Eritema indurado de Bazin como una reactivación de una tuberculosis latente en una paciente con tratamiento biológico anti-factor de necrosis tumoral / Erythema induratum of Bazin as a reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in a patient receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment

Resumen El eritema indurado de Bazin es una tuberculosis cutánea rara, considerada una tuberculide o reacción de hipersensibilidad a Mycobacterium tuberculosis. El tratamiento con agentes biológicos es un factor de riesgo conocido para la reactivación de tuberculosis, especialmente en áreas de alta incidencia como Latinoamérica, por lo que existen protocolos de búsqueda y tratamiento antes del inicio de este tipo de terapias. Se presenta un caso clínico de eritema indurado de Bazin como reactivación de una infección tuberculosa latente en una paciente con artritis reumatoide que recibía tratamiento con golimumab.

Abstract Erythema induratum of Bazin is a rare form of cutaneous tuberculosis, considered as part of the spectrum of tuberculids or hipersensitivity reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Treatment with biologic agents is a known risk factor for tuberculosis reactivation, especially in areas of high incidence like Latin America, which is why screening and treatment protocols must be followed before these therapies are initiated. We present a case of erythema induratum of Bazin as a reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with golimumab.

Nodular vasculitis associated with lung adenocarcinoma

Abstract: Nodular vasculitis is an uncommon type of panniculitis. It was firstly associated to the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and named erythema induratum of Bazin, however nowadays it has been associated with several other underlying disorders and it is better described as nodular vasculitis. Concerning its relationship with malignant conditions, there is only one reported case, in association with metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. We report a case of nodular vasculitis as the first manifestation of lung adenocarcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported association of both diseases.

Relato da ocorrência simultânea de escrofuloderma, eritema indurado de Bazin e tuberculide pápulo-necrótica em paciente imunocompetente / Report of simultaneous occurrence of scrofuloderma, Bazin's indurated erythema and papulonecrotic tuberculid on an immunocompetent patient

Modelo do estudo: relato de caso Importância do problema: A tuberculose é um grave problema de saúde no nosso país, no entanto poucos profissionais sabem identificar as formas extrapulmonares da doença, que são responsáveis por 23,3% dos óbitos por tuberculose no Brasil. Das formas extra-pulmonares, apenas 1-2% representam formas cutâneas. É importante que o médico generalista conheça as formas cutâneas de tuberculose, uma vez que pode ser a única manifestação da doença. O seu diagnóstico é um desafio, pois os exames tradicionais têm menor sensibilidade e especificidade para a apresentação cutânea em relação à forma pulmonar. No entanto, novos exames vêm sendo implantados como o GeneXpert. Comentários: Relatamos um caso raro de tuberculose cutânea em paciente imunocompetente, com a manifestação de três formas clínicas simultaneamente ­ escrofuloderma, tubercúlide papulonecrótica e eritema indurado de Bazin. A ocorrência de duas formas simultâneas é descrita na literatura mas a ocorrência de três formas simultâneas é inédita. Essa manifestação atípica foi de difícil diagnóstico clínico por simular outras doenças e os exames tradicionais como o RX de tórax, baciloscopia e cultura não evidenciaram o diagnóstico. A identificação do Mycobacterium tuberculosis só foi possível por meio da pesquisa de PCR com o GeneXpert, que mostrou positividade no escarro pulmonar e no exsudato do escrofuloderma, possibilitando iniciar o tratamento precocemente. Este novo exame de alta sensibilidade e especificidade no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar mostrou-se de grande utilidade no diagnóstico deste caso atípico de tuberculose cutânea onde os exames tradicionais não definiram o diagnóstico. (AU)

Study: Case Report Importance: Tuberculosis is a serious health problem in Brazil. Nevertheless, only few physicians know how to identify the non-pulmonary cases of this disease, which can represent up to 23,3% of deaths caused by tuberculosis in Brazil. Among the non-pulmonary cases, only 1-2% affect the skin. It is important for the general physician to understand the cutaneous presentations of tuberculosis, once it can be the only symptom that the patient presents. Diagnosing cutaneous tuberculosis is a challenge, because traditional laboratory tests have smaller sensitivity and specificity for the cutaneous form in contrast to pulmonary tuberculosis. However, implementation of new exams such as GeneXpert may come in hand. Comments: We report a rare case of cutaneous tuberculosis on an immunocompetent patient, with three different simultaneous presentations - scrofuloderma, papulonecrotic tuberculids and Bazin's indurated erythema. Occurrence of two simultaneous presentations has been reported, however, three simultaneous forms have not. Diagnosing this atypical manifestation was very hard because the clinical presentation often mimics other dermatological conditions, and traditional laboratory testing such as chest X-ray, bacilloscopy and culture did not evidence infection. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was only possible due to positive PCR testing through GeneXpert on pulmonary and scrofuloderma fluids, allowing rapid treatment initiation. This new high sensitivity and specificity exam proved to be of great value when diagnosing this atypical cutaneous tuberculosis case, in which diagnose was not possible through traditional laboratory testing. (AU)

Evolução clínica e terapêutica dos pacientes com tuberculose cutânea atendidos no Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz ­ RJ, entre 2000 e 2016 / Clinical and therapeutic evolution of cutaneous tuberculosis patients treated at the Evandro Chagas National Infectious Disease Institute, Fiocruz - RJ, between 2000 and 2016

Introdução: A tuberculose cutânea (TBC) é uma forma extrapulmonar rara, representando 1-2% dos casos de tuberculose (TB). Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos clínicos, terapêuticos e evolutivos da TBC em pacientes atendidos em um centro de referência no Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal descritivo de pacientes com TBC da coorte de pacientes do Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses a partir de dados secundários obtidos nos prontuários eletrônicos, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2016. Foram incluídos pacientes com formas clínicas compatíveis com TBC, idade igual ou maior a 16 anos e: a) diagnóstico estabelecido por cultura positiva, de aspirado de abscesso e/ou de biópsia de lesão cutânea ou de foco contíguo à pele ou; b) resposta terapêutica associada a baciloscopia positiva em exame microscópico direto ou a exame histopatológico compatível com TBC dos mesmos espécimes. Resultados: Foram incluídos 75 (4,5%) pacientes do total de 1.643 casos da coorte de TB no período, com idade mediana de 42 anos, predomínio de mulheres (58,7%) e brancos (58,7%). Condições imunossupressoras estiveram presentes, como infecção por HIV (20%), alcoolismo (6,7%), desnutrição (2,7%) e corticoterapia sistêmica (1,3%). No diagnóstico de TBC, a cultura foi positiva em 42,7% dos casos e, nos demais, o critério foi baseado nos achados histopatológicos (49,3%), no esfregaço corado positivo para bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (5,3%) ou ambos (2,7%)

A duração mediana dos sintomas até o início do tratamento foi de oito meses. Escrofuloderma (50,7%) foi a forma clínica mais encontrada, seguida de eritema indurado de Bazin (18,7%), TB gomosa (13,3%), lúpus vulgar (8%), TB verrucosa (4%), TB orificial (2,7%) e associação de formas de TBC (2,7%). Outros locais de acometimento foram identificados como pulmonar (22,7%), mamário (6,6%) e sistema osteoarticular (4%). Na análise histopatológica de 39 casos não relacionados à hipersensibilidade (52%), foi encontrado infiltrado granulomatoso (92,3%) e necrose (38,5%) e, nos 14 casos de eritema indurado de Bazin (18,7%), infiltrado granulomatoso (71,4%), necrose (64,3%), paniculite (57,1%) e vasculite (14,3%). Reações adversas ao tratamento ocorreram em 70,7% dos casos, entretanto, apenas 2 (2,6%) necessitaram de mudança no tratamento antituberculose. Todos os pacientes que concluíram o tratamento (97,3%) evoluíram para cura das lesões. A recorrência ocorreu em 50% dos casos de eritema indurado de Bazin. Conclusão: A TBC é um evento raro dentro das TB extrapulmonares e acometeu predominantemente pacientes de gênero feminino e cor branca. Uma vez que é difícil o isolamento de M. tuberculosis na TBC, a histopatologia torna-se uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica. O tratamento no geral foi bem tolerado e, mesmo os casos com reações adversas maiores, evoluíram com cura. Recidivas ocorreram com frequência nos casos de eritema indurado de Bazin. (AU)

A Case of Drastically Aggravated Erythema Induratum due to Co-existing Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease / 대한피부과학회지

A 72-year-old woman presented with recurrent painful erythematous nodules and ulcers on both legs. Latent tuberculosis was proven by a positive interferon-gamma release assay, and a histopathology examination revealed septolobular panniculitis with vasculitis. The initial diagnosis was erythema induratum associated with tuberculosis, but the leg ulcers became worse despite anti-tuberculosis medication and wound dressing. Computed tomography angiography showed occlusion of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries bilaterally, supporting that the vascular event contributes to the ulcers according to the vascular territories. Under the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease, she was treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and antiplatelet medication. The skin ulcers were resolved. Elderly patients with erythema induratum have a risk of coincidental peripheral arterial occlusive disease, therefore dermatologists should be aware of the possibility of underlying vascular disease, so even minor trauma like skin biopsy can evoke serious condition shown in this patient. Here, we report a case of drastically aggravated erythema induratum due to co-existing peripheral arterial occlusive disease, which resolved with vascular intervention after not responding to antituberculosis medication.

Membranous lipodystrophy: case report and review of the literature

Membranous lipodystrophy is a distinct type of membranocystic fat necrosis. It is associated with many local and systemic diseases, including vascular disorders. The histopathological changes which characterize this phenomenon are variably sized cysts in the fat lobules of the subcutaneous tissue, which are surrounded by eosinophilic membranes projecting into the cystic space. We report a case of secondary membranous lipodystrophy associated with both hypertension and venous insufficiency.

Tuberculosis cutánea: revisión del tema a propósito de dos casos / Cutaneous tuberculosis: two cases and literature review

La Tuberculosis Cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pese a ser una forma poco frecuente de presentación de la Tuberculosis, representa un gran desafío para los clínicos que se enfrentan a estos casos, debido principalmente a la gran diversidad de formas clínicas existentes. A continuación presentamos 2 casos clínicos de Tuberculosis Cutánea diagnosticados en el Hospital Regional de Talca y una revisión del tema basada en la clasificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite being a rare presentation of the disease, Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a major challenge for clinicians who face these cases, mainly due to the great diversity of clinical forms. We present 2 cases of Cutaneous Tuberculosis diagnosed in Hospital Regional de Talca and a review of the topic based in classification, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Eritema indurado de Bazin: uma manifestação de tuberculose cutânea / Erythema induratum of Bazin: a manifestation of cutaneous tuberculosis

O eritema indurado de Bazin caracteriza-se por nódulos nas extremidades inferiores, as quais podem apresentar úlceras e cicatrizes atrófi cas. Esse tipo de paniculite apresenta associação bem estabelecida com tuberculose, mas casos idiopáticos ou induzidos por outros agentes infecciosos podem ocorrer. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi relatar o caso de um paciente de 15 anos com derivado proteico purifi cado da cultura de Mycobacterium tuberculosis fortemente reator e apresentação clínica e histopatológica típica dessa forma de tuberculose cutânea.

The erythema induratum of Bazin is characterized by nodules in the lower extremities, which may have ulcers and atrophic scars. This type of panniculitis presents well-established association with tuberculosis, but idiopathic cases or induced by other infectious agents may happen. In this study, our aim was to report the case of 15-year-old patient with highly reactive purifi ed protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture and typical clinical and histopathological presentation of this form of cutaneous tuberculosis.

A study of the clinico-histopathological features of erythematous tender nodules predominantly involving the extremities.

Background: Erythematous tender nodules predominantly involving extremities are frequently encountered in dermatology and rheumatology practice. They are diagnosed based on distinct clinical and histopathological features. However, in clinical situations, considerable overlap is observed that poses a diagnostic challenge. We undertook a study on clinico-histological patterns of inflammatory nodules over extremities. Methods: After detailed history and examination, a preliminary clinical diagnosis was made in 43 cases, followed by skin biopsy from representative nodules. Histological diagnosis made was correlated with clinical features. Results: Of 43 cases, a single clinical diagnosis was made in 25 (58.5%) cases while in the remaining cases more than one diagnosis was considered. On correlating with the histopathological diagnosis, concordance was observed in 51% cases while the remaining showed either histological discordance with clinical diagnosis (14% cases) or were kept in the undecided category (35% cases). Conclusion: Considerable clinico-histological overlap was observed in inflammatory nodules over extremities. Histopathology alone was not helpful in differentiating one entity from another at all times since variable histo-pathological patterns were seen.

Vasculitis nodular vs eritema indurado de bazin, a propósito de un caso / Nodular vasculitis vs Bazin's indurated erythema, in relation to a case

La vasculitis nodular es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 11años, procedente del área urbana del cantón Pasaje, con dermatosis persistente localizada en región posterior de pierna derecha; ha recibido múltiples tratamientos sin diagnostico especifico y sin presentar mejoría. La radiografía de tórax fue normal y la prueba de tuberculina negativa. La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas; se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, encontrando lóbulos adiposos con necrosis extensa rodeada por granulomas; el análisis de PAS no evidencia la presencia de hongos y el de Ziehl no encuentra Bacilos ácido alcohol resistentes. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado de Bazín y la de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de tuberculosis activa.

Nodular vasculitis is infrequent in children. We present the case of an 11-year-old girl from the urban area of the canton Pasaje, who presented resistant dermatosis on the posterior right leg, receiving multiple treatments without a specific diagnosis with no health improvement. The chest X-ray was normal and tuberculin test negative. The patient did not have other symptoms; a sample was obtained for a biopsy, finding adipose lobules with extensive necrosis surrounded by granulomas. PAS analyzes: there was no evidence of fungi and Ziehl; acid alcohol resistant bacilli were not found. This case highlights the importance of suspecting erythema Induratum Bazin and an extensive research about the existence of active tuberculosis is suggested.

A Case of Atypical Cutaneous Tuberculid in an Immunocompromised Patient / 대한피부과학회지

Cutaneous tuberculids are relatively rare hypersensitivity reactions to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by erythematous eruption on the skin of a tuberculosis patient. Papulonecrotic tuberculid, lichen scrofulosorum, erythema induratum and nodular tuberculid were originally included in tuberculids. However, some cases are difficult to classify into the subtypes because of their broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations and various histopathologies. This is particularly true in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of atypical cutaneous tuberculid in an immunocompromised patient in whom mycobacterical DNA was not demonstrated by PCR. However, the diagnosis of latent tuberculous infection was supported by IFN-gamma assay (QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test) and tuberculous lymphadenitis was diagnosed. The skin lesions responded dramatically to anti-tuberculous therapy, and there has been no evidence of recurrence.

Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

El eritema indurado de Bazin es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años procedente de China remitida para estudio por sospecha de eritema nudoso de larga evolución y prueba de tuberculina positiva (20 mm). La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas. En la exploración física se observaban nódulos violáceos, localizados en ambas regiones pretibiales, pero también en ambas pantorrillas. La radiografía de tórax fue normal. Se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, que mostró una paniculitis de predominio lobulillar con presencia de granulomas. La detección de micobacterias mediante cultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la muestra fue negativa. Se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una de tres muestras de jugo gástrico. Se trató con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol con curación de las lesiones. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado en las formas atípicas de eritema nudoso y de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de una tuberculosis activa en estos casos.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.

Erythema induratum of Bazin associated with Addison's disease: first description / Eritema indurado de Bazin associado à doença de Addison: primeira descrição

CONTEXT: Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) is considered to be a tuberculid reaction and consists of recurrent painful nodules. The differential diagnosis includes diseases like nodular vasculitis, perniosis, polyarteritis nodosa and erythema nodosum. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a woman with EIB who developed Addison's disease during treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs with good response to glucocorticoid replacement. The diagnosis was obtained through the clinical picture, positive tuberculin test and positive BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) test on the histological sample. Anti-tuberculosis drugs and glucocorticoid replacement led to disappearance of the signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first description of an association between EIB and Addison's disease. It should be borne in mind that tuberculosis is an important etiological factor for Addison's disease.

CONTEXTO: O eritema indurado de Bazin (EIB) é considerado uma reação tuberculoide e consiste de nódulos dolorosos recorrentes. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui doenças como vasculite nodular, perniose, poliarterite nodosa e eritema nodoso. RELATO DE CASO: Nós reportamos o caso de uma mulher com EIB que desenvolveu doença de Addison durante tratamento com drogas tuberculostáticas e com boa resposta com reposição de glicocorticoide. O diagnóstico foi realizado pela apresentação clínica, teste tuberculínico positivo e positividade para BCG (bacilo Calmette-Guérin) no espécime histológico. A reposição de glicocorticoides e drogas tuberculostáticas levou ao desaparecimento dos sinais e sintomas. CONCLUSÕES: Este é o primeiro caso reportando a associação entre EIB e doença de Addison. Tuberculose é um importante agente etiológico da doença de Addison.

Paraneoplastic Panniculitis in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia / 대한피부과학회지

Panniculitis generally indicates a group of diseases whose hallmark is fibrous thickening and chronic inflammation of subcutaneous fat. Various factors seem to induce a similar pathological histology, and morphological differences can be found among the patients diagnosed with the same disease. Paraneoplastic causes account for 3~10% of the cases of panniculitis. The commonest causes of cancer associated panniculitis are hematological malignancies and mostly lymphomas. In this case, we confirmed acute myeloid leukemia by a blood test and bone marrow examination, and with considering the clinical aspects and pathological findings of the skin lesion, and we finally diagnosed the patient as having panniculitis, which seems to be related with acute myeloid leukemia. The obvious clinical symptoms or pathophysiological features of this rare type of panniculitis are not yet fully known, and so making the differential diagnosis is needed to distinguish this malady from erythema nodosum, erythema induratum and various connective tissue disorders with accompanying erythematous subcutaneous nodules. We diagnosed this very rare and interesting case of paraneoplastic panniculitis that seemed to be generated from acute myeloid leukemia. We report here on this case and we review the relevant literature.

Erythema Induratum of Bazin / 대한피부과학회지

Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) belongs to a group of diseases characterized by inflammatory nodules of the leg which primarily involve the lower legs. EIB is considered to be a reactive disorder related to several etiologic factors. In Korea, most dermatologists accept the tuberculosis as one of the most common etiology of EIB. As the number of EIB cases is decreasing in Korea in accordance with the decreased incidence of tuberculosis, EIB can be easily mistaken for any of the disease that produces chronic nodular eruptions on the legs. In Korea, important factors to make a correct diagnosis of EI include clinicopathologic observations coupled with the identification of hypersensitivity to tuberculous antigen and successful treatment of anti-tuberculous medication.

Application of the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold Test in Two Cases of Erythema Induratum of Bazin / 대한피부과학회지

Erythema induratum of Bazin is a chronic, nodular subcutaneous eruption usually occurring on the lower legs of young women. Erythema induratum of Bazin hasbeen regarded as a tuberculide, a hypersensitivity response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pathogenesis of erythema induratum of Bazin associated with tuberculosis is still debatable because mycobacteria cannot be cultured from the skin lesions. QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test detects INF-gamma released by T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens, which offers an improved diagnostic test of latent tuberculosis infection. We experienced two cases of erythema induratum of Bazin, which showed normal chest X-ray and negative TB-PCR. However the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test was positive which led us to a diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Both patients were treated with anti-tuberculosis medications, which was followed by successful resolution of the skin lesions. Therefore, we report the application of the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test for the confirmation of latent tuberculosis infection in erythema induratum of Bazin patients.

Application of the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold Test in Two Cases of Erythema Induratum of Bazin / 대한피부과학회지

Erythema induratum of Bazin is a chronic, nodular subcutaneous eruption usually occurring on the lower legs of young women. Erythema induratum of Bazin hasbeen regarded as a tuberculide, a hypersensitivity response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pathogenesis of erythema induratum of Bazin associated with tuberculosis is still debatable because mycobacteria cannot be cultured from the skin lesions. QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test detects INF-gamma released by T cells in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens, which offers an improved diagnostic test of latent tuberculosis infection. We experienced two cases of erythema induratum of Bazin, which showed normal chest X-ray and negative TB-PCR. However the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test was positive which led us to a diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. Both patients were treated with anti-tuberculosis medications, which was followed by successful resolution of the skin lesions. Therefore, we report the application of the QuantiFERON(R)-TB Gold test for the confirmation of latent tuberculosis infection in erythema induratum of Bazin patients.