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1.
Femina ; 43(5): 197-202, set.-out. 2015. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-771214

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar na literatura dados referentes à etiologia da ginecomastia, seu diagnóstico e aspectos radiológicos. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica sistematizada para a produção de um artigo de revisão, de modo a responder ao objetivo proposto. A ginecomastia pode ser dividida em fisiológica (neonatal, puberal e senil) e patológica (resultante da diminuição da ação da testosterona, ou do aumento da ação estrogênica, por mecanismo de indução por drogas, idiopática ou secundária a outras causas). O diagnóstico deve ser realizado através do exame físico, investigação endócrina e exames radiológicos, como a mamografia e a ultrassonografia. O tratamento está baseado na orientação, medicamentos e, em último caso, cirúrgico.(AU)


The objective of this study was to observe data in the literature regarding the etiology, diagnosis and radiological aspects of gynecomastia. The methodology included a systematic literature search to produce a review article in order to meet the objective. Gynecomastia can be divided into physiologic (neonatal, pubertal and senile) and pathological (due to decreased action of testosterone, increased estrogen action, drug?induced, idiopathic or due to other causes). The diagnosis could be made by physical examination, endocrine and radiological investigation, as mammography and ultrasound. The treatment is based on the guidance, medication and, ultimately, surgery.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Gynecomastia/diagnosis , Gynecomastia/etiology , Gynecomastia/physiopathology , Gynecomastia/diagnostic imaging , Tamoxifen/therapeutic use , Databases, Bibliographic , Gynecomastia/drug therapy
2.
São Paulo med. j ; 130(3): 187-197, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-640911

ABSTRACT

Gynecomastia (GM) is characterized by enlargement of the male breast, caused by glandular proliferation and fat deposition. GM is common and occurs in adolescents, adults and in old age. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation and therapy of GM. A hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens is the key hallmark of GM generation. The etiology of GM is attributable to physiological factors, endocrine tumors or dysfunctions, non-endocrine diseases, drug use or idiopathic causes. Clinical evaluation must address diagnostic confirmation, search for an etiological factor and classify GM into severity grades to guide the treatment. A proposal for tailored therapy is presented. Weight loss, reassurance, pharmacotherapy with tamoxifen and surgical correction are the therapeutic options. For long-standing GM, the best results are generally achieved through surgery, combining liposuction and mammary adenectomy.


A ginecomastia (GM) é caracterizada pelo aumento do volume mamário em homens, provocada por proliferação glandular e depósito de gordura. É comum e pode ocorrer em adolescentes, adultos e idosos. O objetivo desta revisão é discutir a fisiopatologia, etiologia, avaliação clínica e terapia da GM. Um desequilíbrio entre estrogênios e androgênios é reconhecido como a condição fundamental para a determinação do quadro, podendo ser atribuído a fatores fisiológicos, tumores ou distúrbios endócrinos, doenças não-endócrinas, uso de drogas ou ser de causa idiopática. A avaliação clínica deve enfocar a confirmação diagnóstica, a procura de uma causa específica e a classificação em graus de gravidade para orientar o tratamento. Um roteiro de conduta individualizada é apresentado, variando entre perda de peso e explicações verbais, tratamento com tamoxifeno e correção cirúrgica. Para casos de GM persistente, os melhores resultados são obtidos em geral mediante abordagem cirúrgica, combinando lipoaspiração e adenectomia mamária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Gynecomastia , Endocrine System Diseases/physiopathology , Gynecomastia/etiology , Gynecomastia/physiopathology , Gynecomastia/therapy , Severity of Illness Index
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 135(2): 189-197, feb. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-445058

ABSTRACT

Background : Gynecomastia can be physiological or pathological. A limited study of gynecomastia is recommended during puberty and in the elderly, ages in which gynecomastia is usually considered physiological. Other authors suggest that this condition should be studied when it is painful, rapidly growing, of recent onset, when its diameter is more than 4 cm and when is associated to testicular masses. Aim: To investigate the causes of gynecomastia and to evaluate the above mentioned criteria to exclude pathological conditions. Material and methods: Prospective study of 117 patients aged 10 to 83 years, consulting for gynecomastia. All were subjected to a standardized study including a clinical examination and measurement of plasma estradiol and testosterone levels. Results: Forty one percent of gynecomastias were considered pathological and the rest, physiological. Among pathological conditions, 18 patients had an endocrine etiology (hypogonadism in ten patients, estrogen secreting tumors in three, hyperestrogenism of unknown etiology in four and peripheral resistance to androgens in one), in 17 it was secondary to medications and in 13 it was secondary to other causes (idiopathic, pesticide exposure, alcoholism, diabetes or re feeding). In 79 percent of 86 patients of less than 20 years, the condition was physiological and in four of five elderly subjects, it was pathological. Thirty nine percent of pathological gynecomastias lacked the signs and symptoms that according to authors, should prompt a thorough study. Conclusions: All patients with gynecomastia should be studied with a complete medical history and the measurement of estradiol and testosterone levels. The criteria proposed to conduct minimal studies in gynecomastia, would miss a large volume of pathological conditions.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Gynecomastia/etiology , Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects , Estradiol/adverse effects , Estradiol/blood , Estrogens/adverse effects , Estrogens/blood , Gynecomastia/blood , Gynecomastia/physiopathology , Hypogonadism/complications , Prospective Studies , Testosterone/blood
4.
Rev. méd. Inst. Peru. Segur. Soc ; 4(2): 57-64, abr.-jun. 1995. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-163624

ABSTRACT

Se revisa la fisiología de la maduración sexual, desde la vida intrauterina hasta la pubertad, con énfasis en los eventos que ocurren durante la pubertad tanto en la mujer como en el varón. Luego se describen las alteraciones que ocurren en el desarrollo de la pubertad: pubertad precoz y pubertad tardía , sus causas, metodología diagnóstica y posibilidades tarapéuticas. Y, en la tercera parte del artículo se comentan las variaciones normales de la pubertad: adrenarquia prematura, telarquia prematura, menarquia prematura y ginecomastia puberal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Puberty/physiology , Puberty, Precocious/classification , Puberty, Precocious/diagnosis , Puberty, Precocious/therapy , Gynecomastia/diagnosis , Gynecomastia/physiopathology , Gynecomastia/therapy , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Puberty, Delayed/classification , Puberty, Delayed/diagnosis , Puberty, Delayed/therapy
5.
In. Pabst Feller, Yvonne. Patología mamaria benigna. Santiago de Chile, Fundación de Investigación y Perfeccionamiento Médico, 1994. p.77-87, ilus.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-140438

ABSTRACT

Se define la ginecomastia como el desarrollo de la glándula mamaria en el hombre. Su frecuencia alcanza aproximadamente al 1 por ciento de las consultas en nuestro policlínico especializado. La alteración entre la relación andrógenos-estrógenos ya sea por disminución de los primeros o aumento de los segundos explicaría esta anormalidad. Histológicamente hay una proliferación del sistema ductal, sin formación de lobulillos y un crecimiento del estroma. Se describen algunas ginecomastias consideradas fisiológicas: la del recién nacido, la puberal y la del senescente y otras patologías: como las por administración de medicamentos, algunos llevan a una mayor actividad estrógenica y otros inhiben la síntesis o la acción de la testosterona; asociadas a enfermedades no gonadales, enfermedades hepáticas, fallas renales, desnutrición, endocrinopatías, cáncer pulmonar y otros; de origen gonadal, hermafroditismo verdadero, anorquia congénita, tumores testiculares o daño testicular e hipogonadismo, asociadas a traumatismos torácicos y finalmente, un grupo de etiología desconocida o idiopáticas que constituyen más del 50 por ciento de las ginecomastias del adulto. El tratamiento es habitualmente quirúrgico al que llega fundamentalmente por razones estéticas o de diagnóstico


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Gynecomastia/etiology , Breast Neoplasms , Disorders of Sex Development , Drug Therapy/adverse effects , Gynecomastia/physiopathology , Gynecomastia/therapy , Hypogonadism , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Testicular Neoplasms , Thoracic Injuries
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