Cost effectiveness of the cancer prevention program for carriers of the BRCA1/2 mutation

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost effectiveness of the diagnostic program for the germline mutation in BRCA1/2 genes and of preventative strategies for the relatives of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer associated with this mutation. METHODS: The study analyzed the cost effectiveness by developing an analysis of the Markov decision process from the perspective of the National Health System. The strategies compared reflect upon the adoption of genetic testing and preventative strategies for relatives or the usual care currently proposed. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed in terms of cost per case avoided. The sensitivity analysis was performed in a univariate and deterministic manner. RESULTS: The study showed increments for effectiveness and for costs when performing genetic testing and adopting prophylactic measures for family members. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated at R$908.58 per case of cancer avoided, a figure considered lower than the study's cost-effectiveness threshold (R$7,543.50). CONCLUSIONS: The program analyzed should be considered a cost-effective strategy for the national situation. Studies in various other countries have reached similar conclusions. One possible ramification of this research might the need to perform a budgetary-impact analysis of making the program one of the country's health policies.

Narrowing the gap of personalized medicine in emerging countries: the case of multiple endocrine neoplasias in Brazil

The finished version of the human genome sequence was completed in 2003, and this event initiated a revolution in medical practice, which is usually referred to as the age of genomic or personalized medicine. Genomic medicine aims to be predictive, personalized, preventive, and also participative (4Ps). It offers a new approach to several pathological conditions, although its impact so far has been more evident in mendelian diseases. This article briefly reviews the potential advantages of this approach, and also some issues that may arise in the attempt to apply the accumulated knowledge from genomic medicine to clinical practice in emerging countries. The advantages of applying genomic medicine into clinical practice are obvious, enabling prediction, prevention, and early diagnosis and treatment of several genetic disorders. However, there are also some issues, such as those related to: (a) the need for approval of a law equivalent to the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, which was approved in 2008 in the USA; (b) the need for private and public funding for genetics and genomics; (c) the need for development of innovative healthcare systems that may substantially cut costs (e.g. costs of periodic medical followup); (d) the need for new graduate and postgraduate curricula in which genomic medicine is emphasized; and (e) the need to adequately inform the population and possible consumers of genetic testing, with reference to the basic aspects of genomic medicine.

Potential economic impact of the 21-gene expression assay on the treatment of breast cancer in brazil / Potencial impacto econômico do painel de expressão de 21 genes no tratamento adjuvante do câncer de mama no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The 21-gene expression assay may support the decision regarding use of chemotherapy in early breast cancer. We sought to investigate the potential impact of incorporating the 21-gene expression assay into private practice in Brazil, from the perspective of third party payers. METHODS: We conducted a web-based survey with 30 (of a total of approximately 700) Brazilian medical oncologists, who were stratified by State according to the proportion of patients with breast cancer and private health insurance. We evaluated the possible treatment of first choice for patients with lymph-node-negative, estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. Interviewees were not aware of the objective of the study. Responses permitted a quantitative assessment of the care patterns regarding use of different chemotherapy regimens, type of premedication, use of growth factors, and use of intravenous antibiotics for febrile neutropenia. We calculated medication costs using the manufacturer's recommended prices. Other direct medical expenses, indirect medical costs, and non-medical costs were not included. RESULTS: Considering a hypothetical cohort of 100 patients without access to the 21-gene expression assay, the survey showed that 84 patients would receive chemotherapy. Reclassifying patient eligibility for chemotherapy according to the 21-gene expression assay would lower this number to 49. For a hypothetical cohort of 100 patients with access to the test, US$ 79,361.43 would be saved in main direct medical costs. Such results, however, would greatly vary according to tumor size: the 21-gene expression assay could increase direct medical costs in T1 tumors, and decrease costs in cases with T >2 cm. CONCLUSION: Considering the current price for the 21-gene expression assay in Brazil, our economic analysis suggests that such testing is an overall cost-saving, from the perspective of third party payers. Further, optimal ...

OBJETIVO: O índice de recorrência (IR), também conhecido como painel de 21 genes, pode apoiar decisões com relação ao uso de quimioterapia (QT) no câncer de mama precoce. Procuramos investigar o impacto potencial da incorporação do IR na prática privada no Brasil, a partir da perspectiva das fontes pagadoras. MÉTODOS: Conduzimos uma pesquisa com 30 oncologistas brasileiros (de um total de aproximadamente 700), que foram estratificados por Estado de acordo com a proporção de pacientes com câncer de mama e com cobertura pelo sistema de saúde suplementar. Avaliamos o tratamento de primeira escolha para pacientes com câncer de mama com axila negativa e expressão positiva do receptor de estrógeno, independente do estado menopausal. Os entrevistados não estavam cientes do objetivo do estudo. As respostas permitiram uma avaliação quantitativa dos padrões de cuidado, considerando o uso de diferentes regimes de QT, o tipo de pré-medicações, o uso de fatores de crescimento e o tratamento hospitalar da neutropenia febril. Calculamos o custo dos medicamentos usando o Brasíndice, e o custo do IR foi fixado em R$ 3.900,00 (MammaGene®). Outras despesas médicas diretas, custos médicos indiretos e custos não-médicos não foram considerados. RESULTADOS: Numa corte hipotética de 100 pacientes sem acesso ao teste de IR, 84 iriam receber quimioterapia. Reclassificando a elegibilidade das pacientes para QT de acordo com o IR, esse número cairia para 49. Para uma coorte hipotética de 100 pacientes com acesso ao IR, seriam economizados R$ 134.915,00 em despesas médicas diretas. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando o preço atual para avaliação do IR no Brasil, nossa análise econômica sugere que este teste economizaria custos, pela perspectiva das fontes pagadoras do setor privado. Além disso, o uso otimizado de recursos poderia requerer o emprego do painel de 21 genes de forma racional.