational time there will be about 9-10 minute break, long enough to cool the cushion ring back to below zero at -10 degrees C, if the helmet mounted earmuffs are placed in stand-by position. In the worst case this will cause 1.6 dB increase in daily exposure level to noise.

Plate-screw-wiring technique for the treatment of periprosthetic fracture around the hip: a biomechanical study.

Biomechanic properties, bending stiffness and torsional strength, were determined in three different fixation techniques including lateral plating, lateral plating with cerclage wires, and 90 degrees-90 degrees anterior and lateral plating employed in treatment of the femoral shaft fracture with the presence of a femoral prosthesis. Five pairs of human femora with a man made cemented periprosthetic Johansson et al fracture classification type II were used in the experiments. The study showed that 90 degrees-90 degrees anterior and lateral plating produced the best increment in both biomechanic properties. In clinical practice, most of the soft tissue around femoral bone had to be dissected to do this technique, which would affect bone healing. Further study regarding the other properties, benefits, and disadvantages of these three techniques should be conducted before selecting the best method for treatment of the patients.